Government Of Kazakhstan Research Articles

ҚАЗАҚСТАНДАҒЫ КӨТЕРМЕ САУДА НАРЫҒЫНЫҢ ИНФРАҚҰРЫЛЫМЫ: ЖАҒДАЙЫ МЕН ДАМУ БАҒЫТТАРЫ

This article analyzes the key components of the infrastructure of the food wholesale trade market in Kazakhstan. The authors provide a comprehensive review of retail trade formats in a regional context and assess the level of provision of trading platforms for the population. The study examines the structure of legal entities in trade, employment in regions, service preparation centers, wholesale trade centers, retail areas of large facilities, markets in rural areas, and the technical equipment ofspecialized markets.Additionally, the operation ofcommodity exchanges and the issues of purchasing products for stabilization funds are also explored. The state continues to play a key role in the food market, and the authors note that the Government of Kazakhstan is actively working on the development of digital infrastructure in food trade. The analysis identifies several issues that require state intervention, as well as the need to improve logistics and intermediary services. The authors emphasize the importance of introducing modern technologies alongside the development of commodity exchanges and mobile trade.

Depopulation in rural areas of the North Kazakhstan region: social, economic problems and regulatory mechanisms

There are very few studies that have determined the causes of depopulation in rural areas of Kazakhstan and the North Kazakhstan region (NKR). Purpose of the study – to study the causes of the phenomenon of depopulation in rural areas of the NKR, determine its social and economic consequences and propose regulatory mechanisms. To determine the causes of the depopulation process in rural areas of the North Kazakhstan region and propose regulatory mechanisms, methods of empirical, hypothetical, scientific abstraction, dynamic analysis, synthesis, comparative analysis, and systems approach were used. The article provides an in-depth analysis of the rate of natural increase (loss) in the population of Kazakhstan. Having divided the population of the rural areas of the NKR into age groups, we determined which age category was decreasing and put forward a hypothesis about what they wanted. The Government of Kazakhstan has developed and continues to develop various programs for developing rural areas and population growth in the Northern region. However, the coefficient of natural increase (loss) of the population of the North Kazakhstan region has a negative value. The study results showed that the population aging rate in rural areas of this region is intensive. The government must identify groups and target areas that require support measures, taking into account the situation with specialization, labor potential, territorial characteristics, and age characteristics of the areas of the region.

THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN IN THE CONTEXT OF CONSTITUTIONAL AND DEMOCRATIC REFORMS

The work is devoted to the study of the forms of government established in Kazakhstan since the day it gained state independence and to this day. The topic is given relevance by the political process of democratic transition of power successfully implemented in 2019, as well as the current transition to a new “human-centric” model of public administration. The facts from the history that led to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of new republics are given. The destruction of interethnic and interethnic harmony, the aggravation of relations between the union republics and the central government are designated as negative aspects. At the same time, the right of the peoples to self-determination and the right of the union republics to freely secede from the Soviet Union are positive. The features of the super-presidential model of government, to which Kazakhstan moved in a difficult period of time, are characterized. The positive aspects of the super-presidential form of government are noted, the uniqueness and originality of which, in the opinion of the authors, should not be in doubt. The history of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which begins in the 90s, clearly shows that the chosen model of government has exceeded all expectations. The factors influencing the formation of forms of government, the subtle flexibility of the Kazakh model of government, prone to transformations, are identified. Attention is paid to the latest changes made to the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 2020, which in general terms are similar to the constitutional reforms in the Republic of Kazakhstan from 2017. Attention is paid to the latest changes made to the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 2020, which in general terms are similar to the constitutional reforms in the Republic of Kazakhstan from 2017. In conclusion, the prospects for a change in the form of government in Kazakhstan are outlined, which are inevitable in the context of constitutional reforms carried out in all spheres of life.

Modern practise of financing higher education: an analysis of the experience of OECD countries and the Republic of Kazakhstan

Relevance. The study examines higher education financing systems in OECD countries and Kazakhstan, analyzing the contributions of different funding sources. This is relevant as education funding impacts access, quality, and economic development. Purpose. The main goal of the study is to determine the share of participation of the state, the private sector and other entities in financing the higher education system in the OECD countries in comparison with the Republic of Kazakhstan. Methodology. The research used economic and statistical methods, comparative analysis, and expert evaluation. Data was gathered from OECD, World Bank, UNESCO, and Kazakhstan government reports and statistics. Results. The study found four main models of higher education financing among OECD countries, varying in tuition costs and student support. Most OECD countries spend over 1.5% of GDP on higher education, with the public sector as the main funder in European countries. Kazakhstan spends only 0.3% of GDP on higher education, with 70% of students self-funding their education. Conclusions. Kazakhstan's higher education financing system provides limited government support and low tuition fees, resembling the fourth OECD model. To improve competitiveness, Kazakhstan needs to increase investment in higher education and human capital development, expanding funding sources and mechanisms based on OECD country experiences. The current grant allocation system is not equitable for low-income students and needs reform. Keywords: higher education; state funding; private sector; state budget expenditures

