Karanja Oil Research Articles

Use of Taguchi method for optimizing engine parameters of Variable Compression Ratio Diesel Engine using Cocklebur seed oil biodiesel blended with Karanja oil biodiesel

The sources of fossil fuels are depleting, their prices are increasing also harmful emissions are disturbing nature cycle, so necessity of using alternative fuels is increasing. Biodiesel stands as significant alternative fuel to diesel as thermophysical properties of biodiesel are nearer to diesel and it can be used in VCR diesel engines efficiently with proper selection of engine variables. The purpose of experimentation is to study the effect on thermal performance and emissions of Karanja oil biodiesel due to addition of Cocklebur biodiesel. In the present research work experimentation is conducted by blending Cocklebur seed oil biodiesel (20%) with Karanja oil biodiesel (80%) in VCR diesel engine altering engine variables CR, IP, IT and EGR for determining optimum conditions with best thermal performance, least emissions and compare with Karanja oil biodiesel. Taguchi Design L9 (34) Orthogonal array is applied for maximum BTE, minimum BSEC along with minimum pollutants like CO, HC, smoke and NOx. It is found that Engine operating variables are same for both the fuels except IP. It is concluded that BTE increases by 0.98% when 20% Cocklebur biodiesel is blended with Karanja biodiesel.

Exploring the Benefits of Karanja-Oil-Derived Biodiesel-Water Emulsion as a Potential Fuel for Diesel Engines Operated with High-Pressure Fuel Injection Systems

<div>Biodiesel is a suitable alternative to diesel because of its carbon neutrality, renewability, lubricity, and lower pollutant emissions. However, extensive research indicates higher oxides of nitrogen (NO<sub>x</sub>) emissions with biodiesel. A practical method to combat this problem is utilizing water and biodiesel as emulsions. The effect of biodiesel-water emulsion in high-pressure fuel injection systems is not fully explored in the existing literature. The present study addresses this research gap by utilizing biodiesel-water emulsions in a modified light-duty diesel engine. The governor-controlled injection system was adapted to a fully flexible electronic system capable of high-pressure injection. Unlike other literature studies, the fuel injection timings were optimized with biodiesel-water emulsions to maximize brake thermal efficiency (bte) at every load condition. In a novel attempt, the biodiesel source, i.e., raw Karanja oil (RKO), a triglyceride, was utilized as the surfactant to stabilize the biodiesel-water emulsions containing 6%, 12%, and 18% water. The emulsions reduced the ignition delay and cylinder pressures, with less-intense premixed combustion and a more significant diffusion phase combustion than biodiesel. The emulsions also present a delayed combustion phasing following the injection timing trends. Among the tested emulsions, at 5.08 bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), 18% biodiesel-water emulsion resulted in an 18% reduced brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc), 5% increase in bte, 30% and 7% mitigation in NO<sub>x</sub> and smoke levels, with an increase of 10% and 28% for unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions.</div>

Utilizing an ultra-sonication process to optimize a two-step biodiesel production from Karanja oil.

Currently, biodiesel is produced from non-edible oils, which have various poisonous and un-saponifiable components; therefore, it is harmful and unfit for humans. Biodiesel replaces petro-diesel fuel, which can be used as additives or substitutes for diesel engines. The novelty of the present study is to optimize the process parameters of a two-step (esterification and transesterification) process for biodiesel production using high free fatty acid (FFA) containing Karanja oil (Pongamia pinnata oil), with the ultrasound (US) process intensification (PI) technique, which is carried out for the first time. In the first step, a reduction in the initial FFA concentration of 11.06% was achieved through optimization of the esterification process using response surface methodology (RSM)-supported central composite design (CCD) method in which methanol:oil molar ratio of 6:1 and 60°C reaction temperature kept as fixed parameter, whereas H2SO4 catalyst loading (0.5-1.5w/w%) and reaction time (15-45min.) were varied. The FFA value is reduced to 1.56% under the optimal condition (32.8min reaction time and 1.14 w/w% of catalyst loading). The second step of optimization of the transesterification of esterified oil was performed by applying RSM supported Box-Behnken design (BBD) method with varying independent parameter ranges such as the molar ratio (A), CH3OK catalyst loading (B), and reaction time (C) with the range of 6:1-9:1 (methanol: oil), 0.5-1.5 w/w%, and 10-30min., respectively. A biodiesel yield of 98.16% was obtained under optimal conditions of a molar ratio of 7.6:1, catalyst loading of 0.98 w/w%, a reaction time of 20.6min., and a reaction temperature of 60°C (constant). Superior optimization results were observed than the conventional stirring method. The biodiesel's estimated characteristics were discovered to be within ASTM criteria and suitable for blending with diesel fuel.

