Karaman Province Research Articles

The checklist of macrofungi of Karaman province

This study was based on the findings of macrofungal studies performed within the boundaries of Karaman province between 2000 and 2023. Tracing the researches carried out in the region, a list of 380 taxa belonging to 180 genera, 75 families, 20 orders and 8 classes within Ascomycota and Basidiomycota have been compiled.

Ramazan Yemeklerinde Sosyo-Kültürel Değişim: Karaman İli Örneği

Araştırmada Karamanda Ramazan yemekleri üzerinden sosyo-kültürel değişim incelenmiştir. Gastronomi ve din bağlamında Karaman ilindeki sosyo-kültürel değişimi açıklamak çalışmanın temel amacıdır. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmış ve kartopu tekniği ile yüz yüze görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma grubu olarak Karaman il merkezinde konuya bilen, farklı yaşlardan 13 katılımcı ile görüşülmüştür. Elde edilen bulgulardan betimsel analizler yapılmıştır. Bulgulara göre Karaman ilinde Ramazan ayı öncesinde geçmişteki gibi yemek hazırlıkları yapılmaktadır. İftar ve sahur sofralarında bazı yiyecekler standartlaşmış, bazı yemekler günümüzde aynen korunmuştur. Bazı yemekler dönüşerek günümüzde devam etmiş birçok yemek ise yeni kuşaklar tarafından unutulmuştur. Bayram sabahı gibi dini zaman dilimlerinde bütün ailenin bir arada olduğu özel yemekler yapılmaktadır. Geleneksel olarak tahıldan üretilen hamur türü yiyeceklerin; şehirleşme aşamaları, kadının iş hayatına katılması, yeni kuşakların yiyecek tercihi ve evlerin mimari yapısındaki değişiklikler sonucunda lokanta gibi işletmelerde üretilmeye başlandığı saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak Karaman şehir merkezinde Ramazan ayında sosyo-kültürel bir değişimin meydana geldiği ve bu değişimin tüketim alışkanlıklarını da doğrudan etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Karaman il merkezinde Ramazan ayındaki mutfak kültüründeki değişimin tespiti çalışmanın literatüre katkısıdır. Bu bağlamda çalışma ileride yapılacak sosyo-kültürel araştırmalara kaynak teşkil edecektir.

GLASS BEAKER WITH MYTHOLOGICAL FIGURES FROM THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA IN ISAURIA

Built in the region of Isauria - Cilicia Trachea, the ancient city of Philadelphia is located today in the north of the Gökçeseki village in the Ermenek district of the Karaman province. In 2015, a rescue excavation was conducted in this ancient city’s necropolis. During the excavations, sarcophagi that were raised on podiums were discovered. Also, a large number of archaeological finds were unearthed in an area of 10x10 m just west of these sarcophagi. The subject of this study is a glass beaker with mythological figures found in this area. There are very few beakers with mythological figures in the literature. These are a special group of glass bearing high relief decorations, produced through mould-blowing, a technique that was discovered some seventy years after the free-blowing technique of Roman glassmaking. The body of this glass type features four male figures standing between columns joined by garlands of ivy. The identities of the figures are a matter of debate. There seems to be a consensus on the identity of two of them as Poseidon (Weinberg's Figure A) and Dionysus (Weinberg's Figure C), based on the attributes they hold in their hands. Various suggestions exist for the identities of the other two figures. Six fragments belonging to the rim and body of the Philadelphia beaker were discovered. The vessel that has been partially preserved is identical in form and decorative scheme to the glasses that have been published so far. The glass beakers of this type were found in both the eastern and western provinces of the Roman empire. Their origin is a matter of controversy. They were generally dated to the 2nd half of the 1st century AD. For the Philadelphia beaker, it can be suggested that it also dates back to the second half of the 1st century AD, taking into consideration the other finds from the area, in which the highest concentration of the artifacts point to the 1st-3rd centuries AD. There is no evidence of glass production in Philadelphia or its vicinity. Therefore, the Philadelphia find must have been imported to the city. The fact that the fragmentary glass was found in the necropolis of the city suggests that these beakers might have been used during funeral rituals.

