Karanja Biodiesel Blends Research Articles

Trace metals and ions in particulates emitted by biodiesel fuelled engine

Particulates emitted by a transportation diesel engine fuelled with Karanja biodiesel blend (20% v/v biodiesel blended with 80% v/v mineral diesel) were tested for the trace metal content and inorganic ions. These particulate were analyzed and compared with baseline mineral diesel particulate for 9 commonly present trace metals namely Ca, Fe, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Ni, Ba and Cd and inorganic anions such as nitrates, chlorides, fluorides and sulphates. Trace metals in particulate decreased with increasing engine load. Ions analyzed in particulate from diesel and biodiesel also showed decreasing trend with increasing engine load. Biodiesel origin particulate contained slightly lower amount of trace metals and inorganic ions compared to mineral diesel for similar operating conditions except nitrates. Particulate sampled on the quartz filter paper were also analyzed for their morphology and 1000× magnification images were captured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to visualize bulk particulate emission from Karanja biodiesel exhaust compared to baseline mineral diesel.

Effectiveness of non-noble metal based diesel oxidation catalysts on particle number emissions from diesel and biodiesel exhaust

Two new formulations of non-noble metal based diesel oxidation catalysts based on CoCe based mixed oxide (DOC2) and perovskite catalysts (DOC3) were prepared and retrofitted in a 4-cylinder diesel engine fueled by diesel and Karanja biodiesel blend (KB20). In this study, their effectiveness in reducing raw exhaust particulate emissions vis-à-vis a commercial diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC1) was evaluated. Emission characteristics such as particle number-size distribution, mass-size distribution, and surface area-size distribution, total particle number concentration and count mean diameter as a function of engine load at constant engine speed were evaluated. Variations in total particle number concentration as a function of engine speed were also determined. The prepared DOCs and the commercial DOC showed varying degrees of performance as a function of engine operating conditions. Overall, effectiveness of the prepared DOC's appeared to be more fuel specific. For diesel exhaust, overall performance of DOC1 was more effective compared to both prepared DOCs, with DOC2 being superior to DOC3. In case of KB20 exhaust, the overall performance of DOC2 was either more effective or nearly comparable to DOC1, while DOC3 being not so effective. This showed that the DOCs based on CoCe based mixed oxide catalysts have potential to replace commercial noble metal based DOC's, especially in engines fueled by biodiesel.

Effect of straight vegetable oil blends and biodiesel blends on wear of mechanical fuel injection equipment of a constant speed diesel engine

Vegetable oils and biodiesel have emerged as strong alternative fuels worldwide. However use of new fuels in existing engines leads to issues such as wear of vital moving components, and fuel injection equipment (FIE). It is important to ensure that new alternative fuel does not affect the FIE adversely. In this experimental study, a non-firing engine FIE simulator test rig prototype was developed and 250 h endurance test of FIE was performed with an objective to ensure the long-term compatibility and durability of biofuel blends. The components of FIE such as plunger, nozzle needle, valve, and valve holder were investigated for wear. Test fuels used in this study were Karanja blends (K20, K5), Jatropha blends (J20, J5), Biodiesel blends (B20, B5) and baseline mineral diesel in a non-firing engine FIE simulator. The compatibility of FIE with test fuels in terms of dimensional loss, weight loss and surface texture variations using optical microscopy before and after the endurance test was compared. Biodiesel blends showed relatively lower wear compared to mineral diesel however SVO blends showed no definite trend of the wear results compared to baseline mineral diesel.

Combustion, noise, vibrations and spray characterization for Karanja biodiesel fuelled engine

