Kazakh Lands Research Articles

Scientific activity of Alkey Margulan in the study of the history of Kazakhstan: Golden Horde

The main aim of the scientific research is to study the contribution of a Kazakhstani scientist to the development of historical science, consideration of the issue of research in the field of the history of culture of the Kazakh people. The author examines the activities of the Kazakh scientist, archaeologist, orientalist, historian, literary critic, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR Alkey Khakanovich Margulan and his contribution to the development of the historical culture of Kazakhstan. In the article, the author comprehensively explores his scientific activities in the study of the history of the Golden Horde and focuses on new scientific discoveries on the territory of the Kazakh land. Alkey Khakanovich Margulan began his career in the field of science at a time when ideological persecution of many scientists began. The change in the scientific direction of Kazakh folklore to the study of monuments of material culture and ancient art is considered as well. The scientific activity of academician Alkey Margulan as a scientific employee at the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR is noted, as well as his participation in the creation of the scientific publication "History of the Kazakh SSR (from ancient times to the present day). Particular attention is drawn to his study of the folk epic, and the impact on the future fate associated with the study of archeology. The author used documents from the central archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the departmental archive of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, materials from periodicals, and scientific papers.

Deportation of Germans: adaptation and life according to oral historical sources (based on materials from the Eastern Region)

The article is devoted to the memory of the German people about the deportation of 1941, their oral memories of the resettlement and its consequences. The purpose of this article is to reveal the process of deportation and stay on the Kazakh land of one of the numerous ethnic groups - Germans who were moved from their native places. The main source was interviews with the descendants of the deportees who live in the territory of the Abai region. The information received from them is most valuable because they were directly involved in the deportation process, and the materials also make it possible to form an idea of the fate of the German people, to evaluate history not from the point of view of figures and official reports, but from the point of view ofpeople who were in a difficult life situation. There are many common plots in the narratives about the deportation and its consequences. These stories are filled with pain, representatives of the older generation try to push tragic memories out of their memory. It is concluded that, despite all the hardships, the German people, together with representatives of other ethnic groups, were able to adapt and contribute to the economic development of the region.

Некоторые аспекты из истории взаимоотношений ханов Абылая и Уали с Цинской империей (на основе архивных источников)

Introduction. In the 1740s–1780s, decentralization processes within the Kazakh Khanate led to that it was involved into somewhat troubled foreign policy relations. The period of struggle for political independence witnessed the emergence of Abylai — among most authoritative leaders of the Kazakh Khanate — as a key political decision-maker of the Great Steppe. His son Uali joined and continued the process of developing diplomatic relations between the Kazakh Khanate and the Qing Empire. In the future, it was a balanced strategy of diplomatic maneuvers under conditions of dual citizenship that constituted the basis of the latter ruler’s administrative agenda across Kazakh lands. Goals. Thus, the study aims to examine Abylai and Uali’s diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire. The paper shall also explore archival materials for data pertaining to diplomatic endeavors of Uali which are scarce enough as compared to those on Abylai’s activities. Materials and methods. The work focuses on documents stored at the Historical Archive of Omsk Oblast, Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire, and Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Quite a number of the documents from the Historical Archive of Omsk Oblast have been declassified only in 2019, and were never introduced into wide scholarly circulation. The newly obtained records reveal certain historical facts, including about certain diplomatic endeavors definitely adding to the little-known personality of Khan Uali. The currently available documentary evidence dealing with the events of the 18th–19th centuries virtually shed no light on Uali’s role in historical processes. Our search for information about activities of this historical figure shows how poorly investigated the latter is. The study employs the principles of scientific and historical knowledge, with due regard the value approach. Results. The Kazakh-Qing land-related negotiations after the collapse of the Dzungar Khanate continued with the establishment of trade and economic relations — to witness an increase in mutual diplomatic missions. So, Abylai faced an opportunity to obtain the Qing citizenship as a basis for further development of ties with the Manchu imperial palace. The Qing citizenship of Kazakh rulers Abylai and Uali did significantly expand room for political maneuver of theirs. Abylai is still considered to be a key figure in establishing Kazakh-Qing diplomatic relations, he who had taken the bulk of the responsibility — in this matter — among the then individuals of power and influence in the Steppe. Whereas, the role and activities of Uali remain little-known when it comes to discuss diplomatic relations between the Kazakhs and neighboring states.