Selection of Superior Properties of Walnut Genotypes in Ereğli-Halkapınar (Konya) and Ayrancı (Karaman) Walnut Population

This selection study was conducted to determine the walnut genotypes with superior characteristics grown from seeds in Ereğli and Halkapınar districts of Konya province and Ayrancı district of Karaman province between 2019-2022. In 2021 on the fruits taken, 8 genotypes in total, including 5 genotypes in shelled walnuts and 4 genotypes in kernels (1 genotype received high scores in both shelled and kernel walnuts) were found to be promising. In 8 genotypes selected, the shelled weight is 10.66-26.31 g, the kernel weight is 5.32-9.82 g, the kernel percentage is 37.33-57.91%, the shell thickness is between 1.06-1.90 mm, the shell color is “light” in 1 genotype, “moderate” in 4 genotypes, “dark” in 3 genotypes, kernel color is in 1 genotype “extra light”, “light” in 7 genotypes, remove of kernel from the shell was “easy” in all genotypes. Shell adhesion was “good” in all genotypes, cracking of the shell was detected “easy” in 7 genotypes, “moderate” in 1 genotype, shell texture was “smooth” in 3 genotypes, “moderate” in 4 genotypes, and “rough” in 1 genotype. Remove of kernel from the shell was determined “easy” in all genotypes. Kernel fill and healthy kernel percentage was determined as 100% in all genotypes. At the end of the research, 6 of the selected genotypes showed homogamy, 1 showed protogeny and 1 showed protandry flowering properties.

Mapping the Dispersion Pollution Load of Animal Waste and Investigating its Environmental Effects: The Case of Karaman

Animal wastes are not stored correctly and are used haphazardly without control in agricultural lands. As a result, it causes many irreparable environmental pollution, especially water pollution. These wastes, which are described as diffuse pollution, cause pollution of both underground and surface water resources directly or indirectly and even make them unusable. In this research, waste generation as a result of animal breeding in Karaman province, its districts, neighborhoods and villages and the effects of animal wastes on environmental pollution were evaluated with distributed pollutant load calculations. In the study, the number of 1019277 ovine and 81368 bovine in Karaman in 2022 was used. The total nitrogen (TN) produced annually by the animals has been calculated as 1,723.23 tons/year, and the total phosphorus (TP) amount is determined as 124.23 tons/year. Additionally, for large ruminant animals, the annual total amount of dry manure is 130,305.77 tons, and for small ruminant animals, it is 41,984.27 tons. To prevent environmental pollution, these wastes should be stored in closed areas in compliance with standards, and processes such as composting, drying, and biogas production should be applied. By doing so, not only can environmental pollution be mitigated but also economic value can be obtained. The proper management and utilization of these wastes have high economic potential and can contribute to sustainable development, supporting the country’s economy. In addition, this study is a source for researchers working in the field in calculating the pollution load of animal wastes and is thought to be a guide for decision makers and practitioners.

Maden İşletmelerinde Kurumsal İtibar Güvenlik İklimini Etkiler mi? Algılanan Etik İklimin Aracı Rolü

The purpose of the research is to determine the effect of corporate reputation on safety climate, and the mediating role of perceived ethical climate in this relationship. In this context, a field study was conducted on the employees of a subsurface coal mine operating in the Ermenek District of Karaman Province. A total of 163 questionnaires were collected by using the questionnaire technique and convenience sampling method. The collected data were analyzed with the SPSS 23.0 analysis program. Consequently, the regression test revealed that corporate reputation perceived by employees positively affects safety climate and perceived ethical climate, while perceived ethical climate positively affects safety climate. In addition, hierarchical regression analysis and the Sobel test revealed that perceived ethical climate has a significant partial mediation effect between perceived corporate reputation and safety climate. Finally, the conclusions were handled within the scope of theoretical and practical contributions and some suggestions were made for future researchers and the sector.