Synthesis, characterization and tribological investigation of vegetable oil methyl esters based bio-lubricants

The lubricating ability of vegetable oil-based lubricant additives with commercially used engine lubricant is investigated in this article. The methyl esters of Neem, Pongamia and Tamanu oils were formulated by transesterification process and blended with SAE20W40 oil in 10%, 20% and 30% of its volume. These biolubricant blends were tested for physiochemical properties and tribological behavior using LM13 Aluminium alloy as the pin material in accordance with ASTM standards. Experimental outcomes established that the biolubricant blends like N10, P10, P20, N20 are capable of reducing wear about 77%, 52%, 92%, 81% respectively and the frictional coefficients of N10, P20 and T30 were found to be appreciable. In the long run, they can be used as primary alternatives to conventional lubricants.

Evaluation of karanja and safflower biodiesel on engine’s performance and emission characteristics along with nanoparticles in DI engine

Studies have demonstrated that biodiesel may be used as a suitable replacement for conventional diesel fuel due to its many advantages. Negative effects, such as low energy generation, increased fuel use, and NOx emissions, must be addressed, however. As a result, biodiesel with enhanced quality, performance, and emission characteristics can be achieved by the use of environmentally friendly nano-additives. Karanja and Safflower oil mixes were used in this study to determine the engine's performance and emissions. Engine speed ranging from 1200 rpm to 2400 rpm was employed on 20% and 40% fraction ratio of biodiesel along with nanoparticles to assess emission and performance metrics. Copper oxide nanoparticles of 50 ppm were blended with different biodiesel fractions through ultrasonication. At 2100 rpm, the brake power, NOx emissions, and smoke capacity were all found to be optimal. All blends' BTE and BSFC had not shown a significant difference from diesel. When the copper oxide nanoparticle was added to the engine, it improved the engine's combustion and performance characteristics, regardless of the engine speed. Karanja outperformed safflower biodiesel blends in terms of performance and emissions. There was no discernible difference between the two blends in terms of combustion noise. The use of nanoadditives decreases the combustion noise marginally as compared with biodiesel fuel. Researchers' findings demonstrate that the antioxidant properties of karanja and safflower improve performance in biodiesel blends.

CFD analysis of combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel under conventional and late-injection based premixed combustion conditions

