Karnal District Research Articles

The Growth Performance of Selected Spice Crops in Haryana State

Abstract Subject and purpose of work: The study aims to evaluate the growth performance of spice crops in Haryana state of India. Materials and methods: The study is based on secondary data obtained over the period of 17 years i.e., from 2001-2002 to 2017-2018. Four spice crop – ginger, turmeric, garlic and fenugreek were selected from rabi and kharif season on the basis of the largest area sown. In order to analyze the data descriptive statistics (mean and C.V.) and CGR (compound growth rate) were employed. Results: T he s tudy r evealed a significant p ositive g rowth r ate o f 2.20%, 4.50% and 2.20% in the area, production and productivity of ginger in the district of Panchkula, respectively. In the district of Yamunanagar, a growth rate 13.80% and 10.20% was found in the area and production of turmeric. However, a negative productivity growth rate of -3.20% was also revealed. A positive growth rate 1.50%, 3.30% and 0.17% was found in the area, production and productivity of garlic in Karnal district. In the district of Yamunanagar, a growth rate for fenugreek of 7.30% and 7.60% and 13.90% in the area, production and productivity was found. The state of Haryana recorded a significant growth of 1.7%, 2.8% and 1.1% per annum in the area, production and productivity of spice crops respectively. Conclusions: T he s tudy r evealed a positive g rowth rate across all the selected spice crops, indicating improving prospects of spice crops in Haryana state.

"Quantification of Incremental Benefits and Change in Input Use Pattern under Laser Land Levelling in comparison with Conventional Land Levelling in Haryana"

The investigation aimed to find monetary benefits of Laser Land Levelling (LLL) compared to conventional land leveling (CLL) in Karnal and Sirsa district of Haryana. These two districts were selected purposively because these have the highest area under paddy-wheat and cotton-wheat cropping patterns, respectively. The equation of Aryal et al. (2014) was explicitly used to estimate incremental benefits from laser land leveling. Also, input use pattern of machine labor, seed, plant protection chemicals, human labor, yield, and irrigation was considered. In the paddy-wheat cropping pattern of Karnal district, the annual net benefits of using laser land levelling were estimated to be ` 11450.81. In contrast, per LLL operation, net benefits were estimated to be ` 34352. Similarly, on the same lines in the cotton-wheat cropping pattern of Sirsa district, the annual net benefits of LLL were estimated to be ` 7212.61. In contrast,per LLL operation, net benefits were estimated to be ` 28850. As far as the input use pattern is concerned, the study showed that machine labour and yield increased under LLL while in both districts. In contrast, all other inputs i.e., seed, fertilizer, human labor, plant protection, chemicals, irrigation, were reduced, showing resource conservation potential of LLL. Hence, the study recommended adopting this resource conservation technology and tapping its potential benefits so that farmers may get benefitted from this ultimate technology

English

BACKGROUND The Ayushman Bharat scheme claimed to cover all pre-existing ailments and 1,350 medical packages covering day care treatments, medicine, diagnosis, and surgery. We wanted to address the research question of the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana viability in depleting pocket expenses in a rustic terrain of Haryana. METHODS The data of 114 policyholders had been collected through a questionnaire using a convenience sampling technique in the Sirsi and Madanpur village of Haryana. The respondents were asked questions and their responses were recorded in the questionnaires accordingly. All respondents were from the rustic territory of the Karnal district. The collected data was analysed with the usage of descriptive statistics. RESULTS The respondents (18.4 percent) who had sickness, paid for their treatment from their own pockets instead of getting it done under the scheme. The scheme claimed that no empanelled hospital turned-down treatment. Survey acknowledged that private hospitals asked for valid cards of some respondents (8.8 percent). Some family member names were left out from the card, mainly kids under the age of 5 - years. Some respondents were having trouble in getting the card and found no offline application centre for applying. CONCLUSIONS The survey concluded that no policyholder had acknowledged any medical benefits from the scheme. The need is to create more awareness in the families of ailments and remove the hitch in getting the card. Each ailment (from little to fatal) needs to secure to utilize the stipulated claim. KEY WORDS Ayushman Bharat, Government-Funded Health Insurance Scheme, Out-of-Pocket Expenditure, Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana

A Case Study of Dairy-Based Farmer Producer Company in Haryana: Collective Action Approach for Enhancing Farmer Income

The concept behind Farmer Producer Organizations is that farmers, who are the producers of agricultural products, can form groups and register themselves under the Indian Companies Act 1956. The aim is to enhance farmer’s income, capacity building, competitiveness, and increase their advantage in emerging market opportunities. To examine the role of farmer producer organization in enhancing farmers, a case study was conducted in Karnal District of Haryana. Study the management and governance system of FPC and assess the impact of FPC on members was the objective of the case study. Personal interviews and group discussion methods were used for data collection and gathering information on FPC. Mishti farmer producer organization was established on 25 march 2013 for collecting, processing, and marketing milk and milk products. It covered eight villages of Karnal and collect raw milk from members and non-members farmers at high price than other value chain actors. The result of the study indicate that farmer who supplies milk to FPC, get 8-10 rupee per lit high price than others. It also provides bonus to member farmers who are shareholders of the company and their income from dairy farming is enhanced by 25-30 percent. FPC also plays a significant role in enhancing the backward and forward linkage of farmers and capacity building of farmers in different agricultural aspect. Members of FPC are highly satisfied with the services provided by FPC and its performance in local areas.

Health status of hypertensive subjects, district. Karnal, Haryana

Health is defined as the state of wellbeing and free from illness but over half of the world population is suffering from hypertension which is a major public health challenge to societies in socio-economic and epidemiological transition. The normal range of blood pressure as measured by the mercuric Sphygmomanometer is from 110/60 to 120/80 mmHg. A blood pressure persistently above 140/90 mm Hg of hypertension is termed as a hypertensive condition. This study was conducted to estimate awareness and its management among males and females of Karnal district by assessing their health status, dietary intake, and associated factors related to it. Data collection was done using a self-prepared structured questionnaire on 200 willing hypertensive subjects that were selected through purposive sampling method from the profile study. An equal number of males and females from the age group 31-60 years were selected for this study. The study revealed that the mean age of hypertensive subjects was 41-50 years. The majority of respondents were overweight due to poor lifestyle (lack or no physical activity) and dietary habits. It was observed that a higher percentage of hypertensive respondents were in the habit of using iodized salt. Also, the intake of water was less as per-day requirement i.e. 1.90 ± 0.78 liters’ males and 1.60 ± 0.49 liters females. Common foods restricte6d by hypertensive subject’s sweets, mutton, ghee, oil, bakery food, and pickles. The majority of respondents had disturbed sleep, job and health related stress which led to a rise in blood pressure. In conclusion, hypertension can be managed by structuring some therapeutic approaches like practicing yoga, walk, gym, jogging, meditation, anti-hypertensive medication, and many more. In the present study, more males were found to be practicing yoga as compared to females.

Comparative Analysis of Laser Land Levelling vis-a-vis Conventional Land Levelling in Karnal District of Haryana

economic analysis of laser land levelling (LLL) in comparison with conventional land levelling (CLL) was exercised by the study. Karnal district was selected purposively only because it was having highest area under paddy-wheat cropping pattern in the state. Different cost concepts were used to analyse economic impact of laser land levelling. As laser land levelling has major impact on irrigation use efficiency that’s why Karnal district was most appropriate for study because it was having major cropping pattern as paddy and wheat which incorporate water thirsty crops. Total cost under laser land levelling was Rs125392 and Rs95037 while under conventional land levelling it was Rs126918 and Rs 98667 for paddy and wheat respectively. Gross returns under LLL were Rs 155480 and Rs 115880 while under CLL they were Rs148228 and 113798 for paddy and wheat respectively. Net Returns under LLL were Rs 30088 and Rs 20843 while under CLL they were Rs 21310 and Rs 15132 for paddy and wheat respectively. Benefit cost ratio under LLL was 1.24 and 1.18 while under CLL it was 1.17 and 1.15 for paddy and wheat respectively. These results shows economic profitability of LLL over CLL and recommended to adopt LLL on wider scale and tap benefits of this resource conservation technology.

