Karbala City Research Articles

The impact of religious tourism on the quality of the urban transport system in the historical city

Introduction. Historical cities, functioning as religious sites, often encounter transport problems affecting the operation of road networks. The problem of traffic capacity exhaustion is particularly relevant due to large numbers of tourists and pilgrims coming to historical cities on certain days and staying there during the periods of religious holidays. The problem affects the safety, comfort, and quality of the urban environment for urban residents and guests.
 Materials and methods. The authors have formulated an approach to assessing the operation of urban road networks and use it as a research method whereby they calculate the transport demand and supply factor for the transport infrastructure ensuring different types of population mobility. Load factor k and levels of service (LOS) are employed to assess the operation of urban networks. The subject of research is the operation of the transit system in the historical city of Karbala, Iraq, which is a religious centre for Muslims from all over the world.
 Results. The authors conducted a field study on the transport situation in the Karbala – Babil area, analyzed the operation of transport and pedestrian infrastructures in three selected zones featuring characteristic urban planning conditions, depending on the distance between each zone and the historical religious centre. Transport demand and supply data are applied to calculate load factors; the level of public service is determined for ordinary days as well as days and periods of religious holidays.
 Conclusions. Given the assessment results, obtained for the urban road network using the developed approach, the main problems of the present-day transport system in the city of Karbala and their solutions are formulated, which is the first step towards the transport system reconstruction for the purpose of sustainable urban development.

Ligasure™ Hemorrhoidectomy versus Conventional Hemorrhoidectomy: Comparison in Outcome

BACKGROUND: Hemorrhoids are a common problem faced in the surgical practice that cause a variety of symptoms ranging from bleeding per rectum to prolapsed, non-reducible and painful anal masses. Therefore, hemorrhoidectomy is one of most frequently performed surgical procedures worldwide. AIM: In this study, we will compare between the conventional surgical method and between LigaSure™ hemorrhoidectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All 120 patients underwent hemorrhoidectomy by conventional and LigaSure™ method between September 2015 and September 2018 in Al-Kafeel hospital in Karbala city in Iraq. All cases underwent surgery by the three authors under regional anesthesia or general anesthesia by anesthetic team. A thorough history taking and physical examination were done and an informed consent has been taken from each patient before the surgery. Conventional hemorrhoidectomy was done for 50 patients randomly selected. The operation was done in the open method (Milligan Morgan’s). LigaSure™ hemorrhoidectomy was done for 70 patients randomly selected as well. Quantification of intra-operative bleeding was done by counting the number of gauzes. Patients were evaluated 5 days and a month and 3 months after the operation for complications and improvement of symptoms. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22.0. RESULTS: There were significant differences regarding the operation time, number of gauzes soaked with blood, hospital stay, pain score, post-operative bleeding, wound infection, residual mass, fecal incontinence and anal stenosis in favor of the LigaSure™ method. There was no significant difference regarding urine retention and post-operative discharge between the two methods. CONCLUSION: LigaSure™ hemorrhoidectomy can be a good alternative to conventional methods to reduce pain and make a more rapid recovery after hemorrhoidal surgery.

The Impact of Destination Image on Tourist Behavior: Karbala as a Case Study

The destination image is regarded as one of the elements affecting visitors' choices in selecting tourist locations that satisfy their wants and aspirations in a way that corresponds to their expectations of such places. The destination image influences tourist behavior by stimulating tourist desires to travel and engage in tourist activities, as well as influencing that behavior in the travel decision-making process during the pre-trip, trip, and post-trip phases. The destination image is also linked to visitor satisfaction with regard to their appraisal of their travel experience and the extent to which that experience meets or comes near to their earlier expectations. Therefore, the current study looks at the image and personality of religious, tourist, and commercial brands, as well as how they connect to future tourist behavior. The study considered Karbala city, Iraq, as a case study. The study was based on the in-filed study technique, which was represented by a questionnaire that was delivered to the study sample, which consisted of seven first-class hotels in Karbala city, with 40 copies of the questionnaire handed over to the administrative personnel at these hotels. The study discovered that the cognitive image, emotional image, and destination personality all had different effects on global image and behavioral intentions for first-time and recurrent visitors. Additionally, the findings show that the qualitative remarks focused heavily on attractions, culture, and the environment. The practical consequences are explored, and destination personality and behavioral outcomes for first-time and recurrent visitors were designed and evaluated independently.