The simultaneous reduction in NOx and smoke emissions can be achieved with biodiesel under a late-injection based low temperature combustion (LTC) strategy. However, this occurs at the expense of a substantial increase in unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. It is worthwhile to understand the reasons behind the formation of these emissions, emphasizing comparison with conventional combustion, which is known to result in significantly low HC and CO emission levels, particularly with oxygenated biodiesel fuel. The present investigation attempts to examine the same with 3D CFD simulation. Experimental data were obtained from a light-duty diesel engine using biodiesel from non-edible Karanja oil. The unmodified engine with OEM low-pressure mechanical fuel injection system was utilized for conventional combustion operation. It is replaced with a modified common rail injection system for a late-injection-based LTC mode of operation. By combining retarded high-pressure injection with EGR, sufficient premixing was sustained to enable late injection-based premixed combustion (LI LTC). The combustion simulation was performed using CONVERGE CFD tool, utilizing a two-component surrogate of methyl butanoate (MB) and n-dodecane to represent biodiesel. A reduced chemical kinetic mechanism, developed and validated in an earlier investigation on biodiesel combustion, was utilized in the current study. The mechanism was solved using the SAGE Detailed CHEMKIN solver in CONVERGE. Validation was conducted at two engine operating conditions defining low and high loads for both combustion modes. The cylinder pressure and heat release rates were predicted with a maximum error of 1.5 and 13%, respectively. The validated CFD tool was employed to compare and analyze the equivalence ratio, in-cylinder gas temperatures, and HC and CO contours between conventional and LI LTC modes. Under LTC mode, the cylinder pressure and heat release rates were predicted with a maximum error of 10 and 15%, respectively. The comparison revealed fuel-rich regions concentrated near the bowl in conventional combustion, while the fuel was spread throughout the combustion chamber in LI LTC mode with over-rich and over-lean regions near the cylinder wall. The cylinder temperature is significantly higher for conventional combustion than LI LTC mode. The O and OH radical concentrations are higher for conventional combustion, corroborating with lower CO emissions, as they aid in CO oxidation. Fuel-rich regions contribute to increased CO emissions, whereas over-lean regions at a low-temperature result in high HC emissions, exhibited by the emission contours. Possible countermeasures to reduce high HC and CO emissions in LI LTC mode include maintaining higher coolant temperatures to enable HC and CO oxidation in the near-wall regions and fuel injection system modification to alter the air–fuel mixing.

Production, properties and applications of proteases from pongamia oil seed cakes

AbstractDe‐oiled cakes (meal) containing proteins and carbohydrates are inevitably produced during extraction of oil from seeds. These cakes are inexpensive, sustainable and renewable sources but have limited applications. In this present study, de‐oiled pongamia seed cake was used as substrate to produce protease byBacillus licheniformis,Acinetobacter pittii, andAspergillus nigerunder different culture conditions such as pH and temperature. Furthermore, the influence of diverse carbon and nitrogen sources on enzyme production was studied. Under the optimized conditions but without any additional inducers, the activity of protease produced byAspergillus nigerwas 27.5 UmL−1, which is 34% higher than the activity obtained usingB. licheniformisand about 6.7 times higher compared to that obtained usingA. pittii. Addition of nitrogen or carbon source leads to an increase in enzyme activity of up to 240% with urea byAspergillus nigerand 163% with fructose byAcinetobacter pittii. Proteases obtained had optimum production at pH 8 and temperature of 30 and 40°C. The enzyme produced was effective in hydrolysing the gelatin layer from used x‐ray films, enabling the film to be recycled and was also able to coagulate milk, suggesting that it may be suitable for food applications.

Nano-Magnetic CaO/Fe2O3/Feldspar Catalysts for the Production of Biodiesel from Waste Oils

Production of biodiesel from edible vegetable oils using homogenous catalysts negatively impacts food availability and cost while generating significant amounts of caustic wastewater during purification. Thus, there is an urgent need to utilize low-cost, non-food feedstocks for the production of biodiesel using sustainable heterogeneous catalysis. The objective of this study was to synthesize a novel supported nano-magnetic catalyst (CaO/Fe2O3/feldspar) for the production of biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) from waste and low-cost plant seed oils, including Sinapis arvensis (wild mustard), Carthamus oxyacantha (wild safflower) and Pongamia pinnata (karanja). The structure, morphology, surface area, porosity, crystallinity, and magnetization of the nano-magnetic catalyst was confirmed using XRD, FESEM/EDX, BET, and VSM. The maximum biodiesel yield (93.6–99.9%) was achieved at 1.0 or 1.5 wt.% catalyst with methanol-to-oil molar ratios of 5:1 or 10:1 at 40 °C for 2 h. The CaO/Fe2O3/feldspar catalyst retained high activity for four consecutive cycles for conversion of karanja, wild mustard, and wild safflower oils. The effective separation of the catalyst from biodiesel was achieved using an external magnet. Various different physico-chemical parameters, such as pour point, density, cloud point, iodine value, acid value, and cetane number, were also determined for the optimized fuels and found to be within the ranges specified in ASTM D6751 and EN 14214, where applicable.