Comparative profitability of capsicum (Capsicum annuum) cultivation under different protected structures in Haryana

An economic analysis of capsicum production in Haryana under different protected structures has been done in the present study. Sonepat, Karnal and Hisar districts were purposively selected as cultivation under all types of protected structures (natural ventilated polyhouses, net houses, and walk-in-tunnels) is practice in these districts. The results obtained in this study indicated that the naturally ventilated polyhouse has the highest total cost (Cost C2) incurred on capsicum in the district of Sonepat followed by Hisar and Karnal. Net returns were found highest in Karnal district followed by Hisar and Sonepat, respectively. B:C ratio was found highest in Karnal among all these three selected districts. In case of net house, the highest total cost incurred on capsicum in Karnal district followed by the districts of Sonepat and Hisar. However, Hisar district gave the highest net returns followed by Karnal and Sonepat. B:C ratio was found highest in Hisar as compared to Sonepat and Karnal districts, while, in walk-in-tunnel structures, highest total cost incurred on capsicum in Sonepat district among all districts. Net returns were found highest in Sonepat district in comparison to all districts. B:C ratio was equal recorded in Sonepat and Hisar district. It was calculated from the study that producer's share in consumer rupee was found highest in market channel-III (producer to direct consumer) which was proved to be most efficient channel in marketing of capsicum.

A study of the socio-economic status of women via self-help groups in the rural areas of Karnal district in Haryana

A study of the socio-economic status of women via self-help groups in the rural areas of Karnal district in Haryana

A study of the socio-economic status of women via self-help groups in the rural areas of Karnal district in Haryana

Self-help group (SHG) is an effective and systematic model, which emphasises the community development of socio-economic status and lifestyle of rural area women driven by ongoing process of social...

Value Chain Analysis of Informal Dairy Processing Units in Haryana (India): A System Dynamic Approach

The study intends to examine the value chain of liquid milk of informal sector based on procurement systems by dairy processing units, applying simulation model Vensim PLE x32 package. Mapping of product flow and core actors involved in value chains are based on primary data pertaining to year 2019. The total sample size was 27 of small and micro dairy processing units in Karnal district of Haryana state. The study concluded that cost of milk procurement was the least in collection centre (Model-I). The integrated production and processing system (Model-II) could attain higher profits (Rs. 9.56/L) compared to Model-I (Rs. 2.65/L) and Vendor system, i.e. Model-III (Rs. 1.78/L). The identified three key interventions, viz. training in milk handling, packing and processing; efficient transportation and processing technology and efficient design of procurement systems need to be applied for leveraging of milk value chain.

Assessment of soil health parameters and application of the sustainability index to fields under conservation agriculture for 3, 6, and 9 years in India

The effect of duration of conservation agriculture adoption on soil carbon dynamics and system sustainability was evaluated on farms of 30 villages in the Nilokheri block of Karnal district, Haryana, India. Sustainability was evaluated, in which a number of soil physical, chemical, and biological parameters were measured and a Sustainability Index (SI) was applied. Soil samples were collected from existing conservation agriculture (CA) and conventional tillage (CT) farms. Villages under CA practices were subdivided as CA3, CA6, and CA9 based on the number of years of CA practice adoption. Results showed that bulk density (BD) of 0-15 cm soil depth was 7% greater in CA3 plots, whereas in CA6 and CA9 plots BD values were only 2% and 3% higher than CT. Soil organic carbon (SOC) in 0-15 cm soil depth was found to be greater by 16.32% in CA3 than CT plots, whereas SOC was higher by 38.77% and 61.22% in CA6 and CA9. In CA, for the 0–15 and 15-30 cm soil depths, labile pools were 36% and 22% greater than CT, respectively. For both the soil depths in CA, the recalcitrant pool was 12% and 9% more than CT, respectively. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) values of the 0-15 cm soil depth were increased over CT by 18.57%, 47.08%, and 71.5% for CA3, CA6, and CA9 respectively. In CA plots, the SI of 0-15 cm soil depth ranged between cumulative ratings (CR) of 18–21, which indicates that CA practice is “sustainable” for both soil depths. For CT, CR ranged from 25 to 30 for both soil depths resulting in a SI of “sustainability with high input”. Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) scores showed that SOC had the maximum weight (0.96) towards sustainability, giving it a rank of 1. Effective rooting depth (ERD), BD, texture, and wilting point (WP) ranked 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively, indicating their corresponding weight of contribution towards the SI. Farmers in the Karnal district should be encouraged to adopt CA practices as they can increase SOC and move the systems from “sustainable with high input” to “sustainable”.

