Karimunjawa Island Research Articles

Short Communication: First record of the Genus Calamaria (Squamata: Colubridae: Calamariinae) from Karimunjawa Island, Indonesia: Morphology and systematic

Sidik I, Subasli DR, Sumitro SB, Widodo N, Kurniawan N. 2018. Short Communication: First record of the Genus Calamaria (Squamata: Colubridae: Calamariinae) from Karimunjawa Island, Indonesia: Morphology and systematic. Biodiversitas 19: 912-917. We present the first record of the Genus Calamaria from Karimunjawa Island, Central Java, Indonesia based on an unfathomable single specimen collected in the coastal forest of Legon Moto. Morphological characters analysis revealed the specimen as Calamaria melanota. This finding unravels the extent of the species distribution which was previously thought to be restricted in Borneo, representing the southernmost record of this species. The examined specimen is described in detail and meticulously compared with other Calamaria species such as C. battersbyi, C. borneensis, C. linnaei. Our study highlights several characteristic differences between the specimen and the holotype of C. melanota.

THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC SEDIMENT CONTENT ON CORAL DIVERSITY IN KARIMUNJAWA ISLAND, INDONESIA

Coral reef now are under threats due to sedimentation. Fatal effect of organic rich sediment, leading corals mortality. Therefore, the study was conducted to investigate effect of organic sediment content to the coral diversity in Karimunjawa Island, Central Java, Indonesia. Field data was conducted at 6 locations. Three sediment traps were deployed at each sites to measure organic sediment content. Twenty replicated quadrant transects were used to estimate coral density and coral diversity. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the differences of organic sediment content in each station. The linear regression was used to assess the relationship between organic sediment content and coral diversity. Our field result demonstrated that sediment content significantly different between sites with value range from 0.42 mg/800 ml - 1.32 mg/800 ml. Based on the Simson’s Diversity Index, the highest coral diversity found at Alang-alang as site with low sedimentation while the lowest coral diversity was found at Legon Lele as site with high sedimentation. The study shown significant negative correlation between organic sediment content and coral diversity with the coefficient of regression 0.68. This study convinces that disturbance on coral reefs might affect coral diversity in Karimunjawa Island, in addition to other factors such as the influence of human activities, natural disruption and climate change. Keywords: sedimentation, organic, coral, diversity, Karimunjawa

Dark target effectiveness for dark‐object subtraction atmospheric correction method on mangrove above‐ground carbon stock mapping

One of the most effective atmospheric correction methods is dark-object subtraction (DOS) method, where the atmospheric offset can be generated from the image itself. The success of DOS strongly relies on the availability and quality of the dark target. Based on the response to the downwelling irradiances, the most effective dark target would be optically-deep water, which is not always available. It is important to assess the alternative dark targets in the absence of the ideal dark target. This research aimed at comparing the effectiveness of different dark targets for DOS method during mangrove above-ground carbon stock (AGC) mapping and comparing the accuracy with robust atmospheric correction FLAASH method. ALOS AVNIR-2 image was used as the test image, and mangrove forest of Karimunjawa and Kemujan Island was selected as the study area. The comparison covers the quality of healthy mangrove reflectance and the accuracy of vegetation indices for mangrove AGC mapping. The results of this research showed that non-ideal dark targets such as cloud-shadow pixels and the minimum value of the image can be used in the absence of ideal dark target, and DOS method is more efficient and effective than more robust atmospheric correction method.

The Study on Stability and Seakeeping Characteristics of the Glass Bottom Boat Trimaran in Karimunjawa Island

Recently the diversity of fish populations in the waters Karimunjawa Island is only appreciated by those who have the ability to play diving and snorkeling. It is due to the unavailability of a vehicle that is specially made to delight in the fascination of the underwater panorama. One of the alternative solutions is using the glass bottom boat technology which is using transparent bottom that might look out the underwater scenery instead of swimming and snorkeling. The paper has focused on the study of intact stability and seakeeping characteristics of glass bottom boat trimaran in Karimunjawa Island. The intact stability characteristics will be investigated at the various load cases and weight distribution configurations which are influenced by the passenger positions and fuel tank condition. Regarding the seakeeping performance analysis, the ITTC-Bretschneider will be adopted as the wave spectrum at the wave parameters defined from the operational environment. The influence of the parameters on the stability and seakeeping of the glass bottom boat trimaran are presented and discussed.