Performance and Emission Characteristics for Karanja Biodiesel Blends Assisted With Green Hydrogen Fuel and Nanoparticles

Abstract Extensive efforts are being made to produce and use a variety of alternative energies in order to meet the rising global energy demand. The main purpose of this research was to evaluate the mass fuel burnt, emissions, and performance properties of biodiesel made from non-edible karanja oil along with hydrogen and nanoparticles in a standard diesel engine. Upon experimental evaluation, it was determined that the transesterified karanja oil retained all of its vital physicochemical properties within the specified tolerances. The emission and performance characteristics of karanja biodiesel blended with nanoparticles and hydrogen fuel were assessed at different engine loads ranging from 0% to 100%. The uniform amount of nanoparticles and hydrogen was incorporated into test fuels. Al2O3 nanoparticles of 50 ppm were used in this study and hydrogen of 5 L/min was supplied to the engine. K20NH test fuel had the maximum brake thermal efficiency and less brake-specific fuel consumption compared to the other fuel blend. The emissions were considerably reduced on karanja oil, nanoparticles, and hydrogen-blended biodiesel except for nitrogen emission compared with conventional diesel fuel. In this study, the utilization of karanja, nanoparticles, and hydrogen-blended biodiesel showed a promising alternative to fossil fuels due to reduced emission and enhanced performance characteristics.

Thermal and combustion characteristics of honge, jatropha, and honge‐jatropha mixed biodiesels

AbstractThermal characteristics of biodiesels are useful in system design, modeling, and operation. Such investigations are extensively being carried out in combustors, engine, and process industries. This article examines the thermal characteristics of jatropha (Jatropha curcas), honge (Pongamia pinnata), and their equal mixing from thermogravitometry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG‐DSC) curves for the specific 10°C/min heating rate under atmospheric air. Fuel properties are measured following ASTM standards to compare with diesel properties. Each experiment was repeated three times, and the properties showed insignificant scatter. The average properties of the repeated tests are presented. Two phases of decomposition were observed for diesel, whereas three (viz., devolatilization of aqueous fractions, combustion of methyl esters, and combustion of carbonaceous residues) in biodiesels. Jatropha oil methyl ester (JOME) is thermally stable compared to honge oil methyl ester (HOME). Mixed biodiesel (JOME+HOME) is prone to oxidation due to the high content of oleic and linoleic acids. Recorded onset and offset temperatures of mixed biodiesel are low compared to pure biodiesel. Mixed biodiesel exhibited high volatility resembling diesel characteristics. It exhibited an enthalpy of 240 J/g, whereas the enthalpy of diesel, jatropha, and honge exhibited enthalpies of 130, 321, and 570 J/g, respectively. The combustion index (S) of diesel, jatropha, honge, and mixed biodiesel was 41.6, 82.8, 77.74, and 64.6, respectively. Mixed biodiesel reduces the intensity of combustion (Hf), promising better combustion characteristics. Thus, mixed biodiesel shows the potential of an efficient alternative energy source.

Effect of ethanol, propanol and butanol on karanja biodiesel with vegetable oil fuelled in a single cylinder diesel engine

There is a significant need for alternative fuels as a result of increased fuel usage and resource depletion. Esters made from vegetable oils, waste cooking oil and bio alcohols are majorly used in IC engines as a substitute. Coconut oil (Co) and sunflower oil (Su), which have sufficient productivity in India, biodiesel synthesized from karanja oil. In this study, fossil diesel (D) was mixed with karanja biodiesel (B), neat coconut oil and sunflower oil along with ethanol (Et), propanol (Pr) and n-butanol (Bu) alcohols was used. Quinary fuel blends of DB, DBCoSuEt, DBCoSuPr and DBCoSuBu were prepared. The physio-chemical properties of blends were tested and performance and emission tests were carried out on a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine. The results indicate that DBCoSuPr fuel combination increases brake thermal efficiency by 9.2% and DBCoSuEt fuel decreases HC and CO emissions by 37.2% and 53.93% respectively.

