Kampar River Research Articles

Phylogenetic, growth performance and protein growth hormone of snakehead fish (Channa striata) from wild stock in Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract Watershed isolation may influence morphological, genetic variations, and protein expression of snakehead fish (Channa striata). This research seeks to identify snakehead diversity from isolated Inland waters in Sumatra, i.e., Kampar River (SK), Merang River (SM), Cala Lake (DC), and Lampam Floodplain (RL). Channa striata samples were collected from inland waters and cultivated in Aquaculture laboratory. Cytochrome b gene was used for genetic characterization. Growth protein was analyzed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA). We collected DNA from four samples at each site. The growth performance of cultivated snakehead fish was also observed. Five hundred post-juvenile snakehead fish from four populations were cultivated for 45-days with five repetitions. Each population had 12 snakehead fish tested for GH protein. Data were statistically tested using ANOVA, maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree analysis, linear regression, and Pearson correlation. The results showed four clusters of snakehead fish in the phylogenetic tree. The DC population had the highest significant value of the daily length growth rate (7.5±0.2 %). The GH protein-growth relationship was low (0.014-0.083). The SM snakehead fish population had the highest concentration of GH protein (1.77±0.11 pg μl−1) and had distinct cyt.b gene clusters from other populations, making it a potential candidate for future aquaculture strain development.

Collaboration Among Stakeholders in Efforts to Control Peatland Ecosystem Damage to Support Sustainable Development Goals (SDGS)

Introduction: The government's efforts to control peatland ecosystem damage are a corrective measure to improve management systems in peatland areas. This case study focuses on the KHG Kampar River – Gaung River and KHG Gaung River – Batangtuaka River in Riau Province. These locations were chosen due to their representation of peatland ecosystem restoration activities from 2017 to 2022. Theoretical Review: Hajer and Wagenaar (2003: 33-37) explain in more detail that deliberative policy is an approach in the public decision-making process that focuses on deep discussion and reflection of various views and approaches before reaching a final decision. This approach involves the active participation of various stakeholders or citizens in decision-making. Collaborative policy dialogue is an alternative approach in policy-making that is becoming increasingly relevant in the Information Age due to technological changes and globalization. Methods: Using a systematic qualitative methodology, this study adopts a descriptive approach to describe field phenomena. Result and Discussion: This study identifies stakeholders, their involvement, and the impact of their collaboration and synergy. Stakeholder collaboration is crucial for addressing peatland ecosystem management issues in these areas. The collaborations include interactions between central and local governments (provincial and district), the government and the private sector, and the government and local communities. Conclusion: Successful stakeholder collaboration has supported the region's sustainable development goals (SDGs). Four pillars were achieved in the efforts to control peatland ecosystem damage: the social pillar, the economic pillar, the environmental pillar, and the governance pillar.

DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS) IN KAMPAR RIVER ESTUARY, PELALAWAN REGENCY, RIAU PROVINCE

The Kampar River Estuary is the main river in Riau province, which empties into the Malacca Strait and has a unique potential for research. The characteristics of the Kampar River Estuary are concurrent and have high tidal elevations, resulting in the occurrence of a Tidal Bore, which is referred to as Bono. The impact of sedimentation is generally quite detrimental, namely the siltation in several places, such as the waters of the Kampar River Estuary, which are dense areas of human activity. This study aimed to determine the relationship between hydrodynamic patterns, suspended solids' distribution pattern, and the concentration value of suspended solids distribution in the Kampar River estuary. This research method is surveyed and discussed descriptively. Current patterns affect the distribution of sediments in the Kampar River estuary. The TSS distribution pattern tends to follow the same direction as the movement of tidal currents where, during high tide, it tends to lead to the southwest of the Kampar River estuary, while during low tide tends to lead to the northeast and northwest, it this is because, in the Kampar River estuary, there is an island that makes the mouth of the Kampar River estuary V-shaped. Between hydrodynamic patterns and TSS distribution patterns, there is a moderate negative relationship (r = 0.50), which means that there is a significant influence between hydro patterns and TSS distribution patterns in the waters of the Kampar River estuary, between hydrodynamic patterns and TSS distribution patterns in the waters of the Kampar River estuary. The lowest value of TSS concentration in the waters of the Kampar River Estuary at high tide to low tide is Station 7, with a range of 102 mg/L, and the highest value at Stations 3, 4, and 9. At station 3, there are values ranging from 1756 mg/L; at station 4, there are values ranging from 2823 mg/L; and at station 9, there are values ranging from 1269 mg/L; the high concentration of TSS results in low brightness in the study area.

