Kaolinite Research Articles

Development of graphene oxide and magnesia immobilized kaolin supported dual biopolymeric hybrid material for methyl orange and malachite green removal from water

Industrial usage of various dyes seriously depends on the efficient treatment of industrial effluents. Efficient retention of waste matter using a variety of adsorbent materials has as a result turned into dangerous. In this research article, graphene oxide (GO) cum magnesium oxide (MgO) impregnated kaolin (KA) based chitosan (CS) and pectin (Pect) composite namely GO/MgO/KA/CS-Pect as an adsorbent material for effective methyl orange (MO) and malachite green (MG) removal in aquatic system. The physico-chemical properties like bonding, structural morphology and elemental composition of GO/MgO/KA/CS-Pect were explored with numerous sophisticated instrumental techniques viz., FTIR, SEM, XRD, EDAX and elemental mapping analysis. The influencing parameters of adsorption method, with effect of reaction time, solution pH, dosage, pHzpc, initial MO/MG concentration and temperature were investigated for MO and MG removal under batch scale. The removal of MO and MG rate of the GO/MgO/KA/CS-Pect was incredibly fast and the adsorption kinetic method was driven with intraparticle diffusion (IPD) and pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic models. The adsorption isotherm strongly well-adapted with Langmuir isotherm and the maximum removal efficiency of GO/MgO/KA/CS-Pect was found to be 45.50 and 42.00 mg/g for MO and MG respectively within 40 min. The MO and MG uptake by GO/MgO/KA/CS-Pect was majorly owing to chemical adsorption namely electrostatic adsorption, hydrogen bonding and π-π interaction mechanism. The prepared GO/MgO/KA/CS-Pect was productively regenerated with absolute ethanol and could be repetitively reused. This exploration reveals the feasibility and selectivity of the GO/MgO/KA/CS-Pect as genuine adsorbent material for removal of MO and MG from the aquatic system.

A study on fresh, mechanical, and thermal properties of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) blended with cementitious materials

In light of environmental concerns about cement manufacture, limestone and thermally activated kaolinitic clays are being explored as supplementary cementitious materials with the potential to reduce CO2 emissions and energy usage. The use of calcined clay and limestone for clinker replacement to create a tertiary blend called limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) is one of the most promising emerging technologies for meeting environmental requirements. This paper reports on the evaluation of the fresh-state and hardened properties of cementitious pastes and self-compacting concretes (SCC) prepared using the concrete equivalent mortar method made with LC3 systems containing 30%, 35%, and 40% metakaolin (LC-30MK, LC-35MK, and LC-40MK) in comparison with ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Paste and concrete equivalent mortar specimens were prepared to investigate water demand, setting time, and workability (mini-slump flow test). Also, the compressive strength and drying shrinkage after 7 and 28 days, as well as thermal conductivity after one year of curing, were examined. The obtained results showed that the incorporation of metakaolin resulted in increased water demand to reach normal consistency. The setting time of LC3 mixtures also increased, while the same workability behavior was observed for all mixtures. LC-30MK can provide compressive strength that is comparable to OPC, especially after the first few days of curing. However, the compressive strengths of LC-35MK and LC-40MK are lower than those of OPC. Nevertheless, they demonstrate noteworthy strength characteristics. All LC3 mixtures exhibited relatively low drying shrinkage and reduced thermal conductivity compared to the OPC mixture.

Impact of calcination technology on properties of calcined clays

Calcined kaolinitic clays are known to be very reactive pozzolans, and combined with limestone can enable significant clinker substitution in cementitious systems. Thermal activation of kaolinitic clays takes place when the hydroxyl groups are removed, leading to formation of an amorphous reactive structure. There are several technologies for clay activation, but the most used at industrial scale are flash and stationary calcination. The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of the calcination regime on the properties of the calcined product. It presents the results of an experimental program carried out with a kaolinitic clay calcined at a flash calciner and at a laboratory furnace. Calcination brings about a drop in specific surface, and an increase of average diameter due to agglomeration, an effect more pronounced in stationary calcination. No major differences were found at the heat of hydration, CH consumption and phase assemblage for the fully dehydroxylated material. The flash calcined material had slightly better results mainly due to a finer PSD compared with the one stationary calcined. No major difference was found in water demand and compressive strength for both regimes. As expected, the main impact of the calcination regime is the agglomeration.