The impact of incentive scheme on rural healthcare workforce availability: a case study of Kazakhstan

BackgroundDuring the 1990–2000, Kazakhstan experienced a decline in the number of healthcare professionals working in rural areas. Since 2009, the national government has been implementing financial incentives to encourage healthcare professionals to relocate to rural areas. This study aims to investigate the temporal and spatial patterns in the distribution of the rural healthcare workforce and evaluate the impact of this incentive scheme.MethodsInterrupted Time Series Analysis using ARIMA models and Difference in Differences analyzes were conducted to examine the impact of the incentive scheme on the density of different categories of the healthcare workforce in rural Kazakhstan in the period from 2009 to 2020.ResultsThere was a significant increase in the number of rural healthcare professionals from 2009 to 2020 in comparison to the period from 1998 to 2008. However, this increase was less pronounced in per capita terms. Moreover, a decline in the density of internists and pediatricians was observed. There is substantial variation in the density of rural nurses and physicians across different regions of Kazakhstan. The incentive scheme introduced in 2009 by the government of Kazakhstan included a one-time allowance and housing incentive. This scheme was found to have contributed insignificantly to the observed increase in the number of rural healthcare professionals.ConclusionFuture research should be undertaken to examine the impact made by the incentive scheme on other medical subspecialties, particularly primary practitioners. Addressing the shortage of healthcare workers in rural areas is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach. Aside from financial incentives, other policies could be considered to increase relocation and improve the retention of healthcare professionals in rural areas.

A study into the current state of Saiga tatarica L. populations with the use of retrospective data

The saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica tatarica L., 1766, S) is a prominent ungulate mammal species inhabiting Central Asia. Over the latter half of the 20th century, saiga populations, including the Volga-Ural (Kazakhstan) population, experienced a continuous decline. However, there was a resurgence in their numbers in the 1980s. This study aims to assess the present status of saiga populations, particularly the Volga-Ural (V-U) population, by analyzing existing retrospective data. Our findings reveal that during the 21st century, the saiga population has increased in two key regions: the Volga-Ural and Betpak-Dala (B) populations. Notably, the Northern-Western Population (NWP) habitat saw a drastic 50-fold decline in population, while other populations decreased by 2.0-5.0 times. Despite this decline, the NWP habitat exhibited higher juvenile saiga yields compared to other regions. The resurgence of saiga populations has been significantly influenced by the support of the Government of Kazakhstan, along with the effective efforts of international wildlife conservation organizations and local community engagement.

STUDYING THE APPROACHES OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES IN FORESIGHT STUDIES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND GREEN TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADOPTING THEIR EXPERIENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF KAZAKHSTAN

This paper reviews the application of foresight methods in the field of science, especially in the development of green technologies in various European countries, with the aim of identifying the most suitable approaches for future use in Kazakhstan. The analysis shows that green technology forecasting promises to be an effective tool for managing sustainable development. Methods for forecasting green technologies are focused on a systematic approach and integrated solutions, taking into account the environment and social aspects. It is also important to consider both global and local environmental issues to gain a full understanding of future development trends. The article provides a comparison of the Dutch and Danish approaches. Green technology foresight research can play an important role at the national level, especially in integrating sustainability considerations into technology development and innovation processes. They also contribute to the development of more effective and sustainable development strategies for companies and government in Kazakhstan. These studies contribute to increasing environmental awareness and awareness in society regarding the importance of sustainable development. Technology forecasting values the use of Delphi surveys to provide a better understanding of possible future trends. The knowledge gained is the basis for developing strategic plans in the field of green technologies and ensuring sustainable development of the energy sector.

Giftedness characteristic identification among Kazakhstani school children

AbstractThe need to identify and recognize school going children with giftedness remains a concern of the Republic of Kazakhstan's government. This concern motivated this study to examine the internal structure of the giftedness characteristic identification scale (GCIS) for use by Kazakhstan's school children. Exploratory quantitative research approach, and its design was grounded within the exploratory type. The GCIS is a self‐report scale to identify the four characteristics of giftedness including contextual, intellectual, creative, and social giftedness. A total of 1176 elementary and middle school students were sampled for the study. The students were in grades and aged between 12 and 16 years. Most of the participants were 65% female; and 35% male. The data collected was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis. The findings established a relatively high‐reliability Cronbach alpha coefficient of 89.7%. No statistical difference was found between the Kazakh and Russian languages of instruction, based on the gifted characteristics of the participants. Emphasis was placed on the fact that the GCIS was a reliable tool to identify giftedness among schoolchildren in Kazakhstan, but much future work is needed to determine its validity.