Comparative Analysis of the Effect of Different Insecticide Treatments on Nagpur Mandarin in Biomass Accumulation

The Comparative Analysis of the Effect of Different Insecticide Treatments in Nagpur Mandarin on Biomass Accumulation was conducted during the Ambia bahar of 2009-10. The experiment was carried out on an eight-year-old Nagpur mandarin orchard with a spacing of 6.0 m x 6.0 m at Futala farm, College of Agriculture, Nagpur. The study aimed to assess the impact of different insecticide treatments on Citrus psylla management. A trial comprising of eleven treatments was set in the Randomized Block Design (RBD), replicated thrice, with each treatment plot having four plants. Four branches were selected from each plant at random and tagged. The population of citrus psylla (both nymph and adult) was counted on the twigs of 5 cm fresh growth of the shoot from all the four sides of the plant during Ambia bahar of 2009-2010. The study found that imidacloprid 0.25 ml/l, acetamiprid 0.1 g/l, and quinalphos 1 ml/l + karanj oil (pongamia oil) 10 ml/l were the most effective treatments based on biomass accumulation (wet weight basis). Meanwhile, treatments with lower efficacy were Verticillium lecani 4 g/l + mineral oil 5 ml/l, azadirachtin 2 ml/l, mineral oil 5 ml/l, and Verticillium lecani 4 g/l. Furthermore, the application of imidacloprid 0.25 ml/l, acetamiprid 0.1 g/l, thiomethoxam 0.1 g/l, and quinalphos 1 ml/l + karanj oil (pongamia oil) 10 ml/l were found to be the most effective treatments based on biomass accumulation on a dry weight basis. The results indicated that treatments with imidacloprid, acetamiprid, thiomethoxam, and quinalphos with karanj oil were the most effective in promoting higher growth of new flush, bearing (buds, flowers and fruit), and biomass accumulation on both wet weight and dry weight basis. Among them, the treatment with imidacloprid at 0.25 ml/l was found to be the most effective.

Management of Capsule Borer Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenee) on Castor Ricinus communis L. Using Some Plants Oil

The insecticides were tested under field conditions on the basis of percentage of capsule bore Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenee) infestation noticed under field condition. The capsule borer C. punctiferalis (Guenee) damage goes on decreasing among the chemical and plant based insecticidal treatments at first and second week after spraying. Among the eight treatments, the lowest capsule borer damage/plant recorded by T5 Mahua oil 2% with 43.55% reduction over control followed by T6 neem oil 2% recorded 36.05% reduction over control recorded during 1st week after spray. The percentage of capsule borer C. punctiferalis (Guenee) damage per plant was highest recorded by T1 treatment it was mainly due to, this treatment did not receive any insecticidal spray either chemical or plant based insecticides throughout the experimental period. Same trend was noticed after 2nd week after spray. During 2nd week after spray highest percent of reduction over control recorded by T6 neem oil 2% recorded 80.27% reduction over control followed by T7 pongamia oil 2% recorded 79.09% reduction over control. Lowest percentage of castor capsule borer C. punctiferalis (Guenee) per plant recorded by T6 neem oil 2%, T7 pongamia oil 2% and T5 mahua oil 2% which were statistically at par with throughout the observation. The T6 neem oil 2% and T7 pongamia oil 2% recorded as best treatments over rest of the treatments. The grain yield in the treatment significantly highest grain yield @3730.00 kg and 3627.63 kg recorded by T6 Neem oil 2% and T7 Pongamia oil 2% followed by T5 Mahuva oil recorded yield @ 3283.30kg. However, the chemical treatments viz., T3 Profenophos 50 EC @0.03% and T4 quinolphos 25 EC @ 0.05% recorded yield @ 2956.66 and 2936.00 kg/ha both at par with each other. Whereas untreated control recorded the lowest yield @2426.03 kg/ha.