Investigating durability potentials of selected kaolin clays in Edo state, south–south region of Nigeria

The production of cementious material as a result of inorganic binders (geopolymer) being produced from aluminosilicate involving synthesized reaction with strong alkali solutions such as sodium silicates admixture by a poly-condensation reaction (geopolymerisation) between alumina and silica materials had greatly contributed to its use as alternative material and reduction in overdependence of Portland cement in Nigeria. The study aimed at the importance of reducing pressure on mining of non-renewable clay by concentrating on the qualities and grades of geopolymer produced using kaolin clays from Afor-okpella, Aforwa, Ossiomo and Ugbine kaolin clays in Edo state after subjecting each of them to optimal calcination process parameter (temperature): Afor-okpella: 600 °C,700 °C,800 °C,Aforwa: 600 °C,700 °C,800 °C, Ossiomo: 600 °C, 700 °C, 800 °C and Ugbine:600 °C, 700 °C,800 °C for which nearly complete dehydroxylation of the material and the durability properties the local material (kaolin clays) from Edo State geopolymer concrete will exhibit than normal concrete. By grounding Edo kaolin clays used, sieved to 212 μm and calcined at a temperature of 600 °C, 700 °C and 800 °C for six (6) hours. The geopolymers were synthesized using sodium silicate was (Na2SiO3) as the activating solution. The setting time, compressive strength (for 7 and 28 days), bulk density, water absorption capacity and apparent porosity test at the 28 day of curing was determined. The results for compressive strength of synthesized geopolymers for 7 days of curing were between 10.0N/mm2 to 19.0 N/mm2 and 13.8 N/mm2 to 25.6 N/mm2 for 28 days of curing high enough to be a useful Portland cement alternative. Meanwhile, the results of water absorption capacity was as low as 10.0% for 28 days of curing.Comparing the values with ASTM standards C6918-12, C216, C902 and C90 confirmed their suitability and durability for use as geopolymer materials and applicability to making geopolymer bricks and load bearing concrete masonry units.

Evaluation of dimensional stability, setting time, tensile strength, and rheological properties of kaolin clay incorporated alginate impression material

This study aims to determine and compare the dimensional stability, setting time, tensile strength, and rheological properties of kaolin clay powder-modified and unmodified alginate impression material. Commercially available alginate-based impression material was considered as a control (C) while experimental groups E-1, E-2, and E-3 were fabricated by adding 2%, 4%, and 8% of kaolin clay powder in the control, respectively. Analytical techniques were used for the characterization of the samples. A tensile strength, rheological property, dimensional stability, and setting time were recorded for control and experimental groups. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of kaolin clay powder in all experimental groups. SEM showed a round solid structure and irregular shape particle appearance in all experimental groups as well as a control group. The dimensional stability was improved by the addition of kaolin clay powder to the alginate impression material. The percentage dimensional change at 5 min, 6, and 12 h was increased for E3 adding (8% kaolin clay powder) and decreased for the control group. The mean value of tensile strength was highest for E3 followed by E2, E1, and least in control groups. Higher Young’s Modulus and lower deformation values were measured for E3. The mean value of setting time was highest for E3 and the least was in the control group. The results for both setting time and tensile strength were very highly statistically significant (p < 0.001). The mean values of viscoelasticity, flow, and drip test were increased statistically by adding various concentrations of kaolin clay powder to the alginate impression material.

Population status and ecology of the globally threatened liverwort Marsupella profunda Lindb. in Britain

ABSTRACT Introduction Marsupella profunda Lindb. is known from Britain, Portugal and Macaronesia. Its population status and ecology in Britain were investigated. Methods An inventory of records of Marsupella profunda was prepared, and surveys were conducted at a subset of sites. Population size was measured by counts of ‘individual-equivalents’, defined as occupied 1 m grid cells. Habitat and community composition were recorded by relevés. Key results and conclusions Marsupella profunda is confined to habitat created by china clay quarrying, and mostly occurs on kaolinised granite. It is one of the earliest colonists of this substrate. The longevity of habitat patches is limited mainly by competitive exclusion by other bryophytes and excessive shade from scrub development. It has been recorded from six sites in West Cornwall but presently survives at only one of these, where it will likely become extinct within the next 20 years due to vegetation succession. In East Cornwall, an enormous complex of active and disused quarries within the St Austell China Clay Region supports a large population (10,000–20,000 individual-equivalents), but this is declining because china clay production has decreased greatly over the past 30 years. Attempts to conserve the species by the special protection of areas of land have failed because the quarrying process that originally supplied fresh suitable substrate no longer operates in these areas, habitat management measures have been insufficient, and scrub development has progressed. The future of the species in Britain depends on the uncertain future of commercial quarrying in areas of kaolinised granite in Cornwall.