KAZAKH WRITER AZILKHAN NURSHAIHOV AND HIS WORK IN A REMOTE AREA

One of the 20th century Kazakh-Soviet literature is Azilkhan Nurshaykhov. The writer, who witnessed great events such as the famine period (1932­–1933 ) and World War II, describes the reflections of these events on Kazakh lands in literary language in his works. Nurshaykhov participated in World War II from beginning to end. He wrote many works based on the notes he took at the front. Azilkhan Nurshaykhov's works were able to take any theme from everyday life, give it artistic power and instructively show the real situation of that time. His works have not lost their value as time and generations have changed. The author, who made a significant contribution to the formation of literary language, included proverbs and idioms in his works. With this study, it is aimed to contribute to making Azilkhan Nurshaykhov, the author of the famous novels “Mahabbat Qyzyq mol jyldar” (Years Full of Love) and “Aqıqat pen Ańyz” (Truth and Myth) in Kazakhstan, and his priceless works better known to everyone in Turkey. In this study, after summarizing Azilkhan's life, his literary direction, artistic life and the content of his works are emphasized. In addition, the author's novels, essays, translations, duties and awards are included. While writing this article, various sources, including books, newspapers and articles in Kazakh and Turkish languages, were used and the collected data were brought together.

The role of religious leaders in the spiritual life of the Kazakh people in the late 19th – early 20th centuries (based on ethnographic, field materials)

The history of religious figures of the late XIX – early XX centuries, who played a significant role in the spiritual history of the Kazakh people, preached traditional Islamic values, built mosques, madrasahs, schools and worked in the field of spiritual education of the Kazakh people has not yet been sufficiently studied in the national historical science. The policy of atheism alone cannot explain the fact that religious leaders in the Kazakh land became victims of merciless repression in the first years of Soviet power, which continued the colonial policy of Russian imperialism. The real reasons for this are probably the role of these religious leaders in preserving of the national code. The Bolsheviks understood that it was impossible to suppress the spirit of the nation and turn it into a mass completely subordinate to the “red empire”, without losing national identity, without destroying the Ishans, Hazrat, Kalpe and mullahs, who had a powerful influence among the people. Therefore, one of the most important tasks of historical science is an extensive study of the history of religious leaders who worked in the field of the spiritual education of the nation. Research in this area in domestic science is just beginning and is being conducted in a limited way, researching only famous religious figures or local areas. There are still many religious figures who have not found their researcher and have not been able to become the subject of research. The authors of the article strive to make their contribution to the study of this topical problem in Russian science by introducing field ethnographic materials into scientific circulation. As for the methodological basis of the research, the interdisciplinary method and the theory of “regional Islam” were used to determine the forms of development of Islam in the Kazakh steppes, the activities of traditional Islamic figures. Thus, we observe the diversity and uniqueness of traditional culture in each region and the idea of equality of local forms of Islam. Key words: traditional Islam, religious leaders, spiritual education, mosque, madrasah, maktab.

ЖOЛAМAН ТIЛEНШIҰЛЫ БAСТAҒAН КӨТEРIЛIС (1822 – 1840)

The article highlights the main causes, stages and features of the national liberation uprising of 1822-1840 (with interruptions) led by Zholaman Tlenshiuly. Based on the information published in periodicals of the Soviet era, during the years of independence and the archives of the Russian Federation, documents of the Central Archive of Kazakhstan, the authors came to the conclusion that the main reason for the liberation uprising of Zholaman Tlenshiuly was the colonial policy of the Kazakh land in the Russian Empire. It is known that various social strata of the nomadic Kazakh society participated in the uprising, that is, the Kazakh elite – Biys and batyrs. Despite the defeat of the liberation struggle led by Zholaman Tlenshiuly, the stubborn resistance provided by the Kazakhs slowed down the expansion of the Russian Empire into Kazakhstan.