An investigation on performance of castor oil and Pongamia oil based cutting fluid in MQL milling of aluminium alloy 6061

The expense of coolant in milling processes accounts for such a significant portion of overall production costs, research efforts are presently concentrated on finding ways to reduce or do away with the need for lubrication. The environment, the performance of the machining, and the prices of the machining can all benefit from the decrease or elimination of traditional fluid. By employing the Minimum Quantity Lubrication Method, one is able to cut down on lubrication costs while also lowering the potential danger to the health of workers. While end milling aluminium 6061 with a SINOMILL VMC300 and an HSS end mill tool at three distinct spindle speeds (1000, 1500, and 2000 rpm), three distinct doc(0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 mm), and three distinct feed(100,150,200 mm/min), surface roughness (Ra) was measured in dry milling, MQL with base fluid (Pongamia oil, castor oil), conditions. The reduction in Ra is reported as a 12.89% with base fluid (Pongamia oil), in comparison to dry milling. When compared to dry milling, the reduction in Ra that was recorded when using base fluid (castor oil) was 33.72%. In this experiment it was carried out by the Drop shape analyzer (which was manufactured by Kruss), it was found that the contact angle in castor oil is superior to the contact angle in pongamia oil, and the values of contact angle are 43.4 and 47.8 respectively.

Performance evaluation of ANFIS, ANN and RSM in biodiesel synthesis from Karanja oil with Domestic Microwave set up

Performance evaluation of ANFIS, ANN and RSM in biodiesel synthesis from Karanja oil with Domestic Microwave set up

Optimizing biodiesel blends with green hydrogen fuel: A study on combustion duration, fuel mass burnt, engine performance and emissions

Although the combustion of petroleum-based fuels currently satisfies the majority of our energy needs, rapid industrialization has spurred the utilization of alternative energy sources to meet the growing demand for electricity. With the global population on the rise and increasing awareness of the dangers of climate change, there is a greater need to find sustainable and eco-friendly fuels. Utilizing biodiesel derived from non-edible sources is the most efficient and appealing option for meeting energy needs while mitigating environmental impacts. This paper focuses on the preparation and experimental analysis of biodiesel from Karanja oil. Various blends of Karanja biodiesel and regular diesel were produced and stirred to create KB10 (Diesel 90% + Karanja Biodiesel 10%) and KB20 (Diesel 80 % + Karanja Biodiesel 20%). Hydrogen was incorporated into the biodiesel to enhance fuel characteristics, delivered at a rate of 5 L per minute. The emissions and combustion results of the biodiesel blends were compared to those of pure diesel. At full load condition, KB10H5 reported the minimum combustion duration of 25.8°CA with mass fraction burnt of 17.8%. However, the biodiesel blend with 10% and 20% reported the reduced BTE. Highest brake power has been observed at 4.95 kW. The combination of Karanja biodiesel and hydrogen improves fuel quality and reduces the harmful gases emissions such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. It is crucial to ensure that the operation is both efficient and comfortable, and this approach achieved both objectives. In addition, hydrogen energy can also be applied to the railway transportation industry, as a new direction for the green and low-carbon development of intercity transportation, driving the virtuous cycle and innovative development of the hydrogen energy-related industrial chain.

Biodiesel Production: Agricultural and Economical Aspect in India

The production of biodiesel attracts attention from scientists and researchers as of its tremendous applications and commercial use. It becomes important as of its eco-friendly nature, too, as it is biodegradable and non-polluting. The advantages of using petro-diesel with biodiesel lie in diminishing air pollution, encouraging the domestic supply of fuel, and creating new opportunities in agriculture. The production of biodiesel provides an alternative for agriculture as well as the industry. Focusing on short-duration annual crops that can generate fuel and oil seed crops provides numerous opportunities for small farmers. The intention of biodiesel concerns for creation and fortification of the environment. It is economically beneficial in several ways, namely by creating new jobs in the food and farming industries. Biodiesel fuel is eco-friendly and replaces petro-diesel. Previous studies showed that pollutants such as CO, CO2, SOX, HC, PAH, PM, and others can be reduced by using blended and pure biodiesel. However, the emission of NOX increases by using biodiesel. Biodiesel also provides a means to recycle CO2 which is mainly responsible for global warming. Biodiesel has been produced using plant oils such as Jatropha oil, Cottonseed oil, Pongamia oil, Palm oils, Rapeseed oil, and Castor oil. Such oils are converted to biodiesel through transesterification. We investigated the potential of Jatropha oil as a source of biodiesel. Biodiesel has become an eco-friendly and alternative fuel with many aspects in industrial use. When the use of biodiesel becomes more popular than petroleum fuel, the supply must be sufficient to meet daily needs. Therefore, the presented review article describes production, properties, agricultural benefits, marketing, and the prospect of biodiesel.