Chemical and Physical Characterization of Three Oxidic Lithological Materials for Water Treatment

Water treatment necessitates the sustainable use of natural resources. This paper focuses on the characterization of three oxidic lithological materials (OLMs) with the aim of utilizing them to prepare calcined adsorbent substrates for ionic adsorption. The three materials have pH levels of 7.66, 4.63, and 6.57, respectively, and organic matter contents less than 0.5%. All of the materials are sandy loam or loamy sand. Their electric conductivities (0.18, 0.07, and 0.23 dS/m) show low levels of salinity and solubility. Their CEC (13.40, 13.77, and 6.76 cmol(+)kg) values are low, similar to those of amphoteric oxides and kaolin clays. Their aluminum contents range from 7% up to 12%, their iron contents range from 3% up to 7%, their titanium contents range from 0.3% to 0.63%, and their manganese contents range from 0.007% up to 0.033%. The amphoteric oxides of these metals are responsible for their ionic adsorption reactions due to their variable charge surfaces. Their zirconium concentrations range from 100 to 600 mg/g, giving these materials the refractory properties necessary for the preparation of calcined adsorbent substrates. Our XRD analysis shows they share a common mineralogical composition, with quartz as the principal component, as well as albite, which leads to their thermal properties and mechanical resistance against abrasion. The TDA and IR spectra show the presence of kaolinite, which is lost during thermal treatments. The results show that the OLMs might have potential as raw materials to prepare calcined adsorbent substrates for further applications and as granular media in the sustainable treatment of both natural water and wastewater.

Dynamic behavior of kaolin clay under bidirectional cyclic loading for suction bucket foundation

The stability of offshore wind turbine (OWT) foundations is largely influenced by the dynamic characteristics of marine clay. In offshore engineering, marine clays may exposed to bidirectional cyclic stresses. To empirically examine the influence of different cyclic stress magnitudes on the dynamic characteristics of marine clay at different depth, a sequence of dynamic triaxial tests is conducted on marine kaolin clay, encompassing diverse values of the cyclic stress ratio (CSR) and effective confining pressure (p'0). Some valuable inferences have been drawn: At low cyclic stress ratios (CSR≤0.3), the axial strain (εa), stiffness (k), and excess pore water pressure (EPWP) of the specimen exhibit logarithmic increase, logarithmic decrease, and logarithmic accumulation, respectively. Under high cyclic stress ratio conditions (CSR＞0.3), the axial strain increases linearly, the stiffness deteriorates linearly, and the logarithmic excess pore water pressure accumulates. After analyzing the dynamic characteristics data of kaolin clay, the correlation between excess pore water pressure and axial strain was established. By analyzing the vertical cyclic mechanism of suction bucket foundation, a prediction model for suction bucket foundation under vertical cyclic loading was established based on the dynamic characteristics of marine clay and the model was validated. The comparison between the validation outcomes and the experimental outcomes shows good agreement. This study provides certain guidance for the design of suction bucket foundations for OWTs.

Enhancing photocatalytic performance of kaolin clay: an overview of treatment strategies and applications

Enhancing photocatalytic performance of kaolin clay: an overview of treatment strategies and applications

When detection and quantification of mineral fibres in natural raw materials are at their limit – the case of a clay from the Gomsiqe–Puka mining area (Albania)

Abstract. In today's global market, the movement of raw materials and goods in the free global market can lead to unintended consequences. One significant concern is the potential presence of contaminants and carcinogens, particularly when products originate from regions with less strict regulations and enforcement. This issue is particularly pertinent in the natural raw materials utilized in the global building materials market, where contamination by asbestos minerals can occur. Therefore, the screening of natural raw materials for asbestos content is crucial to mitigate the risk of exposure to carcinogens for both workers and the general public. In this study, we examine a challenging case involving a smectite–kaolinite clay from Gomsiqe–Puka, Albania, possibly containing mineral fibres. Detection and quantification of asbestos in this material push the boundaries of current experimental methods. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), micro-Raman spectroscopy, and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), we identified the presence of asbestos tremolite, along with a rare fibrous variety of diopside. EPMA data allowed the advancement of some speculations on the origin of the observed tremolites, showing that Al-rich tremolites are typical of oceanic settings and Al-poor tremolites are more similar to continental tremolites. We also investigated the impact of milling on the detection and quantification of mineral fibres, testing different milling times. This investigation is crucial as it can influence the classification of the raw material as asbestos-containing material or not. Our findings indicate that tremolite, cleavage fragments, and elongated particles break down into smaller World Health Organization (WHO) fibres with increasing milling times (1–5 min). However, prolonged milling (10 min) leads to overgrinding, resulting in a decrease in the number of counted WHO fibres with a length exceeding 5 µm.

Cassava starch-based hot melt adhesive for textile industries

The textile industry uses a lot of adhesives to join materials together, and many of these adhesives use petroleum-based ingredients that are harmful to the environment. To replace petroleum-based adhesives with a more environmentally friendly option for the textile industry, this study set out to create and evaluate a hot-melt adhesive derived from cassava starch. By adding kaolin clay as a filler and tannin as a tackifier in different ratios of starch, the created adhesive was enhanced. Tannic acid to starch ratios of 2:1, 6:1, and 10:1 w/w and kaolin to starch ratios of 3:1, 5:1, and 7:1 w/w were used to investigate the effects of clay and tackifier, respectively. The adhesives’s viscosity, moisture content, tensile strength, and shear strength were then measured. The presence of kaolin and tannic acid in starch-based adhesives favored a good interaction between the adhesive’s ingredients. The adhesive’s maximum shear strength was measured at 4.93 ± 0.11 Mpa when dry and 0.263 ± 0.21 Mpa when wet. The current data indicate that the optimal tensile strength was determined to be 3.45 ± 0.22 MPa. This result showed that hot melt adhesives based on cassava starch would be a good environmentally friendly substitute for petroleum-based adhesives, and more study in this field is necessary.

COMPETITIVE ADSORPTION OF Fe2+, Pb2+, AND Zn2+ IONS FROM MULTI-METAL ION SOLUTION ON AMMONIUM OXALATE MODIFIED KAOLINITE CLAY

The competitive adsorption of Fe2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ ions from mixed multi-metal aqueous solution on ammonium oxalate-modified kaolinite clay (AOK) was studied to determine the competitive influence of the metal ions on the adsorption of other metal ions. The kaolinite clay was modified by treating it with 0.2 M of ammonium oxalate solution at 50 oC. The adsorption of the metal ions was carried out using initial concentrations of 20, 35, and 50 mg L-1 in both the single and multi-metal ion solutions. The results revealed that at a low concentration of 20 mg L-1, the adsorption capacity for the uptake of the metal ions on AOK is non-competitive. At higher adsorbate concentrations of 35 and 50 mg L-1, the single to multi-metal ions equilibrium adsorption capacity ratio value obtained was less than 1. This indicated an antagonistic effect on competing for the adsorption site in the following order: Pb2+ (9.9 mg g-1) &gt; Fe2+ (3.85 mg g-1) &gt; Zn2+ (2.85 mg g-1). The outcome revealed that ammonium oxalate-modified kaolinite is a potential adsorbent for remediation of multi-heavy metal-laden wastewater with preferentially higher affinity for Pb2+ ions than other metal ions.

Impact of weathered and virgin polyethylene terephthalate (PET) micro- and nanoplastics on growth dynamics and the production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of microalgae

The ever-increasing plastic waste accumulation in the marine environment necessitates a deeper understanding of microalgae interactions with micro- and nanoplastics (MNP), and the role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). EPS, known for its adhesive properties and produced as an algal stress response, may facilitate aggregation of both algae and MNPs, thereby impacting ecological and hydrodynamic processes such as the trophic transfer or vertical transport of MNPs. Moreover, gaining a deeper understanding of the impact of weathering processes on the potential toxicological effects of plastic particles, and the comparative significance of plastic-specific effects relative to those of naturally occurring particles such as kaolin clay, is imperative. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of fragmented, polydisperse virgin polyethylene terephthalate (PET, Daverage = 910 nm) and weathered PET (Daverage = 1700 nm) on the growth and the production of EPS of Rhodomonas salina. Algae were exposed to a range of low MNP concentrations (10, 100 and 1000 and 10,000 MNPs ml-1) for 11 days. A natural particle control (kaolin, Daverage = 1600 nm) was deployed to differentiate particle effects from plastic effects. It was observed that exposure to both weathered PET and virgin PET resulted in initially increased growth rates (7.80 % and 7.28 % respectively), followed by significant decreases in algae cell density (−30.1 % and −11.2 % respectively). Furthermore, exposure to weathered PET caused a simultaneous elevation in cellular EPS production (76.51 %). The effects of plastics were significantly larger than the effect of kaolin. Also, the observed effects were amplified by the weathering of the plastics. These observations underscore the interactions between particle type, age and concentration, and their distinct impacts on algae density and growth inhibition. The observations indicate a role for EPS as an algal protection mechanism, potentially affecting the environmental fate of MNP – microalgae aggregates.

Influence of variable valence metal oxides on physico-chemical and antibacterial properties of semi-coated glazes

The paper presents the results of studies on the production of semi-coated glazes with antibacterial activity by introducing variable valence oxides CeO2, WO3, Bi2O3, Fe2O3, MnO2 and MoO3 into their composition. The raw polycomponent compositions were comprised of aluminosilicate multi-calcium glass frit, dolomite powder, feldspar, alumina, quartz sand, wet-enriched kaolin and refractory clay. The coatings were obtained by single firing on a ceramic-based porcelain stoneware at a temperature of 1 200 ± 5 °C in a high-speed mode for 60 ± 2 minutes. The study focused on the processes of glaze formation of coatings and the influence of the components of glaze charges on decorative and aesthetic characteristics of coatings (color, texture, gloss and whiteness). Parameters of physical and chemical properties were determined in accordance with the existing specification for the products, i. e. temperature coefficient of linear expansion, heat resistance, chemical resistance, microhardness, frost resistance, wear resistance, etc. Antibacterial activity of the coatings towards Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 test strains was studied.

Exploring Bismuth Oxide Supported Kaolinite for Photocatalytic Application

Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) and Bi2O3–supported Kaolin were synthesized using household microwave–assisted methods (350 W, 5 min), with catalyst characteristics analyzed. XRD patterns confirmed the monoclinic structure of Bi2O3. Incorporating 20%w/w Kaolin increased the specific surface area of Bi2O3 from 6.2879 to 16.1345 m2/g, observed in FESEM images showing a hierarchical flower-like morphology resembling French fries alongside Kaolin plates. XRF analysis identified elements in Kaolin contributing to self–doping in band structure of Bi2O3, reducing its band gap and PL intensity. Kaolin/Bi2O3 composites demonstrated enhanced photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline (TC) under visible light, attributed to Bi2O3-generated radicals and increased surface area. The composite photocatalyst can be recycled up to three times. This research not only enhances the photocatalytic activity of Bi2O3 but also increases the value of a local waste material, Kaolin clay. Such enhancements could potentially extend to other metal oxides and abundant waste materials within the country.

Removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions using natural and HDTMA-modified bentonite and kaolin clays

This work focused on the removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution using kaolin and bentonite clays modified with hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (HDTMA). The clays were characterized using a zetasizer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Factors that influence the adsorption of Pb(II) from aqueous solution, namely pH, contact time, adsorbent mass, ionic strength, temperature and initial Pb(II) concentration were investigated. The results show that HDTMA was successfully incorporated into the kaolin and bentonite clay structures. The most favorable parameters for the adsorption of Pb(II) ions onto all adsorbents was pH of 6.0, temperature of 25 °C and adsorbent mass of 200 mg. Adsorption isotherms and kinetic studies showed that the adsorption of Pb(II) onto kaolin, bentonite and organobentonite clays followed the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-first order kinetic model, while the adsorption onto organobentonite was better explained by the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic model. Maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of organobentonite, calculated from the Langmuir model was 18.75 mg/g, which is higher than that obtained for the unmodified bentonite (14.71 mg/g); while for organokaolin it was 2.26 mg/g, which is less than that of the unmodified kaolin (4.19 mg/g). Thermodynamic studies showed that the reactions were exothermic and unfavoured at high temperatures. The adsorbents also showed good removal efficiency for up to four regeneration cycles.

Optimization of ceramic proppant properties through an innovative coating approach

In this current research endeavor, a comprehensive exploration into the properties of ceramic coatings has been undertaken, utilizing bauxite, talc, and kaolin clay. The primary focus lies in the meticulous analysis of the mechanical strength of ceramic proppants. The proppant raw material employed is kaolin clay, treated through a dry coating technique and subsequently sintered at 1300°C. Evaluation of sample performance is based on the establishment of coating and substrate shrinkage. Shrinkage and density assessments are separately conducted for the coating mixtures and substrate. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is employed to discern the crystalline phases within the coatings, while structural characterization is facilitated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Density and mechanical strength of proppants are meticulously investigated using picnometry and crush tests. The performances of the coated and uncoated samples were compared and investigated. Interestingly, the coated proppants demonstrate slightly higher density than their uncoated counterparts. Remarkably, the specimen featuring a coating composition of bauxite (72wt%)+clay (25wt%)+talc (3wt%) yields optimal results for mechanical strength. The sole crystalline phase detected in the coating is mullite, with a minimum coating thickness of 10μm.

ANGREN SECONDARY KAOLINITE CLAYS IN THE PRODUCTION OF ALUMINOSILICATE PROPPANTS

The article presents the results of studying the chemical-mineralogical and physical-mechanical characteristics of Angren secondary kaolin and kaolinite clay and their suitability for obtaining aluminosilicate proppants. It was found that the melting point of Angren secondary kaolin is 1540 ° C and the compressive strength in the fired at a temperature of 1400 ℃ reaches up to 105 MPa, and for kaolinite clay these indicators showed 1505 ℃ and 109 MPa, respectively. The obtained indicators suggest that these clay materials can be used as the main component for obtaining aluminosilicate proppants.

Effect of MHD and radiation on biviscous Bingham fluid flow on Marangoni boundary for heat source/sink with chemical reaction

A significance of Marangoni-driven convective magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) was investigated in a planned study. The present study examines the impact of radiation and chemical reactions on the two dimensional boundary layer flow of bi-viscous Bingham fluid on a thermosolutal Marangoni boundary with magnetic field and heat source/sink. The physical flow problem is mathematically modelled into Navier–Stokes equations. These nonlinear partial differential equations are then mapped into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using similarity transformation. The elegant analytical method is used to obtain analytic approximations for the resulting system of nonlinear differential equations. The analytical solution for the temperature and concentration profiles is expressed in terms of Kummer's confluent hypergeometric function. The features of flow characteristics such as velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles in response to the variations of the emerging parameters are simulated and examined with a physical explanation through graphs. Surface tension is considered to be corresponding to heat and mass. The results reveal that the velocity profile decreases with increasing the magnetic field, while the Marangoni number value increases with increasing the velocity profile. Moreover, the temperature profile rises with rising the radiation parameter and whereas the value chemical reaction parameter upsurges with decline concentration profile. The present problem has great interest due to its applications in industrial applications such as drying of silicon wafers, thin layers of paint, glues, in heat exchangers, crystal growth in space, biological fluids, blood, synovial liquids, plasma, lubricants, many pharmaceutical products, proteins, sewage sludge, china clay, and many more.

Feasibility of Utilizing Pulverized Ceramic Wastes as Potential Admixture for an Equimolar Clay-Brick Derivative

The heat-transmuted solid wastes of opalescent structures can be pulverised and recycled entirely for highly developed products. Hence, the objective of this paper was to investigate the feasibility of utilizing pulverised ceramic wastes (CWs) as a potential admixture for fired clay-brick derivative at 950oC with partial substitution at an equal ratio of clay (CL) and kaolin (KL) for water absorption rate and compressive strength test during loading. Several appropriate standard technics were employed. Results revealed that the sole compaction of ceramic wastes (Cs0) has the lowest strength density of 1.21MPa, compared with the progressive linear density of specimens with the addition of clay compositions as stabilizers. Sp10 has a higher resistance of 2.39MPa during compressive loading and a decrease in the quantities of ceramic wastes from Sp11-15 caused a low linear strength but an increase in the water absorption rate. Conclusively, ceramic wastes have a positive effect on clay bricks’ strength and water absorption when equally substituted with clay compositions. The study provides an avenue for solving ceramic waste disposal challenges and unveils the approach to boost the products of waste recycling industries, enhancing technological and economic growth.