Understanding Traditional Malay Communities In Riau Using The Levi-Strauss Framework Of Structuralism

Riau is one of the provinces in the middle of the island of Sumatra. Geographically, Riau's land stretches from the slopes of Bukit Barisan to the coast of the Strait of Malacca. Many traditional Malay settlements are found along the Kampar River, Rokan River, Kampar River, and Indragiri River. Malays are very dominant in Riau Province, but there are also various other ethnic tribes such as Chinese, Banjar, and others. This study will examine the typology of Malay settlements in Riau Province. Typology is the study of types, that is, the attempt to conduct a review of types based on certain criteria. In this case, the framework of Levi-Strauss structuralism is the basis for a review of typology. Levi-Strauss believes that structuralism based on structural studies developed in culture, such as myths, beliefs, language, and symbols can be used as a reference for understanding a society including in the study of traditional settlements. This study uses literature research methods. The stages of the literature review are determining research topics, collecting information and data through various materials and scientific papers, discussion, and writing. Learn from various information about Malay settlements in Riau Province such as the Koto Sentajo settlement, Akit Tribe settlement, Kampung Dalam settlement, Siak Hulu settlement, and Rokan Hulu Defense Village settlement. Culture played an important role in the formation of these traditional Malay settlements. Each Malay settlement formed its distinctive features based on the cultural structure that was developed and adopted. Different cultural elements such as Malay dialects, social strata structures, customary institutions, rituals, inheritance, and kinship systems affect different typologies of traditional Malay settlements.

Assessment of Energy Sustainability Enhancement of a Paper Industry in Riau, Indonesia

The Paper industry is an energy-intensive and one of the most energy-consuming industries in Indonesia. In this study, Paper Mill energy sources come from coal and renewable energy such as black liquor as a substitute for coal and on-grid 9MW PV system are reassessed by using optimization software, HOMER. This study aims to present a feasibility study of increasing the use of renewable energy sources in Paper Mill to reduce coal consumption for more sustainability. The software HOMER is used as a tool to determine the most feasible combination of component considered in the study. It is feasible to reduce 10,84% coal consumption kg per year with the optimal renewable energy mix consisting of additional 24MW rooftop PV system and 5,94kW hydrokinetic energy from Kampar River located 6 km from the plant. Renewable fraction increased to 16%. This study result is good for sustainable growth of Paper Mill business that investments in climate and nature to support the Indonesian government in achieving net zero emissions.

Molecular Characterization of Danau Selais Fish (Ompok hypophthalmus) and Kaporeh Selais Fish (Ompok eugeneiatus) from Riau Province of Indonesia using Mitochondrial 12S rRNA

The floodplain river in Riau is inhabited by various types of vertebrate animals including fish from the genus Ompok. The rapid development of species in the Ompok genus can cause ambiguity in species identity due to inaccurate identification processes. This research aims to analyze the molecular characteristics of two types of selais fish, namely danau selais fish (O. hypophthalmus) and kaporeh selais fish (O. eugeneiatus) from Riau based on 12S rRNA sequences. Methods included sampling of fishes from the Kampar, Tapung and Indragiri Rivers, the total DNA isolation, PCR, electrophoresis, sequencing and data analysis. In this study, the 12S rRNA DNA sequence of the selais fish studied was 939 bp in size. The sequences consisted of 803 bp of conserved sites (86.15%), 127 bp of variable sites (13.52%), 53 bp of parsimony sites (5.64%) and 73 bp of singleton sites (18.57%), with the composition of Adenine 31.7 %, Cytosine 26.9%, Thymine 20.9% and Guanine 20.4%. The average genetic distance between the two species was ±0.034, with the lowest genetic distance identified in the species O. hypophthalmus and O. eugeneiatus from the Indragiri River with a value of ±0.032, while the farthest genetic distance was identified in the species O. eugeneiatus from the Kampar River and the species C. gariepinus (Out group) with a value of ±0.092. Transition substitution (19.50%) occurs more frequently than transversion (10.94%). Phylogenetic reconstruction showed that the two species can be separated into distinct groups based on 12S rRNA sequences.