An experimental study was carried out for assessing noise, vibrations, combustion, and spray characteristics and associated correlations using a single cylinder compression ignition engine. Such engines are typically used in genset and agricultural farm machinery. Tests were conducted from no load to full load using three different test fuels; Karanja biodiesel, 20% (v/v) Karanja biodiesel blend and baseline mineral diesel. Spray visualization experiments were conducted in a constant volume spray chamber using a mechanical fuel injector, similar to the one used in the test engine. Engine combustion noise as well as overall engine noise measurements were carried out using a microphone. Three different accelerometers were used to measure engine vibrations in pistonic, longitudinal and lateral directions. Combustion noise was found to be highest for 20% biodiesel blend was correlated to shorter combustion duration, increased ignition delay, and higher heat release rate. Vibration levels in the pistonic direction were found to be highest for KB20 fuelled engine. External engine noise measured by microphone was higher for KB100 at almost all loads compared to other test fuels. However, such a divergence was attributable to other sources of noise, which were not related to the combustion process. Finally, spray investigations for different test fuels showed maximum spray penetration for KB20, and the least for baseline mineral diesel. These observations were also consistent with other observations related to combustion noise, ignition delay, and heat release rate.

Evaluation of engine performance and emission with methyl ester of Karanja oil

Summary Biodiesel has been considered as potential alternative to petroleum diesel with the renewable origin for the existing compression ignition engine. The main objective of the present work is evaluating performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine for various blends (B20, B40, B60, B80 and B100) of Karanja biodiesel and commercial diesel. The experimental investigation was carried out in IC (internal combustion) at variable loads and compared with conventional diesel fuel with respect to engine performance parameters i.e. brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake specific power consumption (BSEC), brake thermal efficiency (η-B.Th), for varying load conditions. The results obtained indicated the better fuel properties and engine performance at B40. For all cases, BSFC reduced with increase in load. It can be observed that the BSEC for various blends is lower as compared with that of diesel fuel. The availability of oxygen in the Karanja oil methyl ester-diesel fuel blend may be the reason for the lower BSEC. Brake thermal efficiency is increased due reduced heat loss with increased in load. It was found that the emission level of CO and HC level decreased with increased in blend proportion in diesel fuel. NO x emission increased with increase in blend proportion in diesel fuel.

Emission analysis of different blends of karanja biodiesel with producer gas in a twin cylinder diesel engine in dual fuel mode

ABSTRACTThe present study demonstrates the emission analysis of different blends of Karanja biodiesel and diesel with producer gas in dual fuel mode using a twin cylinder diesel engine for two cases of operations. In case 1, a test is carried out using the above test fuels both in single mode and dual fuel mode operation with a constant gas flow rate of 21.49 Kg/h under different load conditions. Similarly, in case 2, a test is performed at a constant load of 10 kW under different gas flow rates using the same test fuels in the dual fuel mode only. The study reveals that all blended fuels show better emissions compared to diesel in both cases of operations. Dual fuel mode operation of all tested fuels shows lower smoke and oxide of nitrogen emissions compared to their single mode operation under all load conditions, whereas other emission parameters are found to be on the higher side.

ENERGY ANALYSIS OF KARANJA OIL AS A SUPPLEMENTARY FUEL FOR COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE

The paper highlights the results of an experimental investigation carried out on Karanja oil as a supplementary for diesel fuel in Compression Ignition engine. In the present study, triglycerides of Karanja oil is converted into mono-ester (biodiesel) using based catalyst transesterfication process. Karanja biodiesel is blended with petroleum diesel in the volumetric proportions of 2−10%. Results reveal that the performance characteristics of Karanja biodiesel blends are well comparable with diesel fuel. The emission characteristics such as CO, HC and smoke are found to be lower for Karanja biodiesel blends at all the engine load conditions compared to diesel fuel. Hence, it is concluded that Karanja oil at lower blends can be used in diesel engine without any substantial engine modification.

ENERGY ANALYSIS OF KARANJA OIL AS A SUPPLEMENTARY FUEL FOR COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE

The paper highlights the results of an experimental investigation carried out on Karanja oil as a supplementary for diesel fuel in Compression Ignition engine. In the present study, triglycerides of Karanja oil is converted into mono-ester (biodiesel) using based catalyst transesterfication process. Karanja biodiesel is blended with petroleum diesel in the volumetric proportions of 2−10%. Results reveal that the performance characteristics of Karanja biodiesel blends are well comparable with diesel fuel. The emission characteristics such as CO, HC and smoke are found to be lower for Karanja biodiesel blends at all the engine load conditions compared to diesel fuel. Hence, it is concluded that Karanja oil at lower blends can be used in diesel engine without any substantial engine modification.