The Crossing as a New Approach for the Urban Transformation of Traditional Cities Towards the Sustainability

The topic of urban transformations has attracted the attention of researchers as it is one of the basic issues through which cities can be transformed towards sustainability. A specific level of transformation levels according to a philosophical concept known as a crossing. This article has relied on a specific methodology that aims to find a new approach for urban transformation based on the crossing concept. This concept derives from philosophical entrances based on the concepts of (being, process, becoming, and integration). Four levels have been for the crossing are (normal, ascending, leap, and descending). Each of these levels includes specific characteristics that distinguish it. The results showed that there is no descending crossing in the study area and that four indicators that have achieved leap crossing are: (coverage ratio, compactness, Effectiveness of the pedestrian and bicycle movement, and proximity. As for ascending crossing achieved in three indicators are: mix land use, blocks' length, and connectivity, as for normal crossing achieved in three indicators are: diversity of building heights, population density, and housing density. These results help in making the planning decision to transform traditional Karbala city into a sustainable city, by giving priority in development to the indicators that have achieved ascending crossing because it takes less time and effort to reach the leap crossing in comparison with indicators that have achieved normal crossing.

Технико-экономическое обоснование стоимости транспортировки сточных вод для ирригационных целей в административном округе Кербела (Ирак)

Introduction. The study presents an assessment of the economic feasibility of different pipe materials used to transport treated wastewater. The choice was made between pipes made of ductile iron, glass-fiber reinforced polyester (GRP), concrete, and plastic. Hydraulic calculations of operation of an irrigation water supply and distribution system were made using WaterCAD V8i software. Two options of the system operation, that entail different flow rates and diameters, are considered: if the flow rate is equal to 1.16 m3/s and pipe diameters vary from 800 mm to 1,200 mm, and if the flow rate is equal to 4.63 m3/s, and pipe diameters vary from 1,600 to 2,000 mm. Materials and methods. The article analyzes the legal and regulatory documentation on design and construction, urban planning solutions for residential areas, architectural and structural solutions for apartment buildings, statistical and analytical reports on housing construction in Russia, presented on the Internet. Results. Irrigation water represents treated wastewater fed by the wastewater treatment facilities in the city of Karbala, Iraq. Two hydraulic models were designed with account for the above-mentioned costs. Head losses were estimated for each model with regard for all studied materials and pipe diameters using the WaterCAD V8i software and a mathematical model for the purpose of selecting the optimal pipe diameter. Conclusions. A mathematical model was developed to calculate the cost of transporting wastewater in pipes having different diameters and made of four different materials. The ratio of costs to the diameter of pipes, made of four different materials, was identified by developing an empirical equation. The co-authors used the Darcy – Weisbach technique and the Hazen – Williams method to calculate the operating costs with regard for variable diameters, flow rates for the two models, head losses due to friction, annual operation time, annual cost of electric energy, and the energy efficiency of the unit. Thus, a mathematical model was obtained, that can be applied to select the most optimal pipe diameter.

Instruction Program for Nurses Knowledge about Applying the Communication Strategies (SBAR) in Critical Care Units

Background: Effective communication can improve patient care and safety by ensuring complete andcorrect information transmission and preventing misrepresentation and misinterpretation of patientcentereddata. Situation, Background, Assessment and Recommendation (SBAR) is the one of the mosteffective communication strategies that used in transmitted the clinical information between the healthprofessionals.Objectives of the Study: Present study aims to determine the effectiveness of Instruction program onnurses’ knowledge regarding communication strategy (SBAR) and find out the association betweenthe effectiveness of instruction program and nurses’ level of education, year of experiences, year ofexperiences in critical units and training course.Methodology: A pre-experimental study design was carry out in the critical care units of Imam Al-Hussein Medical City at Holy Karbala City between the periods 17th of September 2020 to 25th of May2021. A non-probability (purposive) sample of (25) nurses were selected based on the study criteria.Results: The results of the study indicated that there were high statistically differences between thepre and post-test of the instruction program related to the communication strategy. The study found ahigh statistically significant relationship between the effectiveness of the instruction program relatedto the communication strategy, educational level, training courses for nursing documentation, years ofexperience in nursing, and years of experience for nurses in the critical care units.Conclusion: The study concluded that the instruction program had a positive eefect on nurses’knowledge concerning communication strategy (SBAR).
 Recommendations: Testing the current program on a wide group of health-care providers in hospitals.