Rancang Bangun Alat Penjernih Air Tipe Portable Menggunakan Metode Nigel Cross

The earth's surface consists of 71% water, water itself has unique characteristics, both physical and chemical. The Kampar river basin has a direct influence on the quality of groundwater (wells) for the residents of Kampung Baru Salo Hamlet. This is because this area is directly adjacent to the Kampar river, ground water (wells) in every house of the residents of Kampung Baru Hamlet is used for daily needs such as consumption, bathing and washing. Along with rapid population growth, the need for clean water is also increasing. This is one of the problems that occurs in Kampung Baru Hamlet, namely the lack of groundwater (wells) that is clean and suitable for consumption. The research carried out by the author discusses how to design a portable water purifier that is efficient and uses easily available materials. This design was carried out using the Nigel cross method. Data collection was carried out by giving questionnaires to 25 respondents who experienced difficulties with clean well water (fit for consumption). Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, the researchers concluded that portable water purifiers can overcome the problem of lack of clean water that occurs in the community and also that the materials for making them are easy to obtain so that people can make them at home. Based on the results of consumption standard testing, the water produced from this filtration process meets the standard consumption requirements, namely 7 - 9 pH.

The DNA Barcode of cytb on Selais Bungkuk Fish (Hemisilurus heterorhynchus Bleeker) Originating from Riau, Indonesia

Selais bungkuk (Hemisilurus heterorhynchus Bleeker) is one of catfishes which is a member of family Siluridae and order Siluriformes. Selais bungkuk is an endemic fish in Riau Province. The scientific study of this fish is still limited including DNA barcoding study. This research aims to analyze the DNA barcode of cytochrome b (cytb) on selais bungkuk. Methods included colleting the fishes from Kampar River (three individuals) and Tapung River (three individuals); total DNA extraction from the muscle; electrophoresis, PCR, sequencing; and bioinformatics analysis. In this study, cytb DNA sequences were obtained from the six individual fishes studied with a size of 339 bp. The six sequences have been registered at GenBank with registration numbers MH633750, MH633751, MH633752 from Kampar River, MH633753, MH633754, and MH633755 from Tapung River. The BLASTn analysis showed that the selais bungkuk fish had the highest similarity of 92.63% with H. mekongensis and the lowest (90.00%) with selais janggut (Kryptopterus limpok). There were three nucleotides that characterize the selais bungkuk fish based on the cytb sequence such as nucleotide number 205, 229, and 280. The cytb sequence can distinguish groups of catfish separately based on their species. Conclusions and recommendations, the cytb sequences obtained in this study are the first to be reported in selais bungkuk fish and can be used as a reference for identifying this species.

Optimizing the Growth and Production of Shallots (Allium ascalonicum L) by applying Liquid Organic Fertilizer from Kampar River Fish Waste on Ultisol Soil

Red onion is a strategic commodity because it is one of the horticultural products required for household consumption, the culinary industry, and medicinal purposes. The Kampar Regency is known for producing river fish, which the residents of Kampar and Pekanbaru consume. If this refuse is not correctly managed, it can pollute the environment. This refuse can be converted into liquid organic fertilizer (POC) due to its ability to improve soil fertility and shallot plant growth. This study aimed to determine the effect of interaction and the primary optimization of the growth and yield of shallots on ultisol soil by administering POC derived from the fish refuse of the Kampar River. The investigation was conducted in the experimental garden of the Riau Islamic University, Pekanbaru, Faculty of Agriculture. The research employed a wholly random design with two factors. The first factor consisted of four levels of concentration of river fish waste (0, 22,5, 45, 67.5, and 90 ml-1) and the second factor consisted of four levels of frequency of river fish waste (1, 2, 3, 4 times). The data were analyzed and the BNJ Advanced Test was administered at a 5% confidence level. The results indicated that the interaction and main effects were significant for plant height, number of leaves, age of tuber formation, number of tubers, wet tuber weight and dried tuber weight, with the optimal treatment consisting of 67.5 – 90 ml-1 applied three to four times.