Experimental Studies on use of Karanja Biodiesel as Blend in a Compression Ignition Engine

Ecological system is being affected adversely by the use of diesel engines which causes harmful emissions. Alternative sources are being found to sort out this problem. Biodiesel is one of the alternative source. Nowadays, there is a focus on the non-edible oils to use it as biodiesel because of its capability to be available on waste lands. Karanja is one of the non-edible oil, which may be preferred to be used as biodiesel because of its certain advantages on diesel engine comparatively. This experimental study was aimed to find out performance characteristics and smoke emission with 10%, 20% and 30% biodiesel blend with diesel at varying loads (brake power) of 0.5 to 3.5 kW at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. Brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, exhaust gas temperature, mechanical efficiency, volumetric efficiency, air fuel ratio and smoke opacity of biodiesel blended fuel were evaluated and compared with diesel and it has been found satisfactory. Brake thermal efficiency of 20% biodiesel blend fuel was found to be slightly higher than that of diesel with reduced smoke emissions. Brake thermal efficiency of B20 and diesel was found to be 29.04% and 29% respectively at 3.5 kW brake power. On the basis of experimental study, the B20 Karanja biodiesel blend is found more useful among all tested fuels in terms of brake thermal efficiency. Smoke opacity was also found to be reduced with Karanja biodiesel blends. Hence Karanja biodiesel is proved to be an environmentally friendly alternative to diesel.

Particulate Emissions From Karanja Biodiesel Fueled Turbocharged CRDI Sports Utility Vehicle Engine

Biodiesel has emerged as one of the most promising alternative fuel to mineral diesel in last two decades globally. Lower blends of biodiesel emit fewer pollutants, while easing pressure on scarce petroleum resources, without sacrificing engine power output and fuel economy. However, diesel engines emit significant amount of particulate matter (PM), most of which are nanoparticles. Due to the adverse health impact of PM emitted by compression ignition (CI) engines; most recent emission legislations restrict the total number of particles emitted, in addition to PM mass emissions. Use of biodiesel leads to reduction in PM mass emissions; however, the particle size–numbers distribution has not been investigated thoroughly. In this paper, PM emission characteristics from Karanja biodiesel blends (KB20 and KB40) in a modern common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine used in a sports utility vehicle (SUV) with a maximum fuel injection pressure of 1600 bar have been reported. This study also explored comparative effect of varying engine speeds and loads on particulate size–number distribution, particle size–surface area distribution, and total particulate number concentration from biodiesel blends vis-à-vis baseline mineral diesel. This study showed that particulate number emissions from Karanja biodiesel blends were relatively higher than baseline mineral diesel.

Experimental investigations of the effect of pilot injection on performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of Karanja biodiesel fuelled CRDI engine

Pilot and post injections are being used in modern diesel engines for improving engine performance in addition to meeting stringent emission norms. Biodiesel produced from different feedstocks is gaining global recognition as partial replacement for mineral diesel in compression ignition (CI) engines. In this study, 10%, 20% and 50% Karanja biodiesel blends were used for investigation of pilot injections, injection pressures and injection timings on biodiesel blends. Experiments were carried out in a single cylinder CRDI research engine in multiple injection mode at 500 and 1000 bar fuel injection pressure (FIP) under varying start of pilot injection (SOPI) and start of main injection (SOMI) timings. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased with increasing Karanja biodiesel concentration in test fuels however brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of biodiesel blends was slightly higher than mineral diesel. Lower biodiesel blends showed lower brake specific carbon monoxide (BSCO) and brake specific hydrocarbon (BSHC) emissions than mineral diesel. Brake specific nitrogen oxides (BSNOx) emissions from KOME20 and KOME10 were higher than mineral diesel. Combustion duration of KOME50 was also higher than mineral diesel.

Performance & Testing of Diesel Engine with Blends of Diesel and Karanja Biodiesel produced by Ultrasonic Technique -Review study

Performance & Testing of Diesel Engine with Blends of Diesel and Karanja Biodiesel produced by Ultrasonic Technique -Review study

Effect of fuel injection pressure and injection timing of Karanja biodiesel blends on fuel spray, engine performance, emissions and combustion characteristics

In this investigation, effect of 10%, 20% and 50% Karanja biodiesel blends on injection rate, atomization, engine performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of common rail direct injection (CRDI) type fuel injection system were evaluated in a single cylinder research engine at 300, 500, 750 and 1000bar fuel injection pressures at different start of injection timings and constant engine speed of 1500rpm. The duration of fuel injection slightly decreased with increasing blend ratio of biodiesel (Karanja Oil Methyl Ester: KOME) and significantly decreased with increasing fuel injection pressure. The injection rate profile and Sauter mean diameter (D32) of the fuel droplets are influenced by the injection pressure. Increasing fuel injection pressure generally improves the thermal efficiency of the test fuels. Sauter mean diameter (D32) and arithmetic mean diameter (D10) decreased with decreasing Karanja biodiesel content in the blend and significantly increased for higher blends due to relatively higher fuel density and viscosity. Maximum thermal efficiency was observed at the same injection timing for biodiesel blends and mineral diesel. Lower Karanja biodiesel blends (up to 20%) showed lower brake specific hydrocarbon (BSHC) and carbon monoxide (BSCO) emissions in comparison to mineral diesel. For lower Karanja biodiesel blends, combustion duration was shorter than mineral diesel however at higher fuel injection pressures, combustion duration of 50% blend was longer than mineral diesel. Up to 10% Karanja biodiesel blends in a CRDI engines improves brake thermal efficiency and reduces emissions, without any requirement of hardware changes or ECU recalibration.

English

The gradual depletion of petroleum based fuels and the impact of environmental pollution led the researchers to search for an alternative fuels. One of the best alternatives is Biodiesels obtained from different vegetable oils. The present study focuses on comparison of performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder four stoke diesel engine with two different biodiesels namely Karanja and Cotton seed biodiesels blended with diesel separately. The performance of the engine with biodiesel blend B20 as fuel is compared with the diesel fuel on the basis of brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature and emissions of hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen. This study reveals that the performance of the engine with these biodiesel blends differ marginally from diesel and hydrocarbon emissions are less than diesel. It is also observed that the cotton seed biodiesel blends are showing better performance and emission characteristics as compared with Karanja biodiesel blends.

Effect of fuel injection pressure and injection timing on spray characteristics and particulate size–number distribution in a biodiesel fuelled common rail direct injection diesel engine

In this paper, effect of varying fuel injection pressures and injection timings on particulate size number distribution and spray characteristics was investigated in a single cylinder, common rail direct injection (CRDI) compression ignition (CI) engine fueled with Karanja biodiesel blends vis-à-vis baseline mineral diesel. The investigation results of spray tip penetration and spray area of biodiesel blends and diesel showed that higher fuel injection pressure result in a longer spray tip penetration and larger spray area than that at lower injection pressures at same elapsed time after the start of injection (SOI). In order to compare the effect of fuel injection parameters, 10, 20 and 50% Karanja biodiesel blends at 1500rpm engine speed were compared with baseline data from mineral diesel. It was observed that average particulate size increased with retarding the SOI timings. Particulate number concentration was lowest for 10% biodiesel blend, which increased with further increase in biodiesel content in the blended test fuel. Addition of even very small quantity of biodiesel in the test fuel helped in reducing particulate emissions.

Effect of Karanja biodiesel blend on engine wear in a diesel engine

For large-scale and reliable implementation of biodiesel in transportation engines, its effects on engine wear and engine durability upon prolonged usage needs to be experimentally investigated. Therefore effects of 20% Karanja biodiesel blend (KOME20) on engine wear and durability was studied vis-à-vis mineral diesel in 250h long endurance test on a direct injection compression ignition (DICI) engine. Visual inspection of engine components for deposits indicted higher carbon deposits on piston top, cylinder head and injector tip for biodiesel fuelled engine. Relatively lower wear of valves, pistons, piston rings, liners and small end bearings of the connecting rods was observed for biodiesel fuelled engine. Wear of big end bearing of the connecting rods, main bearings and crank pins was found to be higher for biodiesel fuelled engine. Surface texture of cylinder liners remained in acceptable condition after the endurance test for mineral diesel as well as Karanja biodiesel blend. Despite higher carbon deposits and higher wear of some vital engine components, no operational problems were observed during the long-term endurance test for the biodiesel fueled engine.

Experimental investigations of effect of Karanja biodiesel on tribological properties of lubricating oil in a compression ignition engine

For large-scale implementation of biodiesel in transportation engines, its effect on lubricating oil degradation needs to be experimentally investigated. Due to differences in chemical composition of biodiesel and mineral diesel, the comparative effects on lubricating oil degradation and residual useful life for long-term application will be different. In this study, effect of 20% Karanja biodiesel blend on lubricating oil tribology was studied vis-à-vis mineral diesel in a 200h long endurance test. Higher increase in density, carbon residue and ash content was observed for biodiesel blend fuelled engine’s lubricating oil in comparison to diesel. Higher amount of resinous polymerized material in the lubricating oil of biodiesel fuelled engine indicated possibility of higher oxidation and polymerization of base-stock of lubricating oil of the biodiesel fuelled engine. After 100h, higher increase in concentration of wear trace metals such as iron, aluminum, copper, chromium and magnesium in the lubricating oil of biodiesel fuelled engine in comparison to mineral diesel indicated significant deterioration of lubricating oil.

Emission analysis of different blends of Karanja biodiesel with producer gas in a twin cylinder diesel engine in dual fuel mode

Emission analysis of different blends of Karanja biodiesel with producer gas in a twin cylinder diesel engine in dual fuel mode

Impact of additives on storage stability of Karanja (Pongamia Pinnata) biodiesel blends with conventional diesel sold at retail outlets

Biodiesel has been recognized as a “green fuel”, being the most attractive substitute to the conventional petro-diesel. The unsaturated fatty acids present in biodiesel are susceptible to oxidation. One of the main criteria used for the quality assessment of biodiesel is ‘storage oxidation stability’. Oxidation of the esters during the long-term storage can lead to problems for the utilization of biodiesel in the engine directly. Therefore, the addition of additives is required to protect the oxidation of biodiesel. This study investigates the effect of antioxidant additives on oxidation stability of neat biodiesel [Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME)] and its diesel blends. KOME was prepared by methanolic KOH catalyzed transesterification of Karanja oil, which was produced from a non-edible oil feedstock from Indian sub-continent. Various diesel–biodiesel blends (B5, B10, B15, B20, B25 and B40) were prepared with conventional diesels sold at retail outlets of Northern India. Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA), Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), tert-Butylhydroxyquinone (TBHQ), Propyl-gallate (PrG) and Pyrogallol (PY) antioxidant additives were selected for this study. Significant improvement in oxidation stability as well as in density and kinematic viscosity of diesel–biodiesel blends was observed with all antioxidants studied. PY, PrG and BHA were found most effective among all antioxidants tested, and their use in diesel/biodiesel blends showed a greater stabilizing potential. All the samples were stored at room temperature in air-tight bottles under ambient conditions. The aim of this study is to find the minimum required concentration of most effective antioxidant to meet the storage oxidation stability specifications.

Performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of Karanja biodiesel in a transportation engine

Effect of Karanja biodiesel (Karanja oil methyl ester; KOME) and its blends on engine performance, emissions and combustion characteristics in a direct injection compression ignition (DICI) engine of a medium size utility vehicle with varying engine speed and load has been investigated. Maximum torque attained by 10% and 20% KOME blends were higher than mineral diesel, while higher biodiesel blends produced slightly lower torque. BSFC for lower KOME blends was comparable to mineral diesel however BSFC increased for higher biodiesel blends. BSCO, BSHC and smoke emissions of Karanja biodiesel blends were lower than mineral diesel but BSNOx emissions were slightly higher. Comparative investigation of performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of Karanja biodiesel blends and mineral diesel showed that up to 20% Karanja biodiesel blend can be utilized in an unmodified DICI engine.