A new species of Physarum (Physaraceae) from Turkey

A new species of Physarum, identified herein as P. karamanicum, developed on debris branches of Cedrus libani collected from the Sarıveliler district of Karaman province in Turkey and applied a moist chamber technique. P. karamanicum is morphologically similar to P. globuliferum, P. auripigmentum, and P. tenerum but is distinguished by sporotheca, stalk, capillitium, and spore features. The new species is characterized by a greenish-gray, globose sporotheca, light brown at the bottom, the remainder yellowish-cream colored stalk, triangular, convex quadrilateral nodes and pale-yellow capillitium, prominent spiny and groups of blunt warts spores, greenish gray peridium. Description of the new species, photographs (light microscope, stereo microscope, and scanning electron microscope), and a key to the closest morphologically related species of the genus are provided.

INVESTIGATION OF PEER BULLYING ACCORDING TO SOME VARIABLES: THE CASE OF KARAMAN

One of the biggest violent behaviors seen in schools is peer bullying. Peer bullying can be called as a type of aggression that results in one or more students deliberately and continuously disturbing students who are weaker than them (Pişkin, 2002). The purpose of this research is to investigate the secondary school 6 in the central district of Karaman province.it is determining the levels of peer bullying of classroom students and determining whether gender differs according to the survival status of their parents, the educational level of the mother and father, income status, who the child lives with and the type of school. This research, in which the screening model was used, Demographic Information Form and Peer Bullying Scale-Adolescent Form were used as data acquisition methods in this research (Ayas, 2015). 1200 students studying in secondary schools in the central district of Karaman province participated in the research. 1008 data collected from these students were taken into consideration. As a result of the research, it was found that being a victim of physical bullying, being a victim of rumor extraction and spreading and damaging their belongings differ according to the dimensions of being a victim of physical bullying, physical and verbal bullying and rumor extraction and spreading dimensions differ from the sub-dimensions according to gender. It was found that there was no difference in both bullying and victim size according to the type of school. There are significant differences in the dimensions of physical bullying and verbal bullying according to the situation of their parents in life. It has been determined that there are differences in the sub-dimensions of being a victim of exclusion, being a victim of rumor extraction and spreading according to the level of income status of the family. It was found that there was no significant difference according to the level of education of the father. It has been determined that there is a difference in the dimensions of being a victim of physical bullying, being a victim of exclusion, being a victim of spreading rumors and being exposed to damage to their belongings, physical bullying, verbal bullying and exclusion according to the mother's educational level. On the other hand, in the correlation test conducted between the sub-dimensions, strong relationships were found between all variables. Deciency tests were performed to determine the correlation between the sub-dimensions. Deciency tests were performed. This study was conducted to reveal the situation of peer bullying in Karaman province. In future studies, he/she can focus on the causes and peer bullying prevention studies.

Ferula ermenekense (Apiaceae), an interesting new species from Southern Anatolia in the eastern Mediterraenean Basin

Ferula ermenekense is described and illustrated as a new species from Karaman province in South Anatolia, Turkey. Ferula ermenekense is morphologically close to F. lycia, F. duranii and F. pisidica. In this study, the diagnostic morphological features, distribution, conservation status, habitat and ecological characteristics of the new species are discussed. Micromorphological characteristics of F. ermenekense, F. lycia, F. duranii and F. pisidica mericarps are also examined and compared by using LM and SEM analyses.

AYRANCI BERENDİ SNOW PIER CHEESE

Cheese is a dairy product obtained by processing milk. Cheese making begins with the processing of milk. Next, the milk is fermented and coagulated. The clot is separated from the liquid part and shaped and matured by various methods. Cheese can have different tastes, textures, smells, and appearances. Some cheeses are salty, some are bitter, and some are sweet. Cheeses are also rich in protein, calcium, and other nutrients. There are many traditional cheese varieties in Turkey. Traditional products reflect the culture of that region by identifying with the geography where they emerged. Nowadays, it is seen that traditional products are being forgotten due to reasons such as developing technology and the intensity of business life. Traditional products must be registered with a geographical indication in order to transfer them to future generations. Geographical indication product is a system that secures the producer and the consumer. Ayrancı Berendi Snow Pit Cheese, which is produced by the local people with traditional methods in the Karaman Ayrancı district, is a product that should be evaluated as a candidate for geographical indication. This research was carried out in order to determine the production method and distinctive features of Ayrancı Berendi Snow Pit Cheese and to evaluate it within the scope of geographical indication. The qualitative research method was preferred in the study. Face-to-face interviews were held with people who produce Berendi Snow Pit Cheese in Ayrancı district and villages of Karaman province. Research data were evaluated using the descriptive analysis method. At the end of the research; It has been determined that Ayrancı Berendi Snow Pit Cheese has been produced by the local people for a long time with traditional methods, sheep’s milk is used in its production, the cheese has a unique mold flora, and is matured in the Berendi Snow Pit. The cheese appears to be snow whitish and reddish in color with the effect of the cave.

Distribution Analysis of Refraction Defects in Prescriptions in Terms of Opticians: the Case of Karaman Province

The aim of this study is to analyze and evaluate refraction errors in prescriptions written in foundation and state hospitals in Karaman province. 213 people who applied to an ophthalmologist in the province of Karaman and were given prescriptions were included in the study. Of the 213 people included in the study; 126 (59.15%) are women, 87 (40.85%) are men. Near and far eyeglasses data on prescriptions were divided into 7 groups as simple myopia, simple hyperopia, simple myopic astigmatism, simple hyperopia astigmatism, composite myopic astigmatism, compound hyperopia astigmatism, and mixed astigmatism. In the near-eyeglass right glass refraction defects analysis in the research; simple hypermetropia was the most common with 22.06%, while the least common simple myopic astigmatism was detected with 0.94%. In the near eyeglass left eyeglass refraction defects analysis; while mixed astigmatism was the most common with 22.53%, it was determined that it was the least seen simple myopic astigmatism with 0.47%. In the far eyeglass right glass refraction defects analysis; compound myopic astigmatism was the most common with 30.98%, and the least common was simple hypermetropic astigmatism with 2.35%. In the far eyeglass left eyeglass refraction defects analysis; compound myopic astigmatism was the most common with 29.11%, while the least common was simple hypermetropic astigmatism with 2.35%. The research is important due to it is the first study to examine the refractive error distribution in Karaman.

ASSESSMENT OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEMS FOR SUGAR BEET IRRIGATION IN KARAMAN PROVINCE, TÜRKİYE

The research was performed to evaluate sprinkler irrigation systems using in sugar beet irrigation at Karaman province of Türkiye. In such study, irrigation ratio (IR), irrigation number (IN), irrigation interval (II), irrigation duration (ID), irrigation water amount (I), fresh root yield (FRY), seasonal electricity consumption (SEC), seasonal labor cost (SLC), and water productivity, WP, were researched. In results, IR was calculated as 100% in research sites. IN and II were found as 9-12, and 7-20 day, respectively depending on characteristics of the irrigation systems. ID for each irrigation event in period of maximum vegetation cover was 5-6 h. The I values in whole crop growth cycles was between 623 mm and 864 mm with an average of 761 mm depending on sprinkler system designs. Average FRY was found as 90 t/ ha. WP varied from 9.7 kg/m3 to 13 kg/m3. SEC was calculated as 290 USD/ha and SLC was found as about 176 USD/ha. Although installation cost was 10% higher in permanent system than portable or movable or semi-portable sprinkler irrigation system, irrigation labor cost was notable better in permanent sprinkler irrigation system over portable and semi-portable sprinkler irrigation systems. The study clearly showed that Irrigation cost was maximum share within whole production costs. The correct design and management of the irrigation systems are very important for reducing irrigation energy cost consequently sustainable sugar beet production.

An Application for Determining Financial Literacy Level in Karaman Province

Toplumun bütün kesimlerini ilgilendiren finansal okuryazarlık, sağlıklı finansal kararlar almayı sağlayacak şekilde finansal kavramları anlayabilme ve finansal davranış sergileyebilme yeteneğini ifade etmektedir. Bireylerin finansal yönden okuryazar olmaları, tüketim ve yatırım harcamalarını yaparken daha dikkatli davranmalarını, sahip oldukları varlıkları daha iyi yönetmelerini ve refah bir yaşam sürmelerini sağlayacaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Karaman ilinde yaşayan bireylerin finansal okuryazarlık düzeyini incelemek ve demografik özelliklerin finansal okuryazarlık düzeyi üzerindeki etkisini belirlemektir. Çalışmanın amacı doğrultusunda Karaman ilinde yaşayan 15 yaş üstü 400 bireye anket uygulanmıştır. Anket sorularından elde edilen veriler SPSS paket programında tanımlayıcı istatistiksel yöntemler, t testi ve ANOVA yöntemi kullanılarak analize tabi tutulmuştur. Analiz sonuçları, Karaman ilinde yaşayan bireylerin finansal bilgi ve finansal okuryazarlık düzeylerinin genel olarak yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte cinsiyet, medeni durum, eğitim durumu, meslek, yaş ve gelir gibi demografik özelliklerin finansal okuryazarlık düzeyini etkilediği yönünde bulgular elde edilmiştir. Karaman ilinde yaşayan bireylerin finansal okuryazarlık düzeyi genel olarak yüksek olsa da finansal bilginin daha üst seviyeye çıkarılması açısından çeşitli finansal eğitimlerin verilmesi faydalı olacaktır.

Kentte Kesişmeler: Ermenek Örtmeleri

The streets, which provide the connection between the neighborhoods, and which are the smallest structures in a city where neighborhood relations are established, and the structures of this city, present a different character in the Ermenek District of Karaman Province. The streets of this city, which are located on very rough terrain, are designed to adapt to the topography. Most of the buildings were built adjacent to each other, there are no other spaces apart from the street spaces. Therefore, as a result of bringing together the urban configuration and streets within the framework of an organic union, these passages, which allow the street to continue, are strengthened with coverings, which are called “örtme” in Turkish. The topic of the study is conducted on the following four main themes: (1) the spatial readings to be made on coverings, (2) the construction of coverings in the traditional street texture, (3) the discussion of the relations of coverings with the individual, the city, and the environment, (4) the typological classification of coverings. In this context, as the methodology of the study, field studies, that is, on-site observation, detection and documentation studies, were carried out in the first stage. Afterward, a typological classification was made by examining the place of coverings in urban fiction through literature and field studies. In conclusion, urban, spatial and physical readings of the coverings, which have an influential position in the traditional street texture, were carried out. With this study, the significance of such structures, which reflect the living culture of the people, which began to disappear by being forgotten in the rural architectural structuring, in the history of architecture and urbanism was emphasized.

Cribraria lepida, Physarum dictyosporum, P. diderma, and P. spectabile newly recorded from Turkey

The moist chamber technique was used to obtain Cribraria lepida, Physarum dictyosporum, and P. diderma from wood or bark at different outdoor localities in Karaman Province and P. spectabile in Konya Province. These taxa are reported for the first time from Turkey.

A Study on Land Market in Turkey After The New Land Law

The small, shared, fragmented and dispersed structure of agricultural lands in Turkey negatively affects farms’ effective and efficient management. Developed countries and developing countries have been involved in many legal and institutional structural formations, including new techniques and theories since their establishment, but they have experienced difficulties in controlling the market of agricultural lands administratively. To solve these problems, which happened in Turkey in agriculture and to create a sustainable land market was enacted in the year 2005 5403 No. Soil Conservation and Land Use Law is essential. In this study, the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers who buy and sell agricultural land in the province of Karaman in the 2018-2019 production period and their views on the land market and the structural developments after the new land law are examined. As a result of the analysis, a meaningful relationship was found between the personal interest of the farms in agricultural activities, their educational status, their non-agricultural income, and their status as the seller or buyer of the land. While 27.52% of the farmers stated that the land size affects the price, 23.85% of them stated that efficiency was the second most crucial factor on the price. It was determined that 45.83% of the sellers sold their land for their debts, and 66.67% of the lands sold were paid in advance.

Gladiolus izzet-baysalii (Iridaceae, Crocoideae), a new species from Turkey

Gladiolus izzet-baysalii is described and illustrated as a new species from Karaman province in Southern Anatolia. Gladiolus izzet-baysalii is not morphologically close to any of the species of Gladiolus in Turkey. Although it has some similarities with G. illyricus and G. hamzaoglui in terms of habitus, G. izzet-baysalii differs significantly in tunic structure, number of leaves, inflorescence, perianth, anther, style, capsule and seed features. In this study, the diagnostic morphological features, distribution, conservation status, habitat and ecological characteristics of the new species are discussed. Micromorphological characteristics of G. izzet-baysalii, G. illyricus and G. hamzaoglui seeds are also examined and compared using stereomicroscope and SEM analyses.

A Conceptual Design of LoRa based Weather Monitoring System for Smart Farming

Internet of Things (IoT) based smart farming applications opens up new opportunities for monitoring the agricultural fields. There are different communication protocols can be used in practice to connect the IoT-enabled devices. Among them, the low-power, wide area network (LPWAN) based protocols are well suited to the specific needs of agricultural applications due to their energy-efficient transmission of small data packets over long distances. This study presents the conceptual design of LoRa based weather monitoring system that can be used to warn the farmers about possible crop damages due to harsh weather conditions. The hardware design of a low-cost weather station has been explained in details. Also, the estimated coverage area of the application to be carried out in order to reduce the risk of apple flowering frost damage risk in Karaman Province, Turkey was evaluated using the Xirio Online radio planning tool. The obtained results have verified the feasibility of proposed weather monitoring system.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Data Documentation of Cultural Heritage Availability: 1001 Church

Photogrammetry technique is a method used for documentation of historical artifacts with measurements of archaeology for many years. Cultural heritage are common spiritual values of past and future generations. Documentation and preservation of historical monuments without damaging the natural texture are essential elements for their transfer to future generations. Cultural heritage documentation, using photogrammetric methods with the help of UAVs, increased possibilities for taking photos and therefore allows the work to be more comprehensive, reliable and realistic.This work was modeled using three different software with data from a thousand and one church UAVs reflecting medieval Byzantine art over Karabağ, which was considered a sacred center in the northern province of Karaman and also during the Hittites, and is thought to have been used as a Diocesan Center in ancient times. On 3D models produced using photogrammetric techniques with UAV, mxy=±3.01 cm in Agisoft Photoscan Professional software, MZ=±3.68 cm in height error, Mxy=±2.26 cm in Pix4D mapper Pro software, MZ=±1.15 cm in height error and mxy=±11.18 cm in Visual SFM-Meshlab software, MZ=±8.11 cm in height error. it was seen to be. Agisoft Photoscan Professional and Pix4D mapper Pro have concluded that location and height errors are acceptable in terms of Large Scale Map and Map Information Production Regulation.

Thebasa and the Byzantine-Arab Frontier of the Middle Taurus. Observations in confinio Lycaoniae atque Ciliciae

This paper proposes a new location of the Lycaonian city of Thebasa at Pınarkaya (Divaz) in the province (il) of Karaman and provides a critical analysis of its previous identifications. It revaluates the importance of Thebasa in a broader, geo-historical context pointing out its transformation from a commercial hub to a strategic military base. Through several unpublished sites, the paper presents a fresh look at the settlement and communication networks of the Middle Taurus Region. It also develops new interpretations of the dynamics of Byzantine-Arab relations at the turn of the eighth and ninth centuries.