Kashmir Conflict Research Articles

Role of Print Media in Reporting Conflicts Between India and Pakistan: A Comparative Analysis of Pakistani and Indian English Dailies (Jan 2016_Feb 2019)

The significance of print media in shaping public opinion is highlighted in this report from January 2016 to February 2019 by analyzing the disputes between India and Pakistan. It explores the water dispute, cross-border terrorism, the Kashmir conflict, and Line of Control (LoC) violations, which are four of the most divisive topics. The study also analyses any peace initiatives or bilateral discussions that have taken place between the two countries and looks at the coverage that these events received in a few print media publications. Incidents like the Pathankot incident, Uri attack, Kulbhushan Jadhav case, Burhan Wani's passing, ongoing ceasefire violations, worries about human rights in Kashmir, disagreements over projects like Kishanganga and Rattle hydropower, and the most recent Pulwama attack created palpable tensions between the two countries. The active coverage of print media in both countries provides important insight into the regional powerhouse newspapers' objectives.

Indo-Pak Newspapers Coverage of the Pulwama Incident

In the political and military tensions between India and Pakistan, print media play an important role in stabilizing the issues or portraying the narrative of the state to the world. Both the countries spend more on defense in comparison to other sectors. The main reason for spending billions of USD on the military is the Kashmir issue. Though both countries have a long-lasted history of rivalry when it comes to the Kashmir issue after the Pulwama attack, the tensions between the two neighboring countries were the worst in the last thirty years. In such a horrible situation, media from both sides were busy defending their stances.This study aims to the comparison of Pulwama attack coverage in English newspapers from both sides (Daily Dawn from Pakistan & the Hindu from India) that how these most circulated newspapers covered the whole conflict, what were their contributions to peace, and how they portrayed the stance of their governments. As the incident started on 14 February 2019 after the bomb blast, therefore we have covered editorials of both newspapers from 14 February to 5 March 2019. Both sides exaggerated the whole issue however; we noticed that Indian media and Political leadership used harsh words and false statements.

Kargil war as Security Deterioration of South Asia

India and Pakistan are two high risks running in this competitive strategy. Since India and Pakistan appeared as independent States on the World map, South Asian security has been derailing in an unstable and vast shape. Kargil pushes the region towards unease and insecurity. Although India called it a proxy War, which was controlled by Pakistan forces. In Kargil both states showed their presence of their nuclear weapons and exchange threats. Both states were in Competition for winning through their perception of nuclear weapons.There were basically two reasons of Pakistan to fight this particular war (i) Secure Territory (ii) Internationalize the Kashmir issue. Due to the effort of Pakistan Kashmir issue was internationalised in front of world but unfortunately Pakistan was labelled as sponsor of terrorism as well as threats about misuse of its nuclear weapons increased in South Asian region. Deterrence Theory will be used in article. Which involves using military threats/weapons as a mean to deter international crisis. In this research both analytical and descriptive methods will be used. Descriptive analytics is the process of using current and historical data to identify trends and relationships so this is the best suited method to conduct this research.

Language of Legitimization in Political Discourse on Kashmir Issue

This study concerns the discursive strategies used in political discourse to legitimize conflicting positions on the Kashmir issue, a major issue between Pakistan and India. More specifically, the study has attempted to address the question of legitimization strategies and their linguistic realizations feature in the Pakistani and the Indian Prime Minister’s speeches after the abrogation of Article 370 about the Kashmir issue. The data consists of the speeches the Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan and the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi delivered after the abrogation of Article 370 on Kashmir. The whole research has been framed under the scope of Critical Discourse Analysis, and the speeches have been analyzed in terms of Reyes’ (2011) strategies of legitimization, and Halliday’s (2014) Transitivity Model. The data analysis reveals that both prime ministers use the strategies of emotion, hypothetical future, rationality, the voice of expertise, and altruism to justify their respective positions and to attack their opponents. Yet, they differ in the linguistic realizations of these strategies mainly due to their different mental models of the communicative event rooted in their differing ideological perspectives. The findings establish the significance of language as an analytical tool that can help understand the nature of discursive practices underlying certain ideologies.

The association between social support and resilience of young adults of Kashmir exposed to stressful events of armed conflicts and with their background variables

ABSTRACT The current study examined the association of social support and background variables with resilience among young adults exposed to traumatic and stressful events of armed conflict in Kashmir, India. Data were collected from 693 participants using a multi-stage sampling method. Findings revealed that social support and gender were positively associated with resilience, whereas education, income, and maternal education were negatively associated with resilience. Moreover, feeling insecure and psychologically distressed as a result of conflict was negatively associated with resilience, whereas, perception that Kashmir conflict will be resolved was positively associated with resilience. The findings suggest fostering of resilience in this population.

Editorial: Indian Literature: Past, Present and Future

Editorial: Indian Literature: Past, Present and Future

Kashmir in India-Pakistan Relations: Perspectives Pakistan's Nuclear Policy, Background and Development Towards conflict resolution

The conflict between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir problem still seems to be an obstacle in their relations. It has been 58 years since the dispute passed, but there is no final agreement that can be accepted by both parties. If 1947 is the independence day of India and Pakistan, then this year is the beginning of the suffering of the people of Kashmir. Pakistan, as the party that has the right to make Kashmir part of its territory, feels the need to continue to raise this issue even though it has to develop nuclear power.

Keşmir Krizinde İran'ın Yaklaşımı

Keşmir, jeopolitik, tarihsel, sosyal ve siyasi önemi itibariyle akademik çalışmalara yeni ve zengin bir çalışma sahası sunmaktadır. Bölgenin sahip olduğu karakteristikler ve Keşmir kaynaklı bölgesel ve küresel sorunlar ve meseleler sahanın öneminin artmasında kayda değer önemdedir. Bu çalışma, Keşmir’in tarihi, sosyolojisi ve önemine ilave olarak temelde İran İslam Cumhuriyeti’nin Keşmir konusundaki yaklaşımını genel hatlarıyla açıklamayı hedeflemektedir. Çalışmada, İran dış politikasında Keşmir sorununun nasıl değerlendirildiği ele alınırken, İngilizlerin bölgeden çekilmesi sonrası neşvünema bulan Keşmir Krizi açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Keşmir sorununda bugün gelinen duruma değinilirken, bölge ülkelerinin ve bilhassa İran’ın hangi pragmatik ve pratik gayelerle Keşmir konusuna eğildiği ifade edilmeye çalışılmıştır. 1979 İslam Devrimi’yle İran’ın devrimci dış politika kimliği ve özellikle devrim ihracı fikri Humeyni dönemi boyunca Keşmir’le ilişkilerinin temelini oluşturmuştur. İran’ın Keşmir’e bakışı siyasal liderlik dönemlerine göre farklılık arz etse de genellikle İran İslam Devrimi çerçevesinde geliştiği, bu çalışmanın temel savları arasında bulunmaktadır. Çalışma, yöntem olarak karşılaştırmalı siyaset ve kısa siyasi tarihsel anlatımlar üzerine bina edilmiştir.

“A Refugee from Belief”: Agha Shahid Ali’s Poetics of Rupture

AbstractThis article attempts a reassessment of the political aspirations within Agha Shahid Ali’s poetics through a close reading ofThe Country without a Post Office.Although Shahid’s formal innovations have often been prioritized over his political commitments within scholarly evaluations of his work, I contend that in this collection, Agha Shahid Ali practices a “poetics of rupture”: holding themes of coherence and disruption, continuity and breakage, the global and the local in sustained tension with each other throughout the volume. Forged through a political commitment to represent Kashmir in crisis, his poetics of rupture is simultaneously formally founded on breakage and discontinuity, and itself ruptures, as I eventually propose, the very binaries (poetics versus polemics, personal versus political, local versus global) that shadow political poetry. I demonstrate the specifics of Shahid’s poetics of rupture through an analysis of his work with literary allusions and poetic forms. Eventually, this article contends that recognizing the political import of his poetics of rupture has consequences for our recognition of the crisis in Kashmir itself and the ethical and formal possibilities surrounding the representation of this crisis.

Contemplating Peace between India and Pakistan

India-Pakistan relations are at an inflection point with India’s dramatic revocation of Kashmir’s autonomy and its desired objective to transform the nature of the Kashmir conflict from a “bilateral” (involving Pakistan) to a “unilateral” status (excluding Pakistan). Pakistan, on the other hand, has embarked on a diplomatic offensive making the case against India’s majoritarian politics in Kashmir as detrimental not only to the Kashmiris but also to the strategic stability between the two rivals. This article reasons that India’s and Pakistan’s dominant zero-sum strategies—premised on winning while ensuring the other’s loss—are least likely to come to fruition. Given the present nature of ties, the way forward is for the two states to engage in a minimalist framework where mutual interests, as opposed to dominant positions, are put forth as a basis for engagement. Second, engagement more than agreement should be the short- to medium-term goal. Finally, any talk during this time on freezing the Kashmir conflict is least likely to bring any long-term dividends for peace and stability between the two regional adversaries.

Perceptions of mental health services among the children who are in conflict with the law in Jammu and Kashmir.

Background: Due to the Jammu and Kashmir conflict, many teenagers are involved in disputes with the law. The conflict made generations suffer for decades. Such children made the mobs; being involved in life-threatening situations and the risk they confront develop psychiatric disorders. As a result of the various tense conditions when applied in multiple anti-social activities, aberrant children sent to correctional homes have to encounter numerous psychological disorders. Aim: The motive of the study is to explore the level of awareness, availability of services, stigma and obstacles to seeking assistance. Method: Due to the open-ended interview questions and a small sample size of 15 respondents, this study employed a qualitative methodology - a thematic analysis was done. Results: The findings revealed that, although the stigma is not publicly acknowledged, children who break the law and seek mental health services (MHS) are stigmatised. It was also shown that minor offenders fear that when they receive services provided by the staff of the observation home (OH), there will be a violation of their privacy and fear unforeseen repercussions. Conclusion: Collaborative action must proactively raise appropriate awareness to lessen the stigma linked with mental health problems, especially regarding MHS among these teenagers.

Redefining social relationship: Influence of Mahatma Gandhi on Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Sardar Patel is credited for being almost single handedly responsible for unifying India on the eve of independence. Patel emerged as a hero to Gujarati for Kheda Satyagraha, revolt by refusing the payment of taxes to British, and admired across India. Regarding partition of India Patel oppose Mahatma Gandhi’s suggestion. Patel role regarding princely states and Kashmir issue was remarkable. There are three conditions for the optimum development of an iron or mature personality, which Sardar Patel had. The conditions are following: Extension of the Self, Self-Objectification, Unifying Philosophy of Life. Although Sardar Patel adopted with great skill and success Gandhiji’s method of non-violent resistance to unjust authority, his organizing abilities and his personal style were his own.

КАШМИРСКАЯ ПРОБЛЕМА: МЕЖДУНАРОДНО-ПРАВОВОЙ АСПЕКТ

A complex of political, economic and military-strategic problems arose on the territory of the former Principality of Jammu and Kashmir, which were accompanied by serious violations of human rights. The basis of the Kashmir dispute is the incompatibility of approaches to solving the fate of the Principality on the part of secularist India and Muslim Pakistan. for which the religious principle applied during the partition of British India in 1947 was identified with the ‘theory of two nations’. In the context of the first Indo-Pakistani conflict,Maharaja Hari Singh informed the Viceroy of India of the decision to join it, provided that article 370 on granting special rights to Jammu and Kashmir would be included in the text of the Constitution. The situation in Jammu and Kashmir is characterized by instability, movements of pro-Pakistani separatists, which caused three Indo-Pakistani wars. The issue of the situation in Kashmir is being discussed in the UN Commission on Human Rights, in human rights organizations, including Islamic ones, which insist on holding a plebiscite in Kashmir in order to ensure its citizens the right to choose between India and Pakistan. The Government of India has decided to actually liquidate the state and divide it into two union territories: Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, which come under the direct control of the center. The country’s leadership believes that the measures taken will contribute to strengthening the constitutional order of India, equalizing the rights of states and union territories.

REPRESENTATION OF KASHMIRI INCIDENT IN INDIAN AND PAKISTANI NEWSPAPERS: A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF BURHAN WANI’S CASE

The present study analyzes the projection of ideologies in Indian and Pakistani newspapers on the issue of Kashmir regarding Burhan Wani’s death. The study conducts the content analysis of newspaper articles Indian newspaper Times of India and Pakistani Dawn from the 8th of July 2016 to the 15th of July 2016. Articles have the potential to shape opinions and convey ideologies. In order to investigate the issue, this study explores the ideological representation in the discourse through the schematic and thematic level of discourse analysis. Van Dijk’s model (1988), “Structure of News in Press,” is applied to this research article. For this purpose, qualitative methods of data collection and analysis are used. Finally, it brings the results that article writers construct and form ideologies of the in-group, and the newspaper owners influence their ideologies. Analyzing articles from both newspapers reveals that articles cannot be treated as objective opinion pieces but as representative of their respective ideologies. Keywords: Kashmir, daily Dawn, Pakistan, Time of India, Burhan Wani

Chinese Stance on Kashmir Dispute: An Over View

Kashmir issue was a left over by history and exists before the proclamation of China as People Republic of China. China that is the major regional power and second largest economy of the world is concerned over the peace and prosperity of the region. The peace of region was always on stake due to the lingering of Kashmir dispute. A number of factors have enhanced the significance of Chinese stance towards Kashmir dispute e.g. the geographical proximity, as international and regional power, and occupation of some part of Kashmir territory (Aksai Chin and territory ceded by Pakistan to China in 1963). Chinese stance on this dispute varies over different periods of time. There are a number of factors that affect the stance of China to resolve this dispute. It is an attempt to highlight the significance of Chinese stance to resolve this dispute and factors behind the change in its stance.

Visual Content Analysis of Victimhood in Conflicts in Kashmir and Yemen

This study examines 141 photographs of conflict victims in Kashmir and Yemen from two Pakistani English newspapers, "Dawn" and "The Express Tribune," during 2019. The analysis found that Kashmiri victims were more frequently humanized in the photographs compared to Yemeni victims, with a greater use of close-up and medium shots. Meanwhile, Yemeni victims were more often depicted through long shots, which suggests dehumanization. Additionally, the study found that men received more coverage in the Yemen conflict, while women were portrayed more often in the Kashmir conflict to generate audience sympathy. Violent events were the most commonly reported topic in both newspapers.

Challenges for the Conventional Deterrence of Pakistan in the Post 2019 Security Situations: Options and Choices

The study aims at discussing the changing dynamics of conventional deterrence in South Asia especially after the Pulwama-Balakot incident of 2019. The study is evaluated through Descriptive, Exploratory and Predictive data analysis approach. For elaborating different aspects of the study, both primary and secondary data was used. The study conducted in-depth interviews of the experts on the strategic and nuclear environment of the South Asian region. The study is divided in to three parts. In first part of the study, India-Pakistan relations since their independence in 1947 have been discussed. It was followed by discussing how Indian military strategic thinking against Pakistan has been changed from being defensive in Sunderji Doctrine (SD) of 1987 to offensive in the Cold Start Doctrine (CSD) of 2004 and then to the Land Warfare Doctrine (LWD) of 2018. The study then continues on discussing how India has crossed the international border line and conducted so-called surgical strikes inside Pakistani territory after a militant attack on the Indian paramilitary troops in Indian Occupied Kashmir (IoK) in 2019 and how Pakistan responded to the Indian aggression with a military operation codenamed “Operation Swift Retort”. The second part of the study is related to the Indian acquisition of modern sophisticated weaponry from the great powers like US, Israel, Russia etc. and the possible impacts of these weapons systems on the strategic stability of Pakistan. How the weapon systems like Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) system, Rafale fighter jets, Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGM), Nuclear Submarine, P8-I Antisubmarine aircraft, Apache attack helicopter, Spy satellites and the armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) will pose threats to Pakistan, was main theme of the second part of the study. The possibility of any future war between India and Pakistan was also discussed in this section. Third section of the study was related to the possible options for Pakistan to counter the growing Indian conventional superiority. It was discussed that Pakistan should improve its long-range air defense system, improve the speed, lethality and range of its missiles, acquire or develop nuclear submarine and fifth generation aircrafts, improve Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities along with the acquisition of attack helicopters and enhancing the endurance and range of armed UAVs to counter any future Indian aggression. Overall the Indian military modernization, the acquisition and procurement of modern sophisticated weaponry was discussed in the study. How negatively it will impact Pakistan and what options and choices are available with Pakistan to counter it, was the basic theme of the study. It was also thoroughly examined that Pakistan’s nuclear weapons are not for wars, but it’s the guarantor of peace in South Asia. It was also examined that Pakistan will never allow any aggression to disturb its strategic stability and will never hesitate to ensure its strategic stability and the basic sovereignty as a state at any cost, even by using its nuclear weapons as a last resort in case of failure of its conventional weapons.