Relations of the Kazakhs and Russian Empire in the first half of the 18th century in the inventories of fund 248 “The Senate and its institutions” RGADA

The inventory 3 of fund 248 “The Senate and its institutions” of Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA), containing data on regions bordering Kazakh lands is analyzed. The inventory consists of 150 books, each includes from one to several dozen. Totally, above 170 cases with data on history of Kazakh Russian relations in modern times were studied. The research results showed relevance and diversity of archival documents of 248 RGADA fund, its source potential on history of relationships of Kazakhs and Russian Empire in the first half of the 18th century. Analysis of the headings of inventory cases made possible to determine a specific range of issues on history of bilateral relations based on available archival data. Four groups have been singled out taking into their subject specifics. The first group is related to Orenburg and its administrative and political entities: expedition, commission, line of fortifications. The documents of the second group contained data on military-political contacts of Kazakh khans and foremen with representatives of Russian administration. The third contains materials on Kazakh-Russian relations in trade sphere. In fourth, cases are concentrated on relations of Kazakhs with other nomadic peoples, whose contacts were in sphere Russian Empire interests

Great Silk Road and Kazakhstan

The author thinks that his short research article on the Great Silk Road has a lot of content, a long period of research, a wide range of research sources and a number of unique features that make it interesting for those who are interested in this field. Today, the study and further development of the Great Silk Road, which attaches great importance to the study of ancient civilizations, is a matter of incalculable importance and significance. From the first appearance of silk to its production and transformation into a valuable commodity, which served as the basis for the name of the great medieval strategic road, the Great Silk Road, is narrated by ancient Chinese sources. At the same time, this article describes the important historical role of ancient Kazakhstan in the formation and development of the Great Silk Road as a medieval strategic road. The original and key parts of the historical path, which marked the beginning of the trade named after silk, have flourished in the Kazakh steppe from time immemorial. The fact that the Kazakh land was not only the territory through which the Silk Road passed, but also played a historical role in turning this simple way of giving into a way of exchanging civilization between the West and the East, is confirmed by Chinese handwritten sources. Moreover, according to the information provided by modern significant Chinese information sources, the connection of the Nurly Zhol program proposed by the ex-President of the Republic of Kazakhstan with the One Belt, One Way program is revealed. It is proved that independent Kazakhstan plays an important role in the modern reconstruction of the historical path. Thus, both the past and the present of the Great Silk Road are inextricably linked with Kazakhstan.

THE SYSTEM OF PROVIDING HOUSEHOLD TRANSPORT OF THE KAZAKH PEOPLE (HISTORICAL ANALYSIS)

One of the traditional transports of the Kazakh people – the cart – is one of the most interesting and difficult topics. It can be used for lectures on ethnology, special courses, seminars, as well as for establishing interdisciplinary links in the field of ethnoarchaeology. The history of the formation of Kazakh household and household vehicles, their types and areas of distribution, methods of construction, features of their functions are considered. This issue has not been studied as a special topic in domestic and foreign ethnology. Archaeological excavations in the ancient settlements and mounds of the Kazakh land, which make up the base of objects, found things related to economic and household relations, which were considered from a scientific point of view to determine the genesis of transport. A written database on the ancient type of transports has been collected, analyzed and systematized, their level of study and historiography has been analyzed. An internal typology has been developed depending on the functional features of the carts. In addition to the specifics of the type and scope of application of the cart, regional, seasonal use, documents related to physical statistics were differentiated, their use in the economy, types of activities in the cart and databases of the cart in the historical era were revealed. An overview of the history of one of the household cars – a wagon was made. Analyzing physical and written databases, the carts were divided by typology as, early carts and medieval carts (houses on a cart, luxury carts).

ИСТОРИЯ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ КАЗАХСТАНСКО-РОССИЙСКОЙГРАНИЦЫ В 20-е ГОДЫ XX ВЕКА

In the history of the formation of Kazakhstan's borders, the period of the 20s of the twentieth century is of particular importance. After the October Revolution of 1917, it was important for the new Soviet state to change the existing administrative-territorial division, taking into account the political and economic tasks that it faced. The article shows the contradictory and ambiguous process of national-territorial demarcation of the Soviet republics, which resulted in the ethnic-territorial and state consolidation of the Kazakh people. Based on the analysis of extensive historiography, various approaches to understanding the processes of transformation of state borders and border territories, conditions and factors determining them are analyzed. The study of archival materials and documentary sources made it possible to reconstruct the complex and nonlinear process of the formation of the Kazakh-Russian border and to show the contribution of the leaders of "Alash" to the unification of the Kazakh lands as part of the Kyrgyz (Kazakh) Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic.