Mapping of Nitrate, Phospat And Zooxanthelae With Abundance Of Sea Urchins on Massive Coral Reef in Karimunjawa Island

Coral reefs have high organic productivity because coral reefs can withstand nutrients and accommodate all external inputs. Many factors affect the life of corals, which is nitrate, phosphate and zooxanthellae. The purpose of this study are to know mapping of the content and the relationship between of nitrate, phosphate, zooxanthellae and abundance of sea urchins on massive coral reefs in Karimunjawa Islands. This research was conducted in May - June 2017 in three stations are Karimunjawa, Menjangan Kecil and Cemara Kecil Island. The method used in this research is survey method with quantitative approach. Results of mapping of nitrate contents on massive corals on all three islands showed the highest nitrate content on Cemara Kecil Island and lowest on Karimunjawa island, with a range of values 5.078-212.853 mg/kg. In mapping the distribution of phosphate content in the three islands showed the highest phosphate content in Menjangan Kecil island and the lowest on Karimunjawa island, with a range of values from 6.78–19.35 mg/kg. Zooxanthelae map shows that the highest and lowest distribution of zooxanthela content on Karimunjawa island, with a range of values 2.84–8.88 cell/cm2. The sea urchins found in Karimunjawa Islands during the study were Diadema setosum and Echinothrix calamaris with a range of values 5–147. Based on multiple regression analysis showed that the relationship between nitrate, phosphate and zooxanthela with abundance of sea urchins showed a strong correlation result with correlation value (r) is 0.64. These results can be an indicator of coastal environmental health, especially coral reef ecosystems.

Prospective Source of Antimicrobial Compounds From Pigment Produced by Bacteria associated with Brown Alga ( Phaeophyceae ) Isolated from Karimunjawa island, Indonesia

Brown algae or Phaeophyceae characterized by their natural pigments that differ from other important algal classes. Several publications proves that brown algae - associated bacteria have great potential in developing marine pharmaceutical industry since they are capable to synthesized numerous bioactive metabolite compounds. However the potency of marine pigmented microbes associated with brown alga to produce natural pigments and antimicrobials has been less studied. Marine pigmented bacteria associated with brown algae collected from Karimunjawa Island were successfully isolated and screened for antimicrobial activity. The aim of this research was evaluated of the antimicrobial activity of pigments extracted from culturable marine pigmented bacteria on some pathogenic bacteria and yeast. The results showed that all isolates had antimicrobial activity and could be prospectively developed as antimicrobial agent producing pigments. The 6 marine pigmented bacteria was identified to genus level as Pseudoalteromonas, Sphingomonas, Serratia, Paracoccus, Vibrio.

Community Participation Of Coastal Area On Management Of National Park, Karimunjawa Island

Karimunjawa island located in Jepara Regacy, Central Java has potential marine and fishing resources. Since 1998, this area has been selected as conservation for its natural resources. National park of Karimunjawa is managed by Balai Taman Nasional Karimunjawa (Karimunjawa National Park Beuroue). Some activities involved community have been done in order to get effective management. Community participation is an important component for success in coastal area management. The level of community/people awareness anual on natural resource conservation can increate sustainable resource. However, it is necesssary to provide tools in resource utilization for the community, so that their economic life can be secured. This study observe the level of community participation in the effort of Karimunjawa National Park management. Descriptive method and purposive random sampling were used to carry out the study parameters observed in this study include community participation related to level of knowladge and obedience on the rule of area zonation, an its impact to community. The result show that community knowledge was quite high (40%) with obedience (56%) on the rule of area zonation. Impact area zonation rule was less significant to community. The level of community participation to Karimunjawa National Park management was performed will low to medium level.