Mass media and social networks in the modern politics of Kazakhstan

Relevance. Kazakhstan has recently joined the group of countries affected by the concept of "networked social movements". Since 2013, many blogs have started to appear on YouTube and Facebook. Using social networks blogs, political activists have begun to voice their discontent and question the legitimacy of the political regime that has emerged since independence in 1990. While social movements and controversial politics are integral to political systems, autocratic regimes are inherently opposed to controversial collective action because they contribute to the destruction of such regimes. Purpose. The goal of such regimes is to retain power as long as possible. The Internet provides new channels for citizens' voices, minority perspectives and political mobilisation. Methodology. Blogs, online forums, Facebook, and Twitter are already providing citizens with a new form of the public sphere and an alternative source of news and information, which is seen as a new platform for exchanging news. Data from blogs and print media were taken, which reported on the worst civil conflict in the post-Soviet history of Kazakhstan. Consequently, many information sources supported the government's claims. Results. This example demonstrates both the importance of an active online community in Kazakhstan and the government's understanding of the importance of online interaction with its citizens. What can be learned from the Zhanaozen case about the role of social networks on the Internet in political transformation in Kazakhstan? What role does the government of Kazakhstan play in combating political dissent through cyberspace? Conclusions. This study will contribute to a better understanding of current political processes in Kazakhstan and demonstrate the link between the increased use of social networks on the Internet and political activism in Kazakhstan.

Президентская форма правления Республики Казахстан в условиях конституционных реформ

The article elucidates the evolution of the form of government in Kazakhstan from a parliamentary republic through a presidential republic, a semi-presidential republic with a strengthened Supreme Council to a presidential form of government established by the Constitution of 1995 and is still in force. It was modernized in the context of the constitutional reforms carried out. Significant changes to the status of the President and other higher state bodies were made in accordance with the decision of the republican referendum in 2022.

Kazakhstan’s Foreign Policy in the Context of Geopolitical Turbulence

The purpose of the paper is to reveal the impact of the war unleashed by Russia against Ukraine on the foreign policy of Kazakhstan, as well as to consider the potential development of Kazakhstan’s relations with China, Turkey, the United States and others. Analysis, induction, deduction and synthesis serve as the main methods of research on this problem. The article discloses the problem of preservation by Kazakhstan of a multi-vector, neutral policy in relation to its partners in modern conditions. The strategic programme documents adopted by the government of Kazakhstan were also studied. The analysis of interstate trade turnover for 2022 was used to determine relations between Kazakhstan and Russia after its invasion of Ukraine. Separately, it was considered whether the Russian Federation poses a military threat to Kazakhstan. The materials of the article are of practical and theoretical value for political scientists and specialists in the field of international relations, and researchers of the foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan interested in the features and aspects of the implementation of a multi-vector policy by its leadership.

Management of urbanization processes in the context of regional development of Kazakhstan

Object: The intention of carrying out this study is to learn how the Kazakhstan system of administration takes control of its development process.Methods: In the course of writing the article, various methods were used, which include interviews with experts, politicians and government officials; general scientific research methods; as well as a comparative method that allowed us to see the features of the development of urbanization in Kazakhstan.Findings: Several findings were observed from the study that was conducted. First, Kazakhstan emphasized development in terms of urbanization and the growth of the major cities. While at the jubilee meeting of the international scholarship “Bolashak” in Astana, a city in Kazakhstan, the first President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, highlighted the importance of the towns that were densely populated with more than a million people residing in them (Nukusheva et al., 2023). The study also found that about 58.9% of the people who resided in cities and towns in Kazakhstan were tremendously significant compared to the country's population in 2010 (54.5%). Further research showed that the country had become more revolutionized and urbanized in the past decade. Comparing the difference between the last ten years and now, the number of city occupants has outshined the rural set-up by more than 8%.Conclusions: This research shows how much hard work costs for the Kazakhstan government to move its peopleto the cities to get revolutionized. It is recommended that studies to be conducted to fully understand why the disparityin population growth exists between rural and urban areas.

Impact of digitalization and e-government on good governance: achievements and challenges in Kazakhstan

The article examines the achievements and challenges, goals, and objectives of e-government and digitalization within the framework of the theory of information society. The purpose of the article is to study the impact of digitalization and e-government on good governance in Kazakhstan. Namely, it examines how the economy, social relations, management, public service, politics, and democracy based on new electronic information and communication technologies can change governance for the better. Special attention is paid to the modern problems of digitalization in Kazakhstan, key indicators are compared to digital development, such as the e–government Readiness Index (EGDI – e-Government Readiness Index), an indicator of Internet penetration and Internet speed. The article used methods of content analysis of regulatory documents, Internet resources, media materials, and the method of SWOT analysis. The result of the SWOT analysis indicates the strengths and weaknesses of digitalization, as well as challenges dictated by the geopolitical features of Kazakhstan, such as digital inequality, low speed of "Internet penetration", lack of high-quality domestic platforms, and corruption in the implementation of state programs. As a result, we recommend creating new parameters, indicators that will measure the impact of electronic public services on corruption risks in Kazakhstan.

How secure is Tenge?

The prevalence of counterfeit currency poses a significant threat to both national and global economic systems. The Tenge, a relatively young currency, was first issued in November of 1993 as the national currency of The Republic of Kazakhstan. In this paper, primary focus has been placed on the security of the Tenge against counterfeiting. The legislative regulation that is implemented by the government of Kazakhstan, security elements on the banknotes themselves, and educational initiatives designed to help the public to correctly identify counterfeit Tenge are all critically analysed. A visual analysis of the Tenge’s many security features is also performed, with a table highlighting what security features different denominations of Tenge exhibit. According to the findings of this study, the Tenge is adequately safeguarded against counterfeiting. This conclusion is reached by highlighting the strengths of law enforcement agencies both locally and internationally, as well as the numerous security mechanisms that are included on banknotes. However, this paper suggests that more should be done to educate the public about how to correctly identify counterfeits. This article serves as a resource of anti-counterfeiting strategies employed for both the prevention and detection of counterfeit Tenge.

How secure is Tenge?

he prevalence of counterfeit currency poses a significant threat to both national and global economic systems. The Tenge, a relatively young currency, was first issued in November of 1993 as the national currency of The Republic of Kazakhstan. In this paper, primary focus has been placed on the security of the Tenge against counterfeiting. The legislative regulation that is implemented by the government of Kazakhstan, security elements on the banknotes themselves, and educational initiatives designed to help the public to correctly identify counterfeit Tenge are all critically analysed. A visual analysis of the Tenge’s many security features is also performed, with a table highlighting what security features different denominations of Tenge exhibit. According to the findings of this study, the Tenge is adequately safeguarded against counterfeiting. This conclusion is reached by highlighting the strengths of law enforcement agencies both locally and internationally, as well as the numerous security mechanisms that are included on banknotes. However, this paper suggests that more should be done to educate the public about how to correctly identify counterfeits. This article serves as a resource of anti-counterfeiting strategies employed for both the prevention and detection of counterfeit Tenge.

PROGRAMMES TO COMBAT THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN KAZAKHSTAN AND UKRAINE AND UNEMPLOYMENT

The following article presents economic programmes to combat the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysed programmes were undertaken by the governments of Ukraine and Kazakhstan. They contributed to reducing unemployment in both countries. The findings of Ukrainian researchers focused mainly on estimating losses in the SME sector, especially in the hotel, tourism and transport sectors. Scientific literature in Kazakhstan has focused on examining the effects of the government program to counteract the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially from the labour market perspective (employees). The methods used in the paper include literature studies, analysis of government programmes in the combat against the economic effects of the pandemic and comparative analysis of statistical data of employed and unemployed people in Ukraine and Kazakhstan. The article focuses on identifying the countermeasures undertaken by the governments of Kazakhstan and Ukraine aimed at entrepreneurs and employees. The author also assessed the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the labour market, mainly in terms of unemployment. In the Ukrainian government programme, the main emphasis was placed on supporting entrepreneurs and the self-employed. The government also provided tax preferences, loan grace periods, financial support for enterprises that limited or stopped performance during the pandemic, and special financial assistance for agribusiness. The programme of the Kazakh government was addressed to entrepreneurs, self-employed and employees. The implementation of the programme in Kazakhstan did not encounter any difficulties, while in Ukraine the local authorities did not comply with the decisions of the central authorities. The closure of many businesses or reductions in working hours contributed to rising unemployment in both countries. Kazakhstan was in a more favourable situation, where a small and short-term increase in unemployment was recorded during the COVID-19 pandemic period. In Ukraine, the decline in employment in all sectors of the economy was much greater than in Kazakhstan and meant a significant increase in unemployment.

Миграционная привлекательность Казахстана: проблемы и решения

This article examines the problems of external and internal migration of the population of Kazakhstan, which is becoming relevant in the modern world. The analysis of the migration situation by region and in the whole country is carried out. Based on the data obtained, we can talk about a tendency to stabilize the external and internal migration flow, but there is still a disparity across regions, when there is an overabundance in some areas, and in others, on the contrary, a shortage of labor resources, constant monitoring and strengthening of work with illegal migration to the country is required. Also, according to the results of the study, it was revealed that there is a problem of unsettled people after the pandemic, when many lost permanent sources of income and had to migrate both inside and outside the country to improve their social status and income. In order to achieve migration stability as one of the conditions for the economic development of Kazakhstan, constant ef-forts are needed to minimize the unemployment rate, active work on retraining and career guidance of the population, effective migration policy to attract a constant number of specialists in demand by the country's economy. Migration stability gives confidence to the population in the future and contributes to an increase in the birth rate and demographic growth as a key factor of security and socio-economic development of the country. And in this direction, the Government of Kazakhstan needs constant efforts to improve the system of work on migration policy in the real conditions of the modern world.

Toponymic Landscape of the Kazakhstan-Russia Borderland: Cultural Sovereignty and Renaming Policies

The authors consider the toponymic landscape as a “space of meanings” that reflects the power relations and the dominant ideological positions its time. The concept of “cultural sovereignization” is used to describe the state politics aimed to prevent imaginary or real threats to territorial integrity from irredenta diaspora living in the borderland and in close contact with a neighboring parent country. By the procedure of toponymic re-naming, states not only demonstrate the power of control over their territories, but also project a certain social order to subjected space, and shaping identities. To analyze the changes in the toponymic landscape of the north-Kazakhstani borderland in the post‑Soviet years, authors compare the actual toponymic map of the region with that which existed at the late Soviet era. The dynamics of renaming was considered in the context of the legislative activities of the Kazakhstan government regarding the linguistic and historical policies; toponymic data were compared with ethno-demographic statistics and population dynamics. The authors conclude that the cultural sovereignization policy produced controversial effects on the north-Kazakhstani borderland: erasing “unwanted” toponyms the political actors erase their symbolic meaning and yet eliminate the traces of large-scale historical processes. As a result, the most urbanized and economically developed region looks on the maps like natural area and isolated province. It also causes the social splits in society, alienating a significant part of the local population from historical memory and familiar environment. New environmental context hinders the complementarity between territoriality of the local border communities and Kazakhstni national identity, and mobilizes the ethnic particularism. The article is intended for specialists in the border and frontier studies.

AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF KAZAKHSTAN

This paper aims to analyze the dynamics of key indicators and reveal challenges for Kazakhstan’s agricultural sector. In so doing, the paper applies statistical and comparative methods. The paper shows a significant transformation in Kazakhstan’s agriculture. At the same time, many important issues such as low levels of investment and development of agricultural technologies, changing production patterns, and policy inefficiencies. Climate change and water deficit also pose significant threats to the agricultural sector. The government of Kazakhstan develops policies to strengthen the agricultural capacities of the country. The paper provides policy recommendations, that can complement the developed programs and contribute to competitiveness improvement. These policy recommendations cover both domestic and international directions.

Formation and History of the Agrarian Economy of Kazakhstan: The State of Development Today

The article is devoted to the study of the history and formation of the agrarian economy of Kazakhstan. In addition, the historical and economic assessment of the situation of modern scientific study of the agricultural sector is given. Elements of the formation of the agrarian economy of Kazakhstan date back to the XIX century. During this period, the land of Kazakhstan existed as part of the Russian Empire. The administration of the Russian Empire carried out administrative and territorial reforms on the use of the lands of Kazakhstan for agricultural purposes. Based on this, settled and nomadic types of farms were formed in Kazakhstan. Until the 1920s, the dominance of animal husbandry was formed in the agrarian system. The establishment of the Soviet government in Kazakhstan radically changed the basic principles of the agrarian economy. The Soviet Union made great efforts to develop land farming instead of animal husbandry in the agricultural sector. To this end, various experimental agricultural reforms of the Soviets were carried out in Kazakhstan. In the 1960s and 1970s, the course of development of the agrarian economy of Kazakhstan stabilized. The main agricultural economy of the modern Republic of Kazakhstan is based on the production of agricultural and horticultural products. As part of this, state scientific grant projects have been organized for the development and study of this industry. In a modern market society with great competition, the study and improvement of the state of the agricultural sector is a priority for the state.
 
 Received: 29 July 2023 / Accepted: 5 October 2023 / Published: 5 November 2023