Violence and Resistance in Waheed’s The Book of Gold Leaves and Peer’s Curfewed Night

The paper, analyzing Mirza Waheed’s novel The Book of Gold Leaves and Basharat Peer’s memoir Curfewed Night, attempts to highlight the violence by Indian military forces in Indian occupied Kashmir and the resistance of common Kashmiri folks. During the partition of the Indian Subcontinent, Kashmir decided not to affiliate with any of the newly independent countries (Pakistan and India) and remained independent. This study unearths the violence by a stronger force and the sufferings and resistance of weaker group in the selected texts by using the theoretical framework of power and violence by Michel Foucault and Frantz Fanon. Violence, in the name of various factors, gives traumatic experience to its victims and obviously resistance occurs to oppose the dominant forces and violence. Violence and wrong utilization of power in a country of religious minorities, and different provisional and political statuses is not an unholy characteristic for developing and developed states. Such states do not hesitate to oppress minor voices arising from different parts of the state for some controversial demands. This research paper endeavors to put light on the oppressive actions by Indian armed forces against Kashmiri people to keep them away from demanding identity, free religion, self-determination and independence.

The Revocation of Article 35-A and 370, and the State of Human Rights in Indian-occupied Kashmir

India and Pakistan have been fighting over Kashmir since they became independent. There has been one small war and three big ones between India and Pakistan. India got rid of Articles 370 and 35-A of the Indian Constitution on its own on August 5, 2019, which included Kashmir. Pakistan works very hard to make life better for Kashmiris. A logical method is used to do the research for this study. The secondary sources were things like books, study papers, newspaper articles, reports, the web, and magazines. There are both descriptive and analytical ways to do research techniques. The results show that getting rid of the two constitutional changes will hurt South Asia's military security a lot. India's takeover of Jammu and Kashmir has led to breaches of human rights, violence, economic hardship, and social exclusion for the people of Kashmir. The study recommends that Pakistan look into a number of policy options to solve the Kashmir problem since Kashmir is Pakistan's main source of blood. South Asia and the whole world would be better off with peace and security in Kashmir.

Narrative Ideology and Repercussions: Representation of the Kashmir Conflict in Modern Literature

The research aims to explore the Kashmir conflict that has fractured the lives of the Kashmiri people. In the current times, the Kashmir conflict has been remarkably engaging literate circles all over the world. The conflict has been in the news worldwide for the last three decades because it may cause modern-day warfare betweenIndia, Pakistan, and China. Hence, people all over the world want to know about the situation in the region. The historical, sociological, and moral approaches by Wilbur Stewart Scott are used to grasp the context of the selected novelsThe Collaborator (2012) and Book of Gold Leaves (2015). Mirza Waheed, as an eyewitness, sketched the novels on the sufferings of Kashmiris, engaging daily with a god of death because of the conflictual situation. This situation has been routined since the invasion and occupation of the land by the three nuclear armament-holding neighbors, India, Pakistan, and China, immediately after the emancipation of the first two from their British colonial masters in 1947. The political scenario of Jammu and Kashmir became murkier in 1988 and onwards when India intensified its military operations to quell the armed resistance movement for “Azadi” (freedom) of land. The modern Kashmiri literature roots out the sentiment of freedom; India gave impunity to any draconian tactics in the name of rules that justified any inhuman treatment of custodial killing, torture, rape, etc. As a result, more than three lac women are dead, approximately 10000 are missing, and thousands are languishing in jails.