TRADISI MANDI BALIMAU KASAI DI DESA BATU BELAH KEC. BANGKINANG KAB. KAMPAR PROV. RIAU

One of the traditions that has survived to this day in the area of Stone Belah Kec by Kab. Kampar is the tradition of the Balimau Kasai bath that is performed in the month of Ramadan with the aim of purifying yourself. This study examines specifically the Balimau Kasai bathing tradition in the village of Stone Belah, reviewing the historicity of the tradition and its impact on society. The research method used is qualitative-descriptive, with the collection of data from live interviews and sources from books, journals, and articles related to the dissemination of research. The results showed that the Balimau Kasai bathing tradition was carried out by Muslim society in line with the arrival of Islam, and the influence of Islam was felt in Kampar in the 14th century. So the tradition of bathing Balimau Kasai is one of the traditions resulting from the harmonization between custom, the elements of old beliefs (Hindu and Buddhist), and the teachings of Islam. Regarding the implementation of the tradition in accordance with the previous generations, which is to boil the purple lemon, pack the kasai limon, make traditional food, and slaughter the kerbau, bring the rantang containing the limon that has been packed with kasai and the ranting that contains the ninik mamak food to the house of relatives, get limon money, have Asar prayer in the mosque for men, and further bathe in the Kampar River, and the last celebration. Today, the series of practices begins with the donation to the orphans, then the delivery of religious material, and finally the feast of the banana. As for the impact of the implementation of the Balimau Kasai bathing tradition on society, it is the strengthening of Islamic values, the development of cultural tourism, the movement of the economy of the community, and the deviation of values.

Model for Optimizing Land Use to Support Sustainable Environmental Economic Strengthening in the Upper Kampar River Basin

Simple and complex agroforestry systems can be implemented simultaneously in the cultivation area within the Upper Kampar River Basin. Based on the ArcSWAT simulation results, the surface runoff (Qsurf) was estimated to be 37.20 mm, which is significantly lower than the existing land use runoff in 2014, which was 102.12 mm. This forms the basis for implementing simple agroforestry and complex agroforestry systems in the Upper Kampar River Basin. The plant species that can support these agroforestry systems are selected based on the principles of land conservation and the suitability of local plants in the Upper Kampar Watershed environment. Four types of filler plants are considered: coffee and cocoa for the simple agroforestry system, and gambier and ambon bananas/kepok bananas for the complex agroforestry system. These plant species are the most dominant filler plants in the Upper Kampar Watershed. To optimize the land with these filler plant species, analysis is conducted using Quantitative Methods (QM) for Windows 4 software based on objective functions and constraint functions. The analysis determines that coffee is suitable for the simple agroforestry system, while gambier is suitable for the complex agroforestry system. Before land optimization with the planting of coffee, cocoa, gambier, and ambon bananas/kepok bananas, the net profit is estimated to be IDR. 359,113,963,811.06. After optimizing the land and developing it with the suitable filler plant species, only coffee and gambier are planted, while cocoa and ambon bananas/kepok bananas are planted according to the available area. As a result, the net profit increases to IDR. 951,426,300,000, with an economic value increase of IDR. 592,312,336,188.94 per year.

Numerical approaches for Boussinesq type equations with its application in Kampar River, Indonesia

In this study, we examine numerous numerical approaches for solving the 1-Dimensional Boussinesq problem. The proposed methods to be discussed include Mohapatra and Chaudhry’s two-four finite difference scheme, the modified two-four finite difference scheme, and the staggered finite volume scheme. The modified two-four finite difference scheme and staggered finite volume scheme has a shorter computational time than the Mohapatra–Chaudhry scheme, which reduces the computational cost. We compare the performance of each numerical scheme against the analytical solutions and approximate solutions using different type of numerical method that is called the MUSCL4 scheme. Furthermore, the calculated results are compared and utilized to assess the contribution of each individual Boussinesq term. Each Boussinesq term was evaluated to examine its affect on the Boussinesq equation’s calculated result. Further, we also implement the numerical schemes that we formulate to investigate the undular bore phenomena in Kampar River. This finding may be useful to those who use the Boussinesq equation to study fluid or wave phenomena.

Uji Kelayakan Air Minum Di Desa Kampung Pinang Kecamatan Perhentian Raja Kabupaten Kampar

Water is a natural resource that is absolutely necessary for life and human life, as well as in the environmental management system, water is the main element. In everyday life, water is a basic need for the quality and sustainability of human life. Therefore, water must be available in sufficient quantity and quality. Fulfillment of water needs can be done by means of individual systems or communal systems (groups). PAMSIMAS (Community-Based Drinking Water and Sanitation Provision) is one of the programs implemented by the government which is implemented in rural and suburban areas which is carried out with a communal system (https://pamsimas.pu.go.id/). One of them is in Kampung Pinang Village, Perhentian Raja District, Kampar Regency in the form of assistance for clean water tanks. Prior to the existence of the reservoir from the PAMSIMAS government program, villagers used Kampar River water to meet their daily needs. Physically, Kampar river water looks brownish in color, this shows that the water is not suitable for consumption and is used for household needs. The PAMSIMAS that is being built currently uses water sources from below the ground surface which are usually used for cooking needs by the residents of Kampung Pinang Village. However, the water quality physically looks colorful. If this is still used continuously, it will greatly affect the health of the people of Kampung Pinang Village. Clean water is water that meets the requirements for a drinking water supply system, where the intended requirements are requirements in terms of water quality which include physical, chemical, biological and radiological qualities, so that when consumed it does not cause side effects (Kemenkes RI, 1990). From the results of the water quality test from the UPT Health Laboratory of the Pekanbaru City Government Health Service, it was found that for water sourced from PAMSIMAS drilled water, all test parameters met the requirements. Meanwhile, for water originating from rivers, the parameters of turbidity, color, iron, manganese, and total coliforms do not meet the requirements.