The Effect of Field Spectral Reflectance Measurement Distance to the Spectral Reflectance of Rhizophora stylosa

Mapping mangrove species from remote sensing data through its spectral reflectance pattern collected in the field is challenging. There are high variations in light condition, leaf orientation, canopy structure, background objects and measurement distance when measuring mangrove spectral reflectance in the field. Spectral measurement distance to the object is one of the most important aspects controlling the result of spectral reflectance pattern. This research is aimed to assess the effect of spectral reflectance pattern of Rhizophora stylosa collected at various distances. Specific objectives of this research are to collect samples of mangrove spectral reflectance pattern in the field, to assess the effect of the observation scale to the result of the spectral reflectance pattern, and to characterize the mangrove spectral reflectance pattern resulted from different observation scales. Spectral reflectance data collection in the field was conducted using JAZ EL-350 field spectrometer at 2cm, 50cm, 1m, 2m, and 5m distance and was conducted in Karimunjawa Island, Jepara, Central Java, Indonesia. A visual comparison of the spectral reflectance curve was conducted to understand the effect of measurement distance. The results of this study indicate that the difference in the measurement distance of Rhizophora stylosa species was highly influential to the resulting spectral reflectance curve. The spectral reflectance curve recorded at close range to the leaf (i.e. 2 cm) has the lowest curve variation, as well as the furthest distance (i.e. 5 m). This study is a basic study that supports the development of the use of remote sensing imagery for mangrove species mapping.

Interethnic Interaction Pattern in Karimunjawa Island

This article discusses the interaction patterns in inter-ethnic life that inhabit Karimunjawa which is known to be very heterogeneous. Heterogeneity of Karimunjawa is not only seen in terms of the origin of the migrants, but also language and religion. There are nine ethnics, but three main ethnic inhabit Karimunjawa are Javanese, Madurese and Buginese. Each develops different interaction patterns according to their ethnics. Nonetheless, the social values shared make Karimunjawa communities can live in harmony. They are affected by their perspectives on the sea as a common property right that can be used together regardless of the ethnic background and origin. Therefore, the pattern of harmonious interactions tolerates each other in equal style characterizing the community in Karimunjawa.

Richness of Butterflies Species at Three Habitat Type in Karimunjawa Island Central Java

The purpose of this research was to determine the species richness of butterflies on three type habitats in Karimunjawa Island. The research was conducted in May-October 2016. The research location on the island of Karimunjawa in three habitat types, edge of lowland tropical forest, paddy fields and settlements. Sampling was conducted four times of observation on each habitat type and Point Count Method. Identification species of butterflies use a guidebook Serangga Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Jawa Bagian Barat and analyzed by uses Margalef Index. The results showed total 49 species of butterflies from 1402 individual (5 Family) was found in three types of habitat. Butterfly species richness highest in a edge habitat of lowland tropical forest (5.9), settlements (5.2), and paddy fields (4.6). ©2016 JNSMR UIN Walisongo. All rights reserved.

Keanekaragaman Jenis Kupu-kupu di Taman Nasional Karimunjawa Jawa Tengah

Karimunjawa National Park has several types of ecosystems that hold high biodiversity potential and have not been fully recorded. Karimunjawa National Park is the habitat of flora and fauna including butterflies there. The objective of the research was the diversity of butterfly species in Karimunjawa Island. The study was conducted on August-September 2017. The method of the research using Point Count method. Data analysis using diversity index, evenness index, dominance index, and similarity index. The results showed that the index of diversity (H') of butterfly community on Karimunjawa Island has value (2.95), it indicates that the condition of the butterfly community is stable. The result of the Eveness Index obtained a high yield E = 0.76, it shows that the individual distribution of each type of butterfly on Karimunjawa Island is evenly distributed. The result of the dominant Index shows a low value (0.10), thus no dominance is concentrated on a particular type of butterfly. Analysis of similarity index of species in all habitats observed obtained results IS= 53-73%, this shows that in the three habitats observed can be inhabited by almost all butterfly species and Has an equally important role as a community of butterflies in Karimunjawa Island.
 Keywords: biodiversity, butterfly, Karimunjawa Island

The abundance of prospective natural food for sea cucumber Holothuria atra at Karimunjawa Island waters, Jepara, Indonesia

Hartati R, Widianingsih, Trianto A, Zainuri M, Ambariyanto. 2017. The abundance of prospective natural food for sea cucumber Holothuria atra at Karimunjawa Island waters, Jepara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18: 947-953. Holothuria atra, as one of the most abundant and widely distributed sea cucumber species, is an omnivore, consuming detritus, uneaten food, and algae in the substrate. For sea ranching purpose, the objective of present works was aimed to determine potential food availability for H. atra in Karimunjawa Island of Jepara. Biotic environment factors in proposed location were assessed including seaweed and seagrass associated communities, epiphytes on the seagrass, phyto and zooplankton, benthic organism, microphytobenthic as chlorophyll-a, phaeophytin and chloropigmen as well as sediment characteristics. There were six species seagrasses and 10 species of seaweeds found in Karimunjawa waters, with Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii provide shelter and food for H. atra. Algal epiphytes use seagrass leaves and rhizome as substrate and there were 28 genera of them belong to Chrysophyta, Chlorophyta, and Cyanophyta. The variety and abundance of phytoplankton, zooplankton the benthos enrich the location. The chlorophyll-a, phaeophytin and total chloropigment in the sediment of Karimunjawa waters could be representative of microphytobenthos. The substrate of Karimunjawa waters consisted of fine sandy-coarse sediment and the content of organic matter may be important for feeding activity of H. atra.

Poverty and Tourism: Strategies and Opportunities in Karimunjawa Island, Central Java

This article analyzes the strategies of Pro-Poor Tourism (PPT), i.e. the strategies to increase the benefits for poor people from tourism development. It explained the view that tourism, on a small or large scale, has a positive contribution to increased sources of income, creation of employment opportunities, and community development. However, there are still problems in developing the potentialities of the local labor force to contribute in the tourism sector. The development of tourism in Karimunjawa over the past ten years has undergone good progress, but the poverty rate in Karimunjawa is still fairly high. The problem of poverty is a complex one and is linked to a decrease in the main sources of earnings, i.e. fisheries and agriculture. The underlying concern is the fact that the growth of tourism in Karimunjawa has fostered the growth of resorts, hotels or the service sector owned and run by big investors, vis-a-vis the scant participation of the poor. The dominant types of job that the local community does are as employees or hired workers, and they are rarely involved directly in the planning and development of tourism, thereby restricting the potential role of the poor in the tourism sector in Karimunjawa. This study recommends strategies for the empowerment of the local community to enable them to make a considerable contribution to tourism in Karimunjawa in an endeavor to alleviate poverty and enhance the quality of human resources. One strategy recommended in this article is the adoption of a pro-poor policy through vocational training in tourism for the local community of Karimunjawa. Keywords : Karimunjawa, poverty, Pro-Poor Tourism, tourism, vocational training.

Characterization of carotenoid pigments from bacterial symbionts of soft-coral Sarcophyton sp. from North Java Sea

Marine bacteria produce natural pigments; however, the ability of marine bacterial symbionts to produce natural pigments has been less studied. Marine bacteria associated with soft-coral Sarcophyton sp. collected from Karimunjawa Island were successfully isolated and screened to synthesize the carotenoid pigments. This approach has allowed the use of these symbionts as an environmental friendly source of new natural pigments. Out of 33 bacterial isolates, only 4 bacterial symbionts (CBSCP 2-2, CBSCP 2-3, CBSCP 1-1, and CBSCP 2-4), positively contain carotenoid pigments. Molecular identification based on 16S rDNA method showed that bacterial symbionts CBSCP 2-2, CBSCP 2-3, CBSCP 1-1, and CBSCP 2-4 were closely related to Pseudoalteromonas shioyasakiensis, Pseudoalteromonas rubra, Virgibacillus salaries, and Pseudoalteromonas spongiae. Pigment analysis showed that the pigments have been categorized within the groups of carotenoid pigments. Antioxidant activity of pigment extracts was done by measuring inhibitory concentration (IC50) of pigment extract against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) solution. The antioxidant activity measurement of CBSCP 1-1, CBSCP 2-2, CBSCP 2-3, and CBSCP 2-4 extract, and β-carotene was 2015, 5017, 2520, 4213, and 1980 mg l−1, respectively.