Air Quality Analyses in the City of Karbala, Iraq

The pollution of the air is the most dangerous type of environmental contamination as the air volume on this planet is very low and people are not able to live in the absence of air for more than a few minutes. This research concentrates on analyzing the concatenation of two pollutants (PM10 and PM2.5) in the city of Kerbala, Iraq. This has been achieved by building three surveillance stations on one main street in Kerbala. This street is considered is very vital in the city that links many districts and contains several governmental and health institutions such as hospitals. The Temp-Monitor model Airing-1000 is implemented the achieve the goal of this research. It has been recognized that the spectrum levels of the PM10 and the PM2.5 were between 165.5 and 23.5 μg/m3 and between 32 and 8.1 μg/m3, respectively over the time of the investigation which begins by February 2020 and ends by July 2020. The average PM10 level from station one exceeds the annual level set by the WHO and the average PM2.5 level is below the WHO annual standard, but the PM2.5 level was greater than the WHO limit from station 2 in the middle of April 2020. Many elements help increase PM levels in urban areas, like emissions from cars, season, and other events. In this regard, it has been distinguished that all components play a critical part in the development of PM concentrations.

Contribution of soil in the annual effective dose due to radon in the air of some dwellings in the city of Karbala, Iraq

Abstract Introduction: The radon isotopes are not as significant as (222Rn) due to the decay of the natural radionuclides (235U), (232Th) and (238U) due to their short half-life, at most. (222Rn) can be classified as among the most harmful radioactive elements in the world. Material and method: In this analysis, the closed-can technique was used with solid-state nuclear track detectors (CR-39). After forty days of closed dosimeter buried in the soil of the garden, and ninety days from the closed position in the air of some dwellings were collected dosimeter and stripped of nuclear detectors impact of closed groups. For 8 hours, CR-39 detectors were chemically etched by (6.25 N) NaOH solution at 70°C and then registered within an optical microscope. Result: The levels of soil radon concentrations ranged from 28.44±0.58 to 479.76±2.43 Bq/m3 with a mean value of 220.33±1.64 Bq/m3, while the concentration of radon in the air of certain dwellings varied from (1.95±0.27 to 46.82±0.75) Bq/m3 with an average value of 21.51±0.54 Bq/m3. In comparison, the annual effective dose attributed to radon in soil ranged from 0.71±0.09 mSv/y to 12.10±0.38 mSv/y with an average value of 5.55±0.261 mSv/y, while the annual effective dose in air differed from (0.04±0.02 mSv/y) to (1.18±0.12 mSv/y) with an average value of (0.60±0.09 mSv/y). Conclusion: Neglecting the effects of other radon sources, the percentage share of the annual effective dose due to radon in soil measured in the air home, ranged from 0.005±0.001 to 0.453±0.074 with an average value of 0.130±0.040. Weak correlation between concentrations of radon in households and soil air. But roughly speaking, one can say that in soil air every 1000 Bq/m3 and 1000 mSv/y contributes around 130 Bq/m3 and 130 mSv/y in indoor air.

Association of the TP53 Codon 72 Polymorphisms with PCOS Female Infertility in Karbala City

To training the association of polycystic ovaries with p53 and 72 polymorphisms in the population offemale infertility in central Karbala and to search for possible interaction with the polymorphism. TheIraqi environment was suffered from acts of profanation by due to wars in Iraq, since 1990 and after 2003,An enormous number of damages and deaths were affected by destructive chemicals and radioactiveresources. These events resulted in either cancer or infertility. Infertility is one of the medical, social andpsychological burdens in Iraqi society. After 12 months or more of failure to a clinical pregnancy lead to aregular unprotected sexual intercourse.

Evaluation the effects of some parameters on the operational efficiency of the main water pipe in Karbala city

This study analyzes the results obtained from field measurements to one of the main water pipe operating with the dead end system in Karbala city (located in the middle of Iraq is located 105 kilometers south of the capital Baghdad) utilizing Water CAD software. Moreover, the study is conduct to evaluate the existing mainline supply water from AL-khairat area where is the location of the pumping station to improve existing water main line efficiency. The field readings at different junctions’ locations is take and which branch out the mainline at seasons in summer, autumn, winter, and different times by using an ultrasonic device. The collected data then simulated in WaterCAD software using an extended period scenario to determine future network defects. Based on the results, The hydraulic analysis demonstrates the extra flow is required to increase pressure and velocity in junctions. The existing pumping, that is a design amount of about 1200 m3/hr is not sufficient to deliver water to the end zones of the line, since the produced quantity of the pumps in the mainline does not exceed 950 m3/hr which was less than the design capacity as shown by field readings, because damaged many parts of which, It needs to increase the design capacity of not less than 2000m3/hr and this conclusion was made based on analysis of the obtained data. In addition, it is necessary to replace the old pumps with new ones in order to provide adequate flow that achieves the pressure and water velocity required.