Sustainable alternative fuel derived from different feedstocks and its comparative life cycle assessment

The objective of the current study is to extract oil and derive biodiesel from three different scenarios karanja (S1), algae (S2), and hybrid oil (S3), and further conduct the life cycle assessment (LCA) of derived biodiesel. Biodiesel derived from hybrid oil had higher oxidation stability than algae biodiesel and lower density and viscosity than karanja biodiesel. Additionally, using GREET software, comparative life cycle assessment studies were performed for all three scenarios. One kg of biodiesel output was used as the functional unit. The total emission of CO2 from biodiesel production in S1 is 2.03 kg, 1.60 kg in S2, and 1.85 kg in S3. Further, the environmental impact factor was calculated for all the scenarios. The EIF for scenario 1 was maximum, 0.235 followed by 0.1363 and 0.0989 for scenario 3 and scenario 2 respectively. The results of the overall effect evaluation showed that Algae or Hybrid biodiesel production is preferred to lower the emission and improve the biodiesel quality. More studies on life cycle costs and sensitivity analysis should be undertaken to assess economic viability and encourage sustainable biodiesel production.

Comprehensive Review on Lipid-based Biomasses as Biodiesel Raw Materials from Ghana

Ghana is a country rich in natural resources, including biodiversity and large water bodies, but it is also plagued by food and energy shortages. Fuel prices are also increasing. Biodiesel made from lipids will attract increasing attention as researchers and experts look for a solution. However, the obvious cheapest option of edible feedstock will be insufficient to meet rising energy and food demand, necessitating the need for a guaranteed feedstock. As a result, this research was conducted to identify lipid-based biomass feedstocks that would be ideal for biodiesel production in Ghana. This research seeks to give current information on the biofuel feedstock currently existing (mostly biodiesel) synthesis from lipid-based biomasses in Ghana. Edible plant oils were the first generation of lipid-based feedstocks, whereas alternative types of feedstocks were identified and reported as the second generation. Non-edible oils, like Jatropha oil, Neem oil, Karanja oil, Nagchampa oil, Calophyllum inophyllum oil, Mahua indica oil, Rubber seed oil, and other non-edible feedstocks are used to make second-generation biodiesels. Vegetable oil waste, industrial wastes and by-products, animal fats, and lipid-derived from microorganisms and insects are also among the 2nd generation feedstocks discussed in this paper. The advantages of 2nd generation feedstocks are the low-cost, high-yielding, and the fact that they do not economically or ethically compete with edible oils (food crops). Nevertheless, all 2nd generation feedstocks are often free fatty acids and having high moisture, which have a significant detrimental impact on the conventional biodiesel synthesis process. As a result, this article contains basic information on processing procedures that can handle 2nd generation feedstocks.

Management of sucking pests of capsicum by using botanicals under protected condition

Botanical insecticides are derived from plants and their derivatives. In recent years, there has been a significantgrowth in the use of botanical products for the management of insect pests, which has raised their recognition and marketshare in the global insecticide market. The field efficacy studies revealed that neem oil (3%) was more effective in controllingsucking pests of capsicum viz., Thrips parvispinus (Karny), Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks), Aphis gossypii (Glover)and Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) under protected cultivation. Based on overall observations, minimum thrips and aphidpopulation was recorded in neem oil (3%). The next best treatments in the decreasing order of efficacy were NSKE,pongamia oil and garlic oil. Similarly, neem oil was also found effective and recorded significantly lower number of yellowmites and whiteflies followed by NSKE, garlic oil and pongamia oil. Our results suggested that neem-based products havehigher efficacy, diverse mode of actions such as repellent, anti-feedant, oviposition deterrent and moulting inhibitors as astand-alone management tool for sucking pests and would require integration with other management practices.