Genetic diversity of the causative agent of ice-ice disease of the seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii from Karimunjawa island, Indonesia

An essential step in investigating the bacterial role in the occurrence of diseases in Kappaphycus alvarezii is the characterization of bacteria associated with this seaweed. A molecular characterization was conducted on the genetic diversity of the causative agents of ice-ice disease associated with K. alvarezii widely known as the main source of kappa carrageenan. K. alvrezii infected with ice-ice were collected from the Karimunjawa island, North Java Sea, Indonesia. Using Zobell 2216E marine agar medium, nine bacterial species were isolated from the infected seaweed. The molecular characterizations revealed that the isolated bacteria causing ice-ice disease were closely related to the genera of Alteromonas, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Pseudoalteromonas, Glaciecola, Aurantimonas, and Rhodococcus. In order to identify the symptoms causative organisms, the isolated bacterial species were cultured and were evaluated for their pathogenity. Out of 9 species, only 3 isolates were able to cause the ice-ice symptoms and consisted of Alteromonas macleodii, Pseudoalteromonas issachenkonii and Aurantimonas coralicida. A. macleodii showed the highest pathogenity.

KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS-JENIS ANGGREK KEPULAUAN KARIMUNJAWA

Karimunjawa is a group of small islands which is situated at 0 up to 506 above sealevels, and covered of total forests area of about 1,300 ha. The area is locatedwithin Jepara Regency, Central Java. Studies on forest ecology and floristic ofthe island has been conducted in 2003 to 2006. The present study is apart of thefloristic studies with special attention to orchids. Based on field study combinedwith specimen herbarium stored in the Herbarium Bogoriense, there are at list 13species of orchid collected from Karimunjawa Island, and one of them is recognizedas endemic species in Jawa. In addition there is one unidentified species which isbelonging to genus Eria.

ASSESSMENT OF MANGROVE FOREST DEGRADATION THROUGH CANOPY FRACTIONAL COVER IN KARIMUNJAWA ISLAND, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA

The Karimunjawa Islands mangrove forest has been subjected to various direct and indirect human disturbances in the recent years. If not properly managed, this disturbance will lead to the degradation of mangrove habitat health. Assessing forest canopy fractional cover (fc) using remote sensing data is one way of measuring mangrove forest degradation. This study aims to (1) estimate the forest canopy fc using a semi-empirical method, (2) assess the accuracy of the fc estimation and (3) create mangrove forest degradation from the canopy fc results. A sample set of in-situ fc was collected using the hemispherical camera for model development and accuracy assessment purposes. We developed semi-empirical relationship models between pixel values of ALOS AVNIR-2 image (10m pixel size) and field fc, using Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) as a proxy of the image spectral response. The results show that the EVI provides reasonable estimation accuracy of mangrove canopy fc in Karimunjawa Island with the values ranged from 0.17 to 0.96 (n = 69). The low fc values correspond to vegetation opening and gaps caused by human activities or mangrove dieback. The high fc values correspond to the healthy and dense mangrove stands, especially the Rhizophora sp formation at the seafront. The results of this research justify the use of simple canopy fractional cover model for assessing the mangrove forest degradation status in the study area. Further research is needed to test the applicability of this approach at different sites.