THE ROLE OF THE KAZAKH KHOJAS IN THE HISTORY OF THE KAZAKH PEOPLE

The spread of Khojas in the Kazakh lands began with the arrival of the oppositional branch of Islam in the territory of South Kazakhstan - the teachings of Kaisaniya-Mubayidiya. As a result of the struggle for political power in the major centers of the Islamic State, under the influence of various currents, two main currents in Islam were formed - Ahl al-Hadith and Ahl ar-Rai. The representatives of Ahl ar-Rai, the Kaysaniya-Mubayidiya, stood at the forefront of all scientific research in Islam. The Abbasids, who came to power under the influence of the Kaisani movement, began to persecute members of the Kaisani sect out of fear of the future. Thus, the Turkic-Islamic history began initially with the arrival of the Khoja dynasty in Turkestan. The article discusses the contribution of "Islamic pioneers" in the preservation of the traditional culture of the Turkic-Muslim peoples and their role in the turning points of Kazakh history. The rise of Islam, including the Yasavi way, to the level of state ideology in the Jochi ulus is outlined, which radically changes the religious and spiritual policy of the state, the process and reasons for the transformation of the institute of judges into an effective tool of state administration in the 18th century are indicated.

Қазақ АКСР-ның құрылуы — республиканың тұтастығын қалыптастырудағы алғашқы қадамдар

The article analyzes the complex historical events of the 20s of the XX century associated with the annexation of Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions to collect Kazakh historical sites around the newly formed Kazakh ASSR. From the middle of the XVIII century, the tsarist government showed interest in the Kazakh land and began to actively pursue a policy of colonial seizure of Kazakh lands. In parallel with the annexation of the Kazakh lands, it gradually began to pursue a policy of settlement in the Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions. The settlement movement had been especially intense since the 80s of the XIX century when the indigenous Kazakh names in the north and east of the Kazakh land began to change into Russian. For example, historically, it would be fair for Omsk County to fully enter the Kazakh state, although, during the previous colonial policy of resettlement, the tsarist government contributed to an increase in the share of Russians in the northern part of this region. The consequences of this policy of the tsarist government led to the unification of the Kazakh lands around Kazakh autonomy in the 20s of the twentieth century. The Soviet Bolshevik government, taking as a basis the priority of the people living in the region when surveying the border, led to the transition to the Kazakh land only of the southern part of the Omsk land, which became a major historical triumph of the Kazakh intelligentsia, the result of many disagreements and disagreements between the Kazakh autonomy and the Siberian Revolutionary government. The Kazakh people proving their belonging to historical territories returned to themselves. In the article, the path to the removal of the Akmola and Semey regions from the composition of the Siberian Revolutionary Committee and transfer to the composition of the KazASSR is considered. At the same time, the works of Kazakh figures were revealed, which proved that the land belongs to Kazakhs in historical, economic, and political terms. Generalized and differentiated prerequisites for the formation of the unity of the Kazakh land, after comparison, the results of the discussion are presented.

ПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬСАРЖАНА КАСЫМУЛЫ В НАЦИОНАЛЬНО-ОСВОБОДИТЕЛЬНЫХ ВОССТАНИЯХ КАЗАХСКОГО НАРОДА В 1825–1836 ГГ.

This article describes the life and political activities of Sarzhan Kasymuly in the national liberation upraises of the Kazakh people in 1825-1836. The full event of that century is studied which is disclosed in detail by archival data. Also in this article, are held a scientific analysis on the political and social relations of sultan Sarzhan Kasumuly with the Pro-Russian Kazakh sultans and feudal based on historical archival documents. The relevance of the research problem lies in the fact that the study of the political life of Sarzhan Kasymuly according to the archival data of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan is a very important scientific topic for a thorough study of the impetus of a massive national uprising of the Kazakh people at the head of the sultans and batyrs, as well as about the unknown pages of the life and activities of Kazakh soldiers. In the socio-political life of the Kazakh people, the essence of such batyrs (knight, heroes) as Sarzhan Kasymuly played an important role in the fateful decisions of the military nomadic people. The structural formation of the heroes’ institution shows an accurate picture of the life and activities of the Kazakh people during the period of endless wars and the beginning of full colonization by the Russian Empire. The Kazakh land is rich in heroes (batyrs) like sultan Sarzhan Kasymuly who, despite the weak technical equipment of his wards, managed to fight against the tsarist colonial system, and wanted to restore the khan’s power of the famous ruler of the Kazakh people and his grandfather Khan Ablai. Undoubtedly, scientific work based on these and other historical archival data will make a significant contribution to the detailed study of the institution of the heroes of the Kazakh people.

ҚАЗАҚСТАНДАҒЫ ПОЛИЭТНИКАЛЫҚ ҚОҒАМ ТАРИХЫНЫҢ МӘСЕЛЕЛЕРІ: ТАРИХНАМАЛЫҚ ШОЛУ

The article is devoted to the issues of interethnic relations, which have not lost their relevance in the multiethnic Kazakhstani society. The study contains information on the history of the population, quantitative data, characteristics, language and culture of ethnic groups. In particular, special attention is paid to the historical stages of the settlement of ethnic groups in the Kazakh land and the level of ethnocultural development. The article provides a comparative analysis of studies and data on demographic changes, ethnic history and culture of ethnic groups, their location in the country. In addition, are provided on the activities of ethnocultural centers and public associations operating in the country. Thus, the role of public associations and national-cultural centers in maintaining interethnic unity and harmony is clarified. The results of the study of this topic allows us to trace the unity in our multi-ethnic society and clarify the historical socio-political, socio-cultural life of ethnic groups.Thus, the results of studying this topic will make it possible in the future to create prerequisites for establishing unity in the multinational society of Kazakhstan via language policy and to clarify the historical socio-political, socio-cultural life of ethnic groups.

«Құпия» белгісі қойылған ядролық сынақ полигондары: кеше және бүгін

The article describes nuclear test sites in the countries of the world. The authors focus on a brief history of nuclear test sites. In particular, the article considers the Semey nuclear test site in Kazakhstan, which operated under the “secret” designation. Its history tells about the “special relations” between the representatives of the military industry, who completely controlled the nuclear test site, and the local residents of the test site areas. According to the authors, this is a clear manifestation of the policies of tyranny, “military colonialism”, and “nuclear colonialism” carried out by Moscow on the Kazakh land. Various data and scientific studies showthat the social, ecological, and economic consequences of nuclear tests, as well as ways to deal with them, have survived to the present day. Even at that time, despite the “secret” label, it provided information about the danger of radiation spread from the Semey nuclear test site. The results of the “secret” monitoring of the local population’s health are reported. To reveal the content of the article, the authors were guided by the method of objective position, general scientific, and special methods of methodology

Kazakh-uzbek literary connections

Kazakhs are kindly disposed towards Uzbeks regarding them as brothers, andUzbeks sympathize with words “If your friend is Kazakh, then you are not left in trouble”. It is asign of brotherhood between two nations. Proclamation of the year 2018 the year of Uzbekistanon the Kazakh land as a symbol of brotherhood and rendering honors to great Kazakh poet Abay’screative work in Uzbek country are made deliberately. These significant events in literary processalso point to the dynamic development of cultural and literary intercommunication in the Turkicworld. It is known that worldview features of the nation are reflected on its art of the word. Forthis reason, it is important to study Kazakh-Uzbek literature with common historical roots in thecontext of comparative literature studies. This article examines Kazakh and Uzbek literaryrelations originating from folklore, and literary relations between them are divided intochronological periods in accordance with principles of historical development. Accordingly theaim of the article is to identify historical bases of Kazakh-Uzbek literary relations and specialaspects of their development.

Russian Colonialism in Central Asia: to Determine Time and Place

The article is a brief overview of Russian legislative practices in the Central Asian region. Kazakh, Turkestan and Transcaspian lands are considered as a single region, as it was understood by the Russian imperial administration. The administration models implemented in it had a different nature and their own specifics. In this case, the time factor was of paramount importance. Russia had not yet formulated its agenda in relation to its southeastern periphery at the beginning of the 18th century. At that time, St. Petersburg perceived the Kazakh steppe as the outer territory of the empire (colony) and consistently implemented methods of indirect and direct control towards it. The situation changed in the middle of the 19th century. The complication of the foreign policy situation in Europe provoked the intensification of Russia in Central Asia. Active advancement towards the Afghan border entailed the transformation of the Kazakh lands into the inner territory of the empire wanting administrative assimilation with the rest of the state. At the same time, a “non‑colonial” view of the empire’s national outskirts prevailed in the Russian capital. The trend towards the spread of general imperial administrative-political and socio-economic norms and approaches to Central Asian possessions has become the leitmotif of the state policy. The system of military-public administration became manifestation of this policy, introduced in the Kazakh steppe, Russian Turkestan and the Transcaspian province in the second half of the 19th century.