Impact analysis of women centric technological interventions in rural dairy farming

Women continue to lack adequate access to extension, technology, market and credit despite their active involvement in major activities of crop and dairy farming. ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal implemented a research project titled, “Empowerment of farm women through livestock technologies” during 2015-2017. Two women groups were formed in Pingli and Jundla villages of Karnal district, Haryana, India with 20 members in each group to facilitate the technology diffusion in dairy farming based on their identified needs, interests, preferences and level of knowledge and skill through participatory approach. The impact of interventions was assessed based on pre and post interventions by developing a set of indicators for each intervention in 2018. The findings revealed that the farm women not only gained economic returns due to introduced technologies, but also motivated fellow farm women to adopt the use of cream separator, supplementing yeast in cattle feed, mechanical lassi maker/butter churn, pouch making machine, preparation of value added dairy products for home consumption and marketing, cultivation of bajra napier for throughout the year fodder supply, cultivation of berseem fodder variety BL-42, head load manager for carrying fodder and dung and chaff cutter with safety net. These technologies were found to significantly increase their work efficiency, reduce drudgery and contribute to additional income among the adopted families. A participatory approach and convergence of development agencies would facilitate farm women empowerment and serve as role model for fellow women in dairy farming.

Adoption and economic impacts of laser land leveling in the irrigated rice‐wheat system in Haryana, India using endogenous switching regression

AbstractThis study assesses the factors affecting the adoption of laser land leveling (LLL) and its impact on crop yields and net returns. It uses household survey data collected from 621 randomly selected farmers in Karnal District of Haryana, India, and applies endogenous switching regression models. Unbiased model results show that the adoption of LLL has significant positive impacts on yields (rice +549 kg ha−1; wheat +471 kg ha−1) and net returns (an aggregate increase of US$230/ha) in the rice‐wheat production system, thereby raising farmers' income substantially. Our results show that LLL adoption at the farm level is influenced by land size and quality, tenure system, availability of farm machinery (tractor), access to finance and farm cooperatives, gender of household head, level of education and training and access to extension services. Therefore, LLL scaling strategies need to consider these bio‐physical and socio‐economic parameters to reach adoption at scale and generate large social, economic, and environmental benefits.

Constraints Faced in Adoption of Establishment Techniques of Wheat in Karnal and Kaithal Districts of Haryana

The study was conducted in Karnal and Kaithal districts of Haryana in 2017–18. Total forty (40) farmers were selected randomly from Karnal and Kaithal districts of Haryana. The major constraint in the study area for conventional technique of Karnal were problem of weed infestation, less effective Weedicides, non adoption of seed treatment, non adoption of recommended doses of fertilizers and high cost of potashic fertilizers. Same problems were observed under conventional technique in Kaithal district with slight more in percentage. Major problems of zero tillage technique in Karnal district includes problem of poor effective Weedicides, weed infestation, problem of less germination, limited availability of zero tillage machine at the time of sowing, non adoption of seed treatment and high cost of potashic fertilizers. Same problem were noticed under zero tillage technique in Kaithal district with slightly more in percentage. Major problems of turbo happy seeder technique noted in Karnal district were the problem of less effective Weedicides, weed infestation, limited availability of zero tillage machine at the time of sowing, high cost of potashic fertilizers, non adoption of seed treatment and problem of poor germination. Identical problems were observed under turbo happy seeder technique in Kaithal district with slightly more percentage.

Economic analysis of informal dairy processing units in Karnal district of Haryana

Indian dairy sector is a blend of formal (cooperatives and private) and informal sector (small processing units, milk vendors etc.). Informal sector still dominates in terms of procurement of the sizeable milk surplus of the country. The present paper has examined the cost and return structure of informal dairy processing units in the Karnal district of Haryana. The net returns of these processing units are mainly attributed to varying level of milk handling capacity and diversification towards value added products. Dahi turned out to be most profitable with 53 per cent of profit over cost followed by ghee (12.75 %). The costs of dairy products were found to be decreasing with rising milk processing capacity. Solvency status of dairy processing units was found to be satisfactory yet there is a need for further strengthening.

Price Analysis and Forecasting of Basmati Rice Crop in Karnal District of Haryana

The present study was conducted in Assandh and Karnal Blocks of Karnal district, Haryana which was selected purposively on the basis of maximum production under basmati rice crop. Further, four regulated markets in Karnal district, i.e., Karnal, Gharunda, Assandh and Taraori markets were purposively selected for the market study. The results showed that average prices forecast for the year 2017 to be about Rs. 1567 per quintal with upper and lower limit ` 1567 to 1329 per quintal in Karnal market, ` 1652 per quintal with upper and lower limit ` 1652 to 1259 per quintal in Gharunda market, ` 1667 per quintal with upper and lower limit ` 1667 and 1515 per quintal in Assandh market and ` 1701 per quintal with upper and lower limit ` 1701 to 1680 per quintal in Taraori market, respectively.

Assessment of contamination of milk and milk products with heavy metals

Milk and milk products are a significant part of healthy diet. However, contamination of milk can be dangerous and detrimental for the health of consumers. The safety of milk and milk products decreases with increasing concentration of toxic compounds and environmental pollutants. The study was aimed to investigate the contents of some heavy metals in 30 samples of commercially available milk and milk products (dahi, cheese, paneer, khoa and milk powder) collected from five different vendors, from Karnal district of Haryana (India) to know whether the intakes comply with the permissible levels for toxic elements. Mean concentration of all the heavy metals analyzed showed a range of 3.38-26.4, 3.16- 13.89, 3.77- 21.04 and 3.34- 10.68 ppb for cadmium, lead, arsenic and mercury, respectively. Results indicated that the content of cadmium was maximum in all the samples except for paneer, where mercury concentration was maximum.

Information Needs and Seeking Behaviour of Village Library Users

The present survey deals with information needs and seeking behavior of library users of Goli Village of Karnal District. To identify the purposes of seeking information and preferred information sources, a survey using a structured questionnaire was conducted. A sample of 150 users of Goli village library was selected using purposive sampling technique to collect the required data. Out of 150 questionnaires, 142 filled in questionnaires were returned. It was found that most users of the village library are men and not many women used the library. The study reveals that majority of respondents sought information on jobs/recruitment, general knowledge and news update (92.96 percent) and education (84.51 percent) related information.

Food and Nutrition Security of Selected Farm Households of Sonipat and Karnal Districts in North India

ABSTRACTFood is essential to be alive, no one can pretend when a natural disaster will sweep out all crop area, which perhaps by flood, drought and other irregularities in weather leads to loss of production, therefore, food is necessary to feed the population during these conditions. The present study was conducted in two districts of Rohtak division and data were collected in September, 2016–April, 2017. Two districts viz. Sonipat and Karnal were selected randomly and by selecting one block from each selected district and two villages from each of the selected blocks at random. From the selected four villages a sample of 300 respondents, i.e. 75 small and marginal farm families from each village was drawn at random to assess the status of food and nutrition security of small and marginal farm families. From 300 (150, i.e. small-87, marginal-63 from Sonipat district and 150, i.e. small-116, marginal-34 from Karnal district) were selected randomly. Results of the study revealed that 69.7per cent of farm families had food mainly from their own farm production, majority (67.0%) of farm families never faced any food scarcity. Regarding nutrition security, cereals and milk and milk products consumed on daily basis in both the districts and majority (81.3%) of children and more than half (56.0%) of women had normal body mass index.

Spatial analysis of ground water level and fluctuation at regional level in North-East of Haryana: Reference to Karnal District, India

The study was conducted to found the ground water potentials in Karnal district of Haryana with an aerial extent of 2520 sq. km. The study has analysed the spatial-temporal changes in groundwater depth in Karnal district to understand the hydrological behaviour and status of the area. Various thematic maps were prepared such as (Groundwater and its fluctuation of pre-monsoon and monsoon in two decades (1996-2017). The main objective of the study was to investigate the temporal trends in annual and monthly groundwater level with the help of central ground water board data. The result indicate a mix of negative and positive trends in the ground water level series.