Re-distributing the field outlets for irrigation networks within the new growth cities: The Central District of Kerbala city as example

Generally, the rivers in both the natural and lined form use the open-section system to carry water, either for distribution or conveyance purposes. With time and depreciation effect, this system needs to be change or modify to become more indirectly suitable with growth of cities, and specially with transformation of land use from agricultural to residential. The present paper aims to reach a proper decision to re-distribute the field outlets for a part of AliHneidiyah river in Karbala city, Republic of Iraq, for the distance between stations (0+000) and (4+000), to choose between keeping up the current number of outlets or reduce them to a certain, actually used one. For this study, the cadastral maps were used as a reference to determine the agricultural areas served by the river during its route within the study area, and geographic information system to monitor the change in the nature of these areas represented by gradual transformation from agricultural to residential purpose, by using of satellite images for four different years, 2002, 2007, 2013, and 2016. The results of this study showed a great reduction in the agricultural areas on both sides of the chosen length of river route by a percentage of 88%, which leads to change location and specifications of the remain, actually used outlets. In addition, use the whole section for conveyance purposes to protect the water quality. This study showed that the geographic information system is a good and helpful technique for evaluation and make decisions of water related subjects.

Truck route optimization in Karbala city for solid waste collection

The Solid Waste Management topic has assumed a large dimension in the present time due to rapid urbanization improved standards of living and concern for environmental quality the solid wastes collection and transportation are considered as one of the important elements of any solid waste management system. Many stated that a substantial shear of the total expenditure on solid waste management is spent on collection as such any improvements in the designing of collection system could result in substantial savings in cost. In Karbala the solid waste collection from the different regions, transfer and transport to the sanitary landfills are carried out by Municipality of Karbala. During the field survey it is noticed that the solid waste collection and transferring are accomplished by old manners and there is no program for solid waste management concerning the routs of the collection vehicles to achieve an efficient collection. Hence, and from this point of view, this study is initiated upon the request by Municipality of Karbala. The area under study constitutes of three districts in Karbala, namely, [Shohadaa AL-Molhaq and Dhobat AL-Usra]. These three distrctis are selected for their variety in activities (residential areas, hospital, laboratories, restaurant, etc.,). The field survey is executed for the area under study and the length of main and branch streets are determined. Moreover, the quantity Of solid waste generated daily is defined according to the collection vehicles load, taking the population density and the activity nature into consideration. Three plans for the districts in the area under study are prepared. These plans show the streets and nodes which represent the intersection points. Each street is defined by two nodes (start and end nodes) and the quantity of solid wastes generated from each street, is distributed to represent the load (flow) at start and end notes. All this information is used as input data for QSB program which treats these data mathematically to find three different solutions. Each solution represents a suggested rout for collection vehicles according to certain objective function.

Applying Support Vector Machine Algorithm on Multispectral Remotely sensed satellite image for Geospatial Analysis

In this research support vector machine (SVM) method apply to classify the satellite image and produce land use and land cover (LULC) map. The used data is the multispectral Landsat-8 OLI satellite image with a spatial resolution of (30 × 30)m 2. However, the Karbala city was the study area. The SVM Applied with the default parameters of Kernel type, gamma in kernel function, penalty parameter and classification probability threshold. The SVM method achieved high accuracy in separating the categories of the study area based on the test samples collected from the study area in the Karbala province, Iraq. The classification training sites were selected based on visual interpretation and Google Earth Program. The image classification carried for six classes of the study area (Urban Area, Vegetation Area, Soil-1, Soil-2, Water Bodies and Roads). The results show a good accuracy of using SVM method based on relying on the capabilities and the precision of each pixel within the categories. The result evaluation was performed using the confusion matrix, the Kappa coefficient and the overall were 0.89 and 90.61% respectively. The SVM method is able to classify the land use and land cover of the study area with good and accurate results.

Correlation between Ectopic Pregnancy and Reproductive History among Pregnant Women in Karbala City/ Iraq

Background: Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is a major problem in obstetrics, with warnings of an uptick in cases all over the world. It contributes significantly to maternal morbidity and mortality. Ectopic pregnancy is a common and potentially life-threatening disorder that affects about (2%) of all pregnancies in the United States. It happens when a fertilized ovum implants outside of the uterus, usually in the ampulla of the fallopian tubes. The abdomen, cervix, caesarean-section scar, and ovary have all been identified as implantation sites.Aims of the study: To find out the correlation between ectopic pregnancy and reproductive history of pregnant women and to identify demographic characteristics of pregnant women with ectopic pregnancy.Methodology: This study was conducted at maternity hospital in Karbala city in Iraq to assess the physical health problems of women with ectopic pregnancy. This study was started in January 2020 to March 2021, The data regarding women's health problems was achieved of the patient’s charts that recorded in the Statistical Department in the hospital, the study consist of (40) women with ectopic pregnancy which were selected according to inclusion criteria (Women who had ectopic pregnancy, Women in reproductive age only). The data are analyzed through the use of cross-sectional study (descriptive) and inferential statistics analysis procedures were employed for the data analysis.Results: The findings of the study exhibits that that there is significant relationship between ectopic pregnancy and number of abortion among women at p-value =0.020, but there is no significant relationship has been reported among ectopic pregnancy and regular menstrual cycle, gravidity, parity, lived children, stillbirth, mode of delivery, and use of contraceptive.Conclusion: There is a correlation between incidence of ectopic pregnancy and previous history of pregnant.Recommendations: Encourage women to commitments in regular visits to primary health care centers to detecting and screening ectopic pregnancy early and providing health education to pregnant women during their visits about the causes and risk factors of ectopic pregnancy.

Parents' Attitudes toward Immunization and its Relation with Pediatric Immunization Compliance at Primary Health Care Centers in Karbala City, Iraq

Objective(s): To assess parents' attitude toward immunization and its relation with their compliance and to find out the relationship between parents' attitude and their socio-demographic characteristics.Methodology: A descriptive design is conducted from the period of 19th September 2020 to the 6th of March 2021. A non-probability (convenient) sample of (292) parents was selected from (5) primary health care centers in Karbala city. These centers are distributed throughout (2) primary health care sectors selected randomly as (20%) from each sectors. The questionnaire is developed and composed of three parts: First part: parent's socio-demographic characteristics, Second part: parents' attitude domain, which involves (13 items), and Third part: child's immunization status and reason for non-compliancy by parents with the routine immunization schedule. The reliability of the questionnaire is determined through a pilot study and the content validity through a panel of (17) experts. The data are collected by the questionnaire. The data are analyzed through using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS version 22.0) which is performed through the use of descriptive and inferential statistical analysis procedures.Results: The results of the study indicate that most of the study sample have high (good) attitude toward children immunization and are significantly associated with their residence. Also, the child's is partially immunized for more than 60% of the children of the study sample (parents). In addition, the study results reveal that there is no significant association between parents' attitudes towards immunization and their compliance to the routine immunization schedule for their children. Recommendations: The study recommends that it is necessary to raise parents awareness of the importance of immunization by implementing educational programs, activating the role of traditional and social media, and promote periodically assessment to cover child's immunization timings.

Physical Health problems among Iraqi Women with Ectopic Pregnancy

Objective: To assess physical health problems among women with ectopic pregnancy and to evaluate the levels of Physical health among women with ectopic pregnancy, and to identify demographic characteristics of ectopic pregnant women Methods: This study was conducted at maternity hospital in Karbala city in Iraq to assess the physical health problems of women with ectopic pregnancy. This study was started in January 2020 to March 2021, The data regarding women's health problems was achieved from the patient’s charts that recorded in the Statistical Department in the hospitals, the study consist of (40) women with ectopic pregnancy which were selected according to inclusion criteria (Women who had ectopic pregnancy, Women in reproductive age only). The data are analyzed through the use of descriptive and inferential statistics analysis procedures were employed for the data analysis. Result: The findings of the study exhibits that women with ectopic pregnancy were suffering from physical health problems such as (acute abdominal pain, tired and lethargic, faint, hypotension, vaginal bleeding, internal bleeding). The mean of scores for items related to physical health problems among women that show bad among most of items (1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9) except item 2, 5, and 6 that show fair. Conclusion: The study concludes that women with ectopic pregnancy were suffering from physical problem such as (acute abdominal pain, tired and lethargic, faint, hypotension, vaginal bleeding, and internal bleeding).

Molecular identification and Virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from operation hall

This study aimed to determine the P.aeruginosa that causes contamination to operation hall in hospitals by detecting of pathogenisity markers ..Moreover, the virulence factors of predominant species were detected phenotypically by using routine techniques, that responsible for pathogenicity.
 Fifteen samples were collected from different sites of operation hall during two months 2022 in AL-Hussein hospital/ karbala City. The identification of P.aeruginosa isolates depended on colonial morphology, microscopic examination and biochemical tests as a primary identification. The final identification was confirm by PCR technique from different sites .The results obtained by the PCR tests were twenty two isolates of P.aeruginosa were detected , which distributed into :(9) earth, (8) wall, and (10) beds.
 The study investigated the virulence factors of P.aeruginosa, which had the ability to produce capsule, biofilm , adhesion ,protease, bacteriocin ,haemolysin and β-lactamase and gelatinase .
 The results revealed variation in the resistance of bacteria to some antibiotics,..P.aeruginosa exhibited high resistance (96%) to Cefotaxime, but absolute susceptibility to Ciproflaxacin and Gentamycin and high susceptibility to Amikacin.Ceftiaxone,and Azithromycin.

The Live Experiences of Mothers of Children with Disability in Karbala City a Qualitative Study

Holding a toddler with disabilities at domestic causes severe issues and conflicts for all circle of relatives participants to exceptional levels. However, because of their stronger emotional connection, mothers are most at risk from the issues of worrying for children with disabilities. The goal of the present observe changed into therefore to explore the dwelling revel in of mothers of kids with disabilities in karbala. Methods: In this qualitative phenomenological research, the statistical pattern consisted of mothers of children with disabilities living in karbala, from which 20 topics had been selected via selective sampling and analyzed the use of in-depth interviews. Sampling proceeded to the factor of facts saturation and, on the same time as interview. Results: The findings of this have a look at confirmed that key issues protected dwelling reports of mothers of kids with disabilities, specifically interpersonal relationships and social stories. The revel in of mothers with disabilities has additionally been proven to have eight sub-issues feelings of shame, loss of assets, maternal sacrifice, problem for the future, feelings of shame for different kids, isolation, lack of socio-financial assist and stigmatization Conclusion: The findings of this study have proven that there are numerous and varied difficulties and boundaries faced by means of mothers of kids with disabilities. The burden of stress on mothers can be minimized and their resilience better by using taking an expansion of steps concerning man or woman interventions and social aid.

Investigation of fungal contamination in some types of chips in the market in Karbala

Different types of chips samples sell were collected from some markets in Karbala city, which its made in Jordan (Chipsico and Alsaada), Saudia (Liz, Gillts, Doritos), Iran (Bovac, G Toz and Macho) and Iraq (Hala, Dalia, Al-Aseel). The Iranian Chips were the most contaminated, where Iraqi and Jordanian Chips comes in the second. The results of isolating fungi study in chips types, showed diversity in numbers and kinds of fungi. The genus Aspergillus is a fungus predominate on all isolates and followed by Penicillium. Also different genera including Fusarium, Alternaria, Curvularia and Rhizopus have been isolated. It is mentioned that these fungi are dangerous because they produce myctoxins, especially aflatoxin and ochratoxin. It was noted that, the Saudi products are free from contamination. Ammonia test and Fluorescence was used to identify the aflatoxin-producing isolates and it appeared that isolates of Aspergillus had great potential to produce these toxins.

The effect of organizational health on strengthening organizational immune systems : An exploratory study of the opinions of a sample of doctors in Imam Zain Al-Abidin “be upon him” hospital in the holy city of Karbala

The study aimed to identify the impact of : organizational health in strengthening the organizational immune system, to achieve the goal of the study was used a descriptive and analytical approach. The questionnaire was used as the main tool for data collection, (107) questionnaires were distributed to doctors working in Imam Zain Al-Abideen Specialist Hospital. For statistical analysis and data processing, statistical programs (SPSS.V.24) and (AMOS.V.23) were used to arrive at answers to study questions and test their hypotheses. Dependent of confirmatory factor analysis, the rank correlation coefficient and Structural Equation Modeling. The study clarified the validity of its hypotheses and reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that the health of the organization with its dimensions contributes to improving the level of the organizational immune system.