Political struggle of nation intellectuals for the establishment of national autonomy in Kazakhstan under Soviet rule (1917 – 1920)

This article refers to documentary documents stored in archives, XX century. Historical analysis of the political struggle of the nation intelligentsia for national autonomy and their negotiations with the Soviet authorities, based on historical data from periodicals. We saw it as a legitimate continuation of the struggle for creation, as a result of a whole historical process. Methodology of the problem, Guided by the concept of a new historical thinking aimed at a new study of the topical issues of the formation of Soviet Kazakh autonomy in the history of Kazakhstan, the theoretical and methodological basis of the historical processes of the 1920s and the contradictions of the Alash intelligentsia. This is because the national policy of that time in the history was emerging «Soviet-style» of Kazakh state and was completely different from the nature of today’s Kazakhstan. The goal of the nation’s intelligentsia was open the eyes of the Kazakh people, awaken their political consciousness, equip them with knowledge, and achieve national-territorial autonomy within Russia by demanding national autonomy from the Russian administration as a whole. Their goal was to form the Alash party after the February Revolution, to form the Alashorda national government after the October Revolution, and to unite all Kazakh lands into one autonomy. Key words: Autonomy, Kazakh SSR, Nation, «Alash», «Alashorda», Bolshevik, Soviet, Russia, empire, political party, Provisional Committee, «Kazakh», «Aikap», «Great Turkestan».

Ұлы жібек жолының қазақстандық бөлігінің мәдени-тарихи мұра нысандарының реестрін құрудың өзектілігі

Орта ғасырлардағы тарихи ірі магистраль болған Ұлы жібек жолы бүгінде заманауи зерттеулердің тақырыбына айналып отыр. Ұлы жібек жолы бойындағы тарихи-мәдени ескерткіштер ежелгі замандардан бастап, бүгінге дейін Қазақстан жері үшін өз маңызын жоғалтқан емес. Ұлы жібек жолының қазақстандық бөлігінде қоғамның мәдени, рухани және туристік дамуында маңызды рөл атқаратын мәдени-тарихи мұра объектілерінің саны мен алуан түрлілігі бар. Дегенмен, әлі күнге дейін Қазақ жеріндегі Ұлы жібек жолы туралы жүйелі ақпарат жоқ деп есептеуге болады. Мақалада Қазақстан Республикасы аймағындағы Ұлы жібек жолы тарихи магистралі бойындағы мәдени-тарихи нысандар реестрін құру өзектілігі мен қажеттілігі баяндалады. Мәдени-тарихи мұра нысандары еліміздің қазірге дейінгі туристік даму жолындағы маңызды бағыттардың бірі ретінде қарастырылып келеді. Ұлы жібек жолының бойындағы ежелгі қалалар мен орындар қазіргі таңда жүйеленген ақпаратты қажет ететін нысандар жиынтығы деп санауға толық негіз бар.

Issues of formation of the Kazakh-Russian border in the 1920s-1930s.

This article examines the problem of the formation of the border between Kazakh autonomy and the Russian Federation. During the critical period of the 1920s, when the issue of delimitation of territories was raised, the Kazakh lands were managed by several centers: Kirrevkom, Sibrevkom and Turkestan Republic. During this period there was an active activity of the Kazakh intelligentsia, which within the limits of their authority defended the territorial interests of the people, at that their unity in this matter was noted, despite the old ideological contradictions. It is necessary to note that the big contribution in business of inclusion of the native Kazakh lands and preservation of them as a part of new autonomy was made by many leaders of Alash movement. It was A. Baitursynov and M. Seralin who were able to defend the issue of the inclusion of Kustanai uyezd into the Kazakh ASSR. It is known that some of the Alash leaders for a positive solution of the territorial issue specifically went to Moscow for negotiations with Lenin and Stalin. As a result of their active position, most of the Kazakh territories were included in the Kazakh autonomy formed in 1920 on the terms of the Bolsheviks. In the 1930's the process of delimitation of lands between the Kazakh autonomy and the Russian Federation continued. During this period, the process of complete delimitation between the two Soviet republics went on gradually until it was formalized in the position that was fixed in 1936, when Kazakhstan received the status of a union republic. As a result of the activities of various administrative-territorial commissions, the border issue was almost completely resolved. However, some shortcomings, in the form of interspersions, remained. Thus, during the Soviet period the issue of territorial delimitation was not finally resolved.