Extraction and Characterization of Refined K-carrageenan of Red Algae [Kappaphycus Alvarezii (Doty ex P.C. Silva, 1996)] Originated from Karimun Jawa Islands

The properties of refined κ-carrageenan (RC) extracted from red algae originated from Karimun Jawa Island has never been studied. The objective of this research was determining the effect of KCl on characteristic of refined κ-carrageenan extracted from the red algae [Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty ex P.C. Silva, 1996)]. The result indicated that higher KCl concentration resulted in the increase of the carrageenan yield, ash and sulphate content, and the decrease of gel strength, moisture and acid-insoluble ash content. The carrageenan viscosity demontrated a fluctuated value due to KCl concentration. This study suggested extraction process by using 2.5% KCl solution. The carrageenan yield was 34.3% and the result demonstrated the carrageenan properties as follow: 8.20 cP viscosity, 94.45g · cm–2 gel strength, 6.3% moisture content, 59.4% ash content, 1.78% acid-insoluble ash, and 7.75% sulphate content. The absrbance peak at 849 cm–1 detected from infrared spectrscopy indicated D-galactose-4-sulphate which is related with κ-carrageenan.

Pigments Characterization and Molecular Identification of Bacterial Symbionts of Brown Algae Padinasp. Collected from Karimunjawa Island

The search for carotenoids in nature has been extensively studied because of their applications in foods. One treasure of the biopigment source is symbiotic-microorganisms with marine biota. The advantages of symbiont bacteria are easy to culture and sensitize pigments. The use of symbiont bacteria helps to conserve fish, coral reefs, seagrass, and seaweed. Therefore, the bacteria keeps their existence in their ecosystems. In this study, bacterial symbionts were successfully isolated from brown algae Padina sp. The bacterial symbionts had yellow pigment associated with carotenoids. The pigments were characterized using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with a Photo Diode Array (PDA) detector. The carotenoid pigments in the bacterial symbionts were identified as dinoxanthin, lutein and neoxanthin. Molecular identification by using a 16S rRNA gene sequence method, reveals that the bacterial symbionts were closely related to Bacillus marisflavi with a homology of 99%. Keywords :carotenoid pigments, brown algae, Padina, bacterial symbionts, 16S rRNA

Assessment of multi-resolution image data for mangrove leaf area index mapping

Abstract The increasing development pressures from urbanization, aquaculture and tourism on worldwide coastal environments and the ecosystem services that mangroves provide make it essential to monitor and manage these environments more effectively. Measuring and monitoring mangrove structure through variables like Leaf Area Index (LAI) is an essential part of this action. This study investigated the effects of different mangrove environmental settings, satellite image spatial resolutions, spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) and mapping approaches for LAI estimation. We compared and contrasted the ability of WorldView-2 (WV-2), ALOS AVNIR-2 (AVNIR-2) and Landsat TM (TM) image data (2 m, 10 m and 30 m pixel sizes, respectively), to estimate LAI through regression analysis at sites in Moreton Bay (Australia) and Karimunjawa Island (Indonesia). We also investigated the effect of different pixel averaging windows (3 × 3, 5 × 5, and 7 × 7 pixels) and multi-resolution segmentation scale parameters (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50) applied to the WV-2 image for LAI estimation. The results showed that LAI estimation using remote sensing data varies across sites and sensors. Estimation of LAI in this study was influenced by the local spatial variation of mangrove phenological stages and canopy cover. The regression analyses showed significant coefficient of determination ( R 2 ) values ranging from 0.50 to 0.83 across different sensors (TM, AVNIR-2, WV-2), segmentation scales (10, 20, 30, 40, 50) and SVIs (SR, NDVI, SAVI, EVI). The sensor and SVIs assessment identified the ALOS AVNIR-2 and NDVI as the optimal estimators of LAI, with R 2 = 0.83, RMSE = 0.54 for Moreton Bay, and R 2 = 0.82, RMSE = 1.31 for Karimunjawa Island. The optimum image pixel size for estimating LAI was related to the average canopy size (about 10 m in diameter) and the field sampling size (10 m). Image segmentation significantly increased the LAI estimation accuracy by approximately 14% for both sites. The findings of this study provide an understanding of the relationship between image spatial resolution, field sampling size and spatial variation of mangrove vegetation for estimating LAI. These findings can be potentially used as a guide for selecting the optimum imagery for LAI estimation.