Monitoring of ecotoxicological parameters in the floating net cage area in Buluhcina Village, Kampar District, Riau Province, Indonesia

Net cages culture activities produced organic pollutant that are distributed in the surrounding area and thus affects the water’s ecotoxicological parameters. This research was conducted along the Kampar River in the village of Buluhcina during the period of May to July 2023. Water samples were collected three times and the parameters measure were TSS, DO, COD, pH, Nitrite and Total P. Results indicate that in general, the water quality of the Kampar River’s was less contaminated (Pollution Index 1.19). The most polluted area was in Station 1 (PI 1.35) as indicated by high TSS and nitrite content that were more than the standard level. Relatively high nitrate content was also found in Station 3 (0.08 mg/l). In Station 2, however, the water quality was relatively good (PI 0.87), and the COD level was slightly above the standard value (0.5 mg/l). Based on data collected, it can be concluded that the water quality in the study site can be categorized as good and it may be used to conduct aquaculture activities.

The Ecological Analysis of The Habitat of Semah Fish (Tor tambroides, Bleeker 1854) in The Kampar Kanan Hulu River Koto Kampar Hulu District, Kampar Regency, Riau Province

Semah fish (Tor tambroides, Bleeker 1854) is one of the asian endemic fish species that have high economic value. Living from this semah fish inhabits the upper reaches of the river, one of which is the upper reaches of the right upper Kampar river, which is located in Koto Kampar Hulu District, Kampar Regency, Riau Province. From the data and information obtained, the presence of the number of semah fish in the Kampar river continues to experience a decrease in population. The decline in the population of this semah fish is thought to be due to changes in the ecological conditions of this semah fish habitat. This study aims to analyze ecological aspects, namely in the form of physico-chemical factors of water quality of the Kampar Kanan Hulu River in Bandur Picak village as a habitat for semah fish. Water sampling was carried out in the waters of the Kampar Hulu Kanan River, Bandur Picak Village, Koto Kampar Hulu District, Kampar Regency, Riau Province. This study used a survey method where data was taken directly to the location using in situ and exsitu analysis to explain the characteristics of the semah fish habitat. Data analysis was carried out descriptively. The results of this study showed in measuring water quality with the results of physical parameters, including: temperature of 24—26 °C, current speed of 0,44—0.5 m/s, depth of 0.95—2.3 m, and brightness of 0,44—0.5 m, Total Suspended Solid (TSS) 6—11 mg/l, Total Suspended Solid (TDS) 28.2—37.6 ppm. As for the chemical parameters, the water quality is as follows: DO 7,2—8 ppm, pH 6, CO2 7.99 ppm, Total Posphat 0.15—0.17 ppm, Total Nitrogen 1.28—1.46 mg/l and NH3 0.11—0.14 ppm.

Study of Genetic Diversity of Native Indonesian Catfish Based on Nucleotide Sequences of the ND1 Gene

