Kazakh Lands Research Articles

Racial Capitalism in an Ethnic Minority Border Region

Abstract In the social, historical, and political context of Xi Jinping’s China, particular forms of racialization and racial capitalism have emerged in Altay Prefecture, the homeland of ethnic Kazakhs on China’s northwest border. This study examines the husbandry industry in Altay Prefecture to elucidate how Xi’s China has built a mode of racial capitalism through the management of Kazakh land, ethnicity, and culture. Within the framework of a case study, I employ document collection and participant observation methods to gather data that are then interpreted through critical policy analysis. The research shows that Kazakhs have been racialized based on their mobile pastoral traditions, enslaved in the “debt economy,” and exploited through husbandry policies and programs. The particular ways in which husbandry has been restructured and assimilated into Chinese industrial production chains exploit and reproduce the Kazakh-Han hierarchy and segregation. This close look at racial capitalism in Altay sheds light on the operations of Xi’s ecological civilization and war on poverty policies in an ethnic minority border region and discusses how they align with the broader geopolitics of the Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia and Eastern Europe.

ETHNOGRAPHY OF WESTERN KAZAKHSTAN IN RUSSIAN SOURCES

The article deals with ethnographic research, which is the direction of Russian expeditions aimed at exploring the kazakh land. Analytical studies of the ethnography of the kazakhs who inhabited the Volga and the Urals have been carried out. A voluminous material on the life and culture of the kazakhs of the Small zhuz is presented. The characteristics of the economy and profession of the West Kazakhstan people of the XVIII-XIX centuries have been developed. The analysis of the importance of trade in the Small zhuz and animal husbandry in everyday life is carried out. The main goals and objectives of travelers and their achievements are considered. The scientists' assessment of the place of nomadism in the lifestyle of the Kazakhs of the XVIII-XIX centuries between the Volga and the Urals will be worked out. The analysis of researchers' views on how the colonial policy of the tsarist government changed Kazakh life will be carried out. As a result of the study, it was found that travelers evaluated the Kazakhs of the Maly Zhuz in comparison with neighboring peoples (Tatar, Bashkir). The Kazakhs of the Maly Zhuz differ from the Kazakhs of the Older and Middle Zhuz, as shown in the works of scientists.It tells about the nature of traditional rituals in Maly Zhuz. In the final part, the importance of ethnographic exploration of the West Kazakhstan steppes at the historiographical level is determined and the influence of Russian scientists and travelers on the presentation of Kazakh history to the world is assessed.

MUNAJAT AS A LITERARY GENRE AND MESHUR JUSIP KOPEYULI’S MUNAJAT WORKS

There are many Kazakh Sufis in the Kazakh lands, starting from Khoja Ahmet Yassawi Hazret, who prayed and begged Allahutaala (swt). One of them and the most important of them is the famous Kazakh Sufi poet Meshur Jusip Kopeyulı. The Sufi defended Islamic civilisation and spiritual values, and considered reason and science as a means for man to know Allah (swt). It is known that the poet who believes that Allah (swt) is the only One and the Prophet (pbuh) is His messenger has an open heart. By combining scientific and religious knowledge in his works, the poet contributed to the correct understanding and spread of Islam in the Kazakh lands. The Meshur Jusip acted with his pure heart and rational feelings, and reflected the Shari’ah foundations in his works. Mutasavvif brought the literary genres of Sufi literature to modern Kazakh literature, reflected the essence of Islam in verse and prose works. Therefore, the poems of the Meshur Jusip are dominated by religion. The poet has also made the magnificent artistry of Almighty Allah (swt), the creator of the universe and man, the subject of his works. In his works, he has put forth his works in literary genres such as Munajat by asking for forgiveness from Allahutaala (swt). For the purpose of taking refuge in Allah (swt), poet wrote verse or prose works in this genre. Keywords: Meshur Jusip Kopeyulı, Sufism, literary genre, munajat, Classical Turkish literature.

Socio-Linguistic Analysis of The Problems of Vulnerable and Critically Endangered Turkic Languages in Kazakhstan

The main goal of the article is to reveal the importance of preserving the use of native Turkic-speaking languages that are endangered such as Crimean Tatars, Tuvan, Balkars, Kumyks, Karachay, Nogai, Gagauz, Sakha and Khakass in Kazakhstan to pass the linguistic practices to the future generation before these ethnic groups disappear. The war times, the period of Great Famine, Stalin's repressions, deportation, all these events had their toll not only on Kazakhs, but also on all the Turkic peoples in general. The Turkic peoples who inhabited the Kazakh land during those hard times still live in our country. The state language of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the Kazakh language. Despite the fact that Kazakhstan is multi-ethnic, there are no obstacles for representatives of the ethnic minorities as to use their native tongues. These ethnic groups have less representation demographically as a reason their linguistic usage and practice is vulnerable. In this regard, the results of the national population census of 2021 in the Republic of Kazakhstan Statistical collection demonstrates the changes of the ethnic group from 2009 to 2021 (https://stat.gov.kz/national/2021/). The population has changed drastically. The problems of the vulnerable and critically endangered Turkic languages spoken by relevant ethnic minorities in Kazakhstan have been considered in this article.This article provides a general overview of how the oldest family classification affected the endangered Turkic languages in Kazakhstan. Meanwhile, systematic grouping can be started by works of Arat. Arat proposes classifying a group of Turkic languages as “dialects” and “sub-dialects”, using the term “Turkic dialects” for modern Turkic languages from 1947 to 1951. But Arat's own classification of Turkic languages and subsequent classifications have not yet been consistently discussed in a comparative context. The article also provides an overview of the main works of such famous Turkologists as Talat Tekin’s “New classification of Turkic languages”, Benzing’s “Classification of the Turkic Languages” based on Samoilovich's classification and Karl Menges’s “Turkic languages and peoples”.The current state of the Turkic languages, the main problems of the vulnerable and critically endangered Turkic languages spoken by ethnic minorities has been considered in the article and also a socio-linguistic study of the situation in Kazakhstan, being the subject of research, has been conducted. The percentage based indicators and frequency analysis were performed by collecting data during the study using both qualitative and quantitative analytical methods. Hence, a 14 questions questionnaire was prepared with purpose of data gathering on the usage of the language and its application on day today life. The questionnaire was distributed in 2020 to collect data from 150 participants in ethnic groups. The data collected was found to be insufficient thus an alternative research method was applied to process the data. Interviews were conducted to analyze the qualitative aspects of the research. Audio recordings have been made during the interviews and recordings have been analyzed in the article. Regarding the research analyses, a concept has been formulated as to vulnerable and critically endangered Turkic languages spoken by relevant ethnic minorities in Kazakhstan.As a result of the analysis, the article discloses the similarity and differences of endanger Turkic languages in phonetic, morphological, syntactic and semantic terms, determining the level and scope of the use of native languages in Kazakhstan by Turkic ethnic communities.

Folk Philosophy on Life and Death in Lamentations

The article is devoted to the analysis of existential-philosophical aspect and historical bases of the genre “joktau” (lament). The researcher shows that this genre inherited oral-poetic traditions of Sak, Hun, Uysun tribes and has deep roots of existential philosophy of Kazakh people. The author relies on the works of famous philosophers, folklorists and linguists in his research. According to the author's opinion, joktau reflects the humanistic worldview of Kazakhs about human existence and the meaning of each stage of the human life’s cycle “birth-growth-death”. The living tradition of joktau, along with its deep philosophical significance, demonstrates the genesis of folklore poetics and reflects the historical reality of the era in which it was created. The author emphasizes the world outlook connection of joktau with Kazakh myths and fairy tales. The text of «Joktau on Hajj Abdullah», which was found by the author in the manuscripts fund of the National Academy of Sciences is of great historical value. This oral-poetic text reflects the era of colonization of Kazakh lands by the tsarist power of Russia. Zhoktau describes how Kazakh tribes, that lost their lands, migrated from the eastern region of Kazakhstan and wandered in search of a home in Mongolia, China and Russia. The researcher notes that the joktau genre needs a deep study as it is an important monument of oral folk art, associated with the worldview, life philosophy and history of the Kazakhs.

Political and cultural situation in Kazakhstan in the XVIII–XIX centuries (historical aspect)

The article describes the political situation and cultural situation of the Kazakh land in the period of the Russian Empire and describes the fact that in the XVIII–XIX centuries, the Tsarist authorities carried out various reforms for the final rule of the Kazakh steppe, expanding the countryethnic basis of the Kazakh people, dividing the ethnic groups, dividing them into provinces and districts, depriving the country of integrity. Our article reflects the colonial policy of the Tsarist government towards the Kazakh Steppe, which in some cases was tactically different from the open robbery attacks of the Khiva and Kokand khanates. It is indicated that the Tsarist government began to use an underground policy that led to the exposure of the Kazakh people to the influence of the Russian state and constant subordination to that state. The article also analyzes the policy of the Tsarist government, how the rulers of the Kazakh steppes work for them, buy them with a large reward.

Oirat expansion against the Kazakh Khanate in the XVII–XVIII centuries: historical overview and consequences

The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the Oirat expansion against the Kazakh Khanate in the XVII–XVIII centuries, one of the most significant and dramatic periods in the history of Central Asia. The study covers the key stages of the conflict, starting with the first Oirat invasions of Kazakh lands and culminating in the form of mass migrations and demographic losses of the Kazakh population during the period of «Aktaban shubyryndy». The article examines in detail the reasons behind the aggressive policy of the Oirat rulers, including internal factors, such as the political fragmentation of the Kazakh Khanate, and external factors, such as the economic and military ambitions of the Dzungarian khans. The author pays special attention to analyzing the key battles and military campaigns that had a decisive influence on the outcome of the confrontation. The article explores the consequences of the Oirat aggression, including demographic losses, political destabilization, and the changing geopolitical balance in the region. The long-term effects of these events are also highlighted, including the formation of new interstate alliances and strategic alliances that determined the further development of Central Asia. As a result of the study, the author concludes that the Oirat expansion played a key role in the formation of the political and social structure of the region, having a profound impact on the further history of the Kazakh Khanate and its neighbors.

THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN’S PUBLIC DIPLOMACY: MAIN FEATURES AND PROSPECTS

The article aims to create a comprehensive view of Kazakhstan’s public diplomacy among the readership. It concludes that this phenomenon originated in the first decades of the existence of the Kazakh Khanate. At a time when the Kazakh lands were part of the Russian Empire and the USSR, the Kazakh people had no opportunity to pursue an independent foreign policy, the only element of which was public diplomacy. The revival of national public diplomacy became possible after Kazakhstan gained independence in 1991. For the last three decades, the main objective of Kazakhstan’s public diplomacy has been to create a positive international image of a newly independent Kazakhstani State and help its economy attract foreign investments. Such guidelines were designed to make favorable conditions for ensuring the socio-economic development of the country and the implementation of its foreign policy goals. Nowadays, Kazakhstan’s public diplomacy has three dimensions: political, economic and cultural, the main one of which is political. In the foreseeable future, Astana will remain interested in the active use of public diplomacy tools, in strengthening its status as one of the world’s best masters in this field.

The resettlement policy of Tsarist Russia on the Kazakh steppes of the late XIX � early XX centuries (based on the materials of periodicals and scientific articles)

Relevance. After the conquest of Turkestan in the second half of the XIX century, the tsarist government began to take concrete action. The tsarist government sent special research expeditions to the Kazakh steppes and began to collect a lot of information about the geographical, economic and social situation. The Myrzashol and Kyzylkum districts in the south, notable for their proximity to the fertile and bird-rich banks of the Syrdarya River, offer convenient water access and deserve special attention. The materials collected by the researchers were processed, summarised and published in the Russian periodical �Turkestan Collection�.Purpose. The aim was to show the results of research expeditions and to introduce rulers, military personnel, peasants and peasants of vast Russia in search of work and land in the virgin steppe, where they have not yet plowed.Methodology. This research utilizes a historical review methodology, examining archival materials, periodicals, and previously published scientific articles.Results. The findings suggest that the resettlement was extensively facilitated by the division of Kazakh lands into administrative territories and the systematic imposition of state property laws. The analysis shows that this not only disrupted the traditional nomadic lifestyle of the Kazakhs but also paved the way for significant Russian migration and agricultural development, particularly in cotton cultivation.Conclusions. The study concludes that the resettlement policy was a form of imperial strategy that had lasting impacts on the region's demographic and economic landscapes. It underscores the dual role of economic exploitation and cultural domination in Tsarist colonization efforts, reflecting broader patterns of European imperial practices in Asia. The research highlights the need for a nuanced understanding of these historical dynamics to appreciate the complex legacy of colonial policies in Central Asia.

Coverage in the periodical press of tsarist Russia of the colonial policy on the Kazakh land

Relevance. In 1867, newspapers, magazines and books published in many languages around the world began to collect materials about Central Asia as a whole, including the Turkestan region and Kazakhstan. This work was carried out until 1939 with interruptions, as a result of which a very large and scientifically significant �Turkestan Collection� was compiled with a total volume of 594 volumes. The collection is kept in the collection of rare manuscripts and books of the National Library of Uzbekistan �Alisher Navoi�, includes journalistic materials of various genres published in newspapers and magazines not only in tsarist Russia, but also in other foreign countries.Purpose. This paper aims to analyze the coverage of Russian colonial policies in Kazakhstan as documented in the �Turkestan Collection�, emphasizing how this body of work reflects and influences historical perceptions.Methodology. An extensive review of journalistic materials from the �Turkestan Collection� was conducted, focusing on articles published in Russian newspapers and magazines from 1867 to 1939. The materials include a wide range of genres and reflect both Russian and foreign perspectives on the events in the region.Results. The analysis reveals that the �Turkestan Collection� primarily portrays the Russian colonial endeavors in a positive light, often diminishing the significance of local resistance and the negative impacts of colonization. The collection was influenced by the political climate of the time and served as a tool for Russian propaganda.Conclusions. The �Turkestan Collection� serves as a significant historical resource that offers insights into Russian colonial policies and their portrayal in the media. However, its biased representation underlines the importance of critical analysis when using such collections for historical research, emphasizing the need to balance these accounts with other sources to gain a comprehensive understanding of the historical events in Central Asia.

Globalising the steppe: environment and identity in Ermek Tursunov’s Tengrist parables

ABSTRACT Kazakhstani cinematic discourse on the environment has evolved from prioritising pressing nation-building and geopolitical objectives in the immediate post-independence era to proposing alternative models for human-nature relations and contributing important insights into the study of the Anthropocene. How has the sovereign Kazakhstan’s gradual integration into global systems and environmental discourses affected the ways in which Kazakhstani filmmakers depict the interrelationship between the local people and the environment, between the concerns of nation-building and local and global environmental challenges? This article takes as case study Ermek Tursunov’s cinematic parables set in the Kazakh lands, with a special focus on The Old Man (2012). The films explore indigenous epistemologies of nature rooted in the pre-Islamic Turkic religion of Tengrism, which centres on humankind’s relationship with nature mediated by the supreme deity Tengri, the Sky God. Drawing on the Tengrist worldview and his own experiences as a (post-) Soviet Kazakh eco-activist, athlete and filmmaker, Tursunov crafts a picture of Tengrism that is both ethnically particular and universal, as well as closely interrelated with other global phenomena, such as environmental concerns, soccer, and cinema. He thereby imagines a pan-human alternative to both old Soviet and new capitalist ecologies currently operating in Kazakhstan.

THE INSTITUTE OF COUNTY CHIEFS IN THE SYSTEM OF COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE STEPPE REGIONS OF KAZAKHSTAN IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX– EARLY XX CENTURIES

The introduction of the "Provisional Regulations of 1868", "Regulations of 1891" and other normative acts concerning the Kazakh lands marked the start of certain reforms. In historiography, minimal attention is paid to the formation and mission of the institute of county chiefs in the imperial administrative system of the Steppe Region. This study is designed to fill in the "white spots" of the designated scientific problem. The purpose and objectives of the study are to make an attempt on the basis of archival sources and published publications to summarize the specifics and mechanisms of the activities of county chiefs as "guides" of the evolution of the administrative apparatus in the Kazakh lands in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. The materials used in the study were identified from the funds of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan, The Russian State Historical Archive. For the first time, sources in the Kazakh language from the first Kazakh-language magazines and newspapers of the early twentieth century are introduced into scientific circulation. The methodology of research is: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, content analysis, comparative, etc. Results. The article analyzes the sources on the activities of the district chiefs of the Steppe region. An attempt is made to draw attention to the specifics of the functioning of the institute of county chiefs, at times of aggravation of the socio-political situation in the region. Conclusion. In the designated chronological period, the district chiefs faced protest movements, they were involved in a confrontation with Kazakh leaders. Thus, the institution of county chiefs was a priori founded as apologists for the colonial system. The practical significance of the results of the study is seen in the generalization of the historical experience of managing the territories of forest-steppe spaces of Kazakhstan.

TRADITIONAL FOLK KNOWLEDGE OF THE KAZAKHS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CULT OF THE WOLF

The wolf is a predator that has a symbolic meaning in almost all Turkic peoples. Early Turkic people used the ephemeral name “bori” for wolves. Almost all Turkic peoples consider themselves as descendants of Kokbori. However, different Turkic peoples have various features in the concept of “wolf”. The system of knowledge and skills related to wolves for Kazakh people is associated with the recognition of the secrets of nature and animals from ancient times. There was formed ethno-folklore system (legends, fairy tales, proverbs) related to the cognition of man and wolf, as well as a system of names according to the types of wolves, age and color. The ephemeral name “Bori” used by the ancient Turks and the cult of bori had not lost their meaning from ancient times to the present day. Rock carvings and archeological finds determine the importance of the image of the wolf in the life and worldview of the ancient tribes inhabiting the Kazakh land. The skin was tanned and hung at home. The wolf coat (winter coat) and wolf cap (winter cap) were sewn from its skin. Heart, larynx, meat, fat, wolf soup, bile, genitals had been used in ethnomedicine for the traditional treatment of various diseases. The body parts such as skull, cheeks, teeth, haste, soles, skin were used for magical and ritual purposes. The traditional method of hunting wolves in the hunting industry was to set traps. The system of proverbs associated with the wolf reflects the peculiarities of the Kazakhs' knowledge of wolves. Field research works related to wolves were carried out in the regıon Syrdarya-Aral, the western part of the Kazakhstan, Ulytau.

THE HISTORY OF PEOPLES IN KAZAKHSTAN DURING THE VIRGIN LANDS: PROCESS AND CONSEQUENCES

The article describes the demographic impact of the peoples who moved to Kazakhstan during the years of development of virgin and fallow lands, one of the largest reforms under the Soviet regime. During this resettlement process, the number of diasporas in Kazakh lands increased dramatically, and the Kazakh people became a minority. This was especially evident in the northern regions of Kazakhstan, where virgin lands were built up. Over the years of developing virgin and fallow lands, Kazakhstan has moved from various industries to the forefront in the union republics. Also during the migration process there were visitors from other countries, except for the union republics. In particular, the Kazakhs who moved to China during the famine were given the opportunity to return to their homeland. Such an event, to a lesser extent, had a significant impact on the share of the Kazakh population in the demographic situation. This migration process was large-scale both territorially and ethnically. During the period in which the chronology of the virgin lands entered, the movement of peoples was also directed to an external channel. Chechens, Ingush, Karachays, Balkars, and others who were involuntarily deported to Kazakhstan during World War II. The peoples were able to return to their homeland. However, most of them remained in Kazakhstan. The article uses monographs, articles and statistical collections of researchers from the beginning of the Mother of God years to the present day. In addition, with the help of the historical-comparative method, the migration process of the peoples of this period was compared with statistical data.

«PANCHATANTRA», «KALILA AND DIMNA» AND THE KAZAKH EXAMPLE: PLOT AND TRANSFORMATION

The current work considers the issues of defining the storyline of the example of the most prominent representative of Kazakh poetry Maylikozha Sultankozhauly «Anqau men Qu» and the plot of «Panchatantra» and «Kalila and Dimna». The ancient Indian literary monument – «Panchatantra» is first reflected, from which the literary relic of the Arab world is transferred to «Kalila and Dimna», the analysis of the plot development, which spread to Asian countries, including the work of the Masters of the word of Central Asia, is carried out. The author emphasizes the fact that Mailikozha, who sang several examples and sagas based on Eastern legends and added them to the treasury of our literature, showed the skill of creating a new work on the basis of an ancient plot. It is important to consider the artistic techniques the poet used in the process of singing in the form of an example using the final plot. The features of the transformation of fable adapted to the Kazakh land are scientifically analyzed. In the process of analyzing «Anqau men Qu» attention was paid to the demonstration of the poetic transformation of the plot, which continued from ancient times. The artistic level of the work, character conflicts, and the system of images were also analyzed. The current work consiers the example of Maylikozha, which is rooted in «Panchatantra» and «Kalila and Dimna», was considered in detail as a reflection of the deep historical ties of Kazakh literature.

Religious and social significance of the Waqfs in the Kazakh Land

Religious and social significance of the Waqfs in the Kazakh Land

ReligioustraditioninmedievalTurkishliterature

This article is about the influence of medieval Turkic literature on the Kazakh literature ofthe 19th century. It is known that the task of making broad and complex distinctions in the direction of thepoetic, historical and spiritual continuity of the Kazakh poetry of the 19th century with medieval TurkicliterarymonumentsisnowbecomingabranchofKazakhliterarycriticism.Theworksofrepresentativesof medieval Turkish literature Yusuf Balasaguni, Mahmud al-Kashgari, Khoja Ahmed Yassawi and theirinfluence onKazakhliteraturewerenoted.DuetothefactthattheresearchdirectionsofthehistoryofKazakhliteratureweremainlyformedand established in the Soviet period, the religious foundations of the literary heritage have always beenevaluated in negative and negative directions, which had a significant negative impact on the recognitionofheritageonapurelyscientificbasis.Theprocessofassimilationofthedeeplyrootedspiritualheritageof the Turkic-speaking tribes into Islam in the scope of historical and artistic prerequisites beganto becomprehensivelystudiedinthenextfortyyears.However, it becomes obvious that the significance of the literary heritage in revealing the place ofIslamic cultureinKazakhspiritualityis recognizedinthedirectionofa comprehensivestudy.Theinfluence of Turkic literature on the Kazakh literature of the 19th century was considered bydifferentiating theworksofSufiliteratureandKhojaAhmetYassawi.In the 19th century, the tradition of qissa, nazira created a significant creative fieldinthe formation ofan exegetical tradition -an explanation of the foundations of religion in the Kazakh steppe. The beginningoftheexegeticaltraditionintheKazakhliteratureofthe19thcenturyisthehistoryoftheformationofthe Islamic religion in the Kazakh land, the historical situation of a particular period, the problem of theavailability of Islamic literature in the field of spirituality. in the Kazakh steppe, etc. This is due to dozensofhistorical,socialandpoliticalfactors.

Қазақ ауызша дәстүріндегі оғыз тарихының мәселелері

n the humanities of Kazakh science until the middle of the twentieth century, there was a tendency to focus exclusively on written sources in historical research. It was believed that a story that did not appear in archival documents, in narrative records, was not history. Whereas among the nomads who lived in the steppes of Eurasia, history has been preserved mainly in the form of an oral tradition, but its written fixation has not become the rule.The concept «oral history» became popular in the humanities only after gaining independence, and it contributed to new trends and opportunities in historical and entographic researches. The author, expounding and commenting on the Kazakh legendary texts, introduces a new term «oral tradition» into scientific circulation, which is generally accepted in European scientific schools, we should also think about this. The last paragraph of the monograph is devoted to the Oghuz tamgas found in the Kazakh land, in fact they are the only material evidence of oral narratives. The researcher connects the monument of Tanbaly tas/Tanbaly zhar/ in Betpak with the legendary Alasha Khan, with the oath-offering in a nationwide gathering in this area, which was the beginning of the state formation. He writes, «in the old days, Tanbaly zhar was a sacred place where the leaders of the people came to worship. The author, based on the data of the oral tradition of the Kazakhs, on the publications of outstanding Kazakh scientists who recorded oral narratives, notes: «The Kazakhs from time immemorial treated Tanbaly Zhar as a sacred center, where their struggle and the fighting spirit of their ancestors for independence, for freedom are reflected on a stone stele. One of such periods is the Oghuz epoch, and it is confirmed by the Oghuz tamgas on the Tanbaly zhar.As Tanbaly zhar in Betpak as well as in Mangystau there is a gallery of tamgas of several eras. This area, or rather a deep log is called Karakabak, as well as Kara keuk shuldir, Tanbaly sai. During our expedition work in the stone walls of this log, we discovered 42 different tamgas. The most ancient of them represent an ordinary sign from one line, called koseu tanba, as well as from one or two circles of kun and ai tanba. Of the tamgas of the medieval Oghuzes, the Kazayak tamga of the Salor tribe, the tamga of one of the leading Oghuz clans, the kayy tanba, are recorded. And also the tamga of the Mangytovs of the Golden Horde – shomish tanba, tanba kiyatov, and later the tamga of the Chingizids «tore tanba», in the form of . As the results of the research of the participants of the expedition to Tanbaly sai show that there are signs very closely resembling the Germanic,

Heroic Myth in Educational Discourse of Post-Soviet Kazakhstan

The article contains a study of the representation of the process of joining Kazakh lands to Russia in school textbooks of independent Kazakhstan. The main research optics was the methodology proposed by J. Assman and G. Bordyugov for analyzing ideas about the past.

ДЕПОРТАЦИЯ ПО УСТНЫМ ВОСПОМИНАНИЯМ ДЕТЕЙ-СПЕЦПЕРЕСЕЛЕНЦЕВ

The article is devoted to the memory of the German people about the deportation of 1941, their oral memories of the resettlement and its consequences. The purpose of this article is to reveal the process of deportation and stay on the Kazakh land of one of the numerous ethnic groups - Germans who were moved from their native places. The main source was interviews with the descendants of the deportees who live in the territory of the Abai region. These stories are flled with pain, representatives of the older generation try to push tragic memories out of their memory. It is concluded that, despite all the hardships, the German people, together with representatives of other ethnic groups, were able to adapt and contribute to the economic development of the region.