One of the native catfish to Indonesia is the baung fish (Hemibagrus). Baung fish are found in rivers in Sumatra, Kalimantan and Java. The catfish population is declining, thus conservation is needed to prevent extinction. To conduct an effective conservation efforts, molecular studies are needed to confirm the fish species from the three islands. Mitochondrial DNA is one of the markers that is often used to see the lineage and kinship of animals for conservation purposes. The purpose of this study is to determine the genetic diversity of the NADH Dehydrogenase Subunit I (ND1) gene catfish from each of these locations, can be used as a genetic marker. Samples were obtained from their natural habitat, namely Magelang (5), Palembang (3), Riau (2), Samarinda (2), 2 from Sintang, and 3 from Banjarmasin. The DNA of the fish sample was then isolated and then used as a template for amplification of DNA fragments using PCR techniques. Amplikon (PCR product) was then purified by gel extraction and then sequenced to determine the DNA sequence. The potential of DNA sequences as catfish genetic markers was proven by analyzing genetic diversity between species using the MEGA version 7.0 program (Kumar et al., 2016). The sequencing results 972 nucleotides composing the ND gene, and found differences in 268 nucleotide sites and 47 amino acid sites. Based on the nucleotide sequence of the ND1 gene, catfish from the Progo river (Magelang, Central Java), the Musi river (Palembang, Sumatra), the Kampar river (Riau), the Kapuas river (Sintang, Kalimantan), the Martapura river (Banjarmasin), the Mahakam river (Kalimantan) is included in the Hemibagrus sp.; catfish from the Elo river (Magelang, Central Java) belongs to the genus Mystus sp.; catfish from the Bengawan Solo river (Bojonegoro, East Java) belongs to the Pangasius sp.

Morphometric Surface Dimension Analysis of Three Different Oxbow Lakes in Lubuk Siam Village

Oxbow lake is usually formed in a meandering river. Lubuk Siam village is one of the places passed by the Kampar River, which has a meander shape. In this study, there are three oxbow lakes to be studied: Lubuk Siam, Selat Panjang, and Putus. Morphometric Surface Dimension data was collected by using geographical information system (GIS). It was then analyzed using GIS data processing software. The results showed that Lake Putus has the most significant area compared to the other two lakes adjacent to each other. The size of Lake Putus is 22.99 Ha. The results showed that three of these lakes’ shoreline development index (SDI) value is less than 1. This SDI value shows that the shape of the lake is regular. The lake’s regular shape indicates the lake’s low productivity as a result of a low number of nutrient inputs.

The Great Potential of Sengarat Fish (Belodontichthys dinema, Bleeker 1851) to Become an Aquaculture Commodity in Buluh Nipis Village, Siak Hulu District, Kampar Regency

Sengarat fish, with the Latin name Belodontichthys dinema, Bleeker 1851, is a fishery commodity with high economic value and became a proud species of the community and was used as an icon of Riau Province. The current condition is that the existence of Sengarat Fish continues to decline due to overfishing, the use of fishing gear that is not environmentally friendly, and habitat destruction. Therefore, it is necessary to domesticate as an effort to develop sengarat fish into one of the aquaculture commodities. This study aims to determine the ecological value and economic status from the angle of fishing fishers and collecting traders, as well as the public’s interest in sengarat fish farming. The research was conducted in Buluh Nipis Village, Siak Hulu District, Kampar Regency, in July 2022. The method used is a description analysis obtained from literature, interviews, and surveys. The respondents used for interviews and surveys were ten people with the status of capture fishers and one gathering merchant. The Kampar river environment, which is used as a sengarat fishing ground, has a reasonably good condition but has experienced siltation due to the conversion of land into oil palm plantations along the watershed. Based on interviews, the catch of sengarat fish by fishers has declined over the past five years. This is characterized by not every day sengarat fish caught and only existing in certain months or seasons. The economic status of sengarat fish is high economic fish, characterized by a reasonably high selling price in the market, which ranges from Rp.130,000 to Rp.150,000-per kilogram. The status of sengarat fish farming is that wild fish are still being caught in the country, and there is no technology or effort to cultivate them.

Real-Time Properties of Hydraulic Jump off a Tidal Bore, Its Generation and Transport Mechanisms: A Case Study of the Kampar River Estuary, Indonesia

Since the hydraulic jump off a tidal bore in the Kampar Estuary has never been well-described, real-time measurements of hydraulic jump properties are crucial to understanding the tidal bore characteristics. This study aims to determine the real-time properties of a tidal bore generation, hydraulic jump, and transport mechanism in the Kampar River estuary. Tidal harmonic and range are analyzed using least-square-based tidal modeling. The tidal bore height and turbulent velocity records based on ADCP surveys in the estuary and upstream area are used to determine the hydraulic jump properties. Furthermore, an acoustic-based approach is also employed to quantify the suspended sediment concentration and flux during the passage of the bore. Kampar Estuary is predominated by semidiurnal co-tidal components (M2 and S2), where, based on the phase lag magnitude, it is categorized as an ebb-dominant estuary. This finding is proven by the more intense and prolonged ebb phases, especially during spring tidal conditions where the tidal range reaches 4 m. Of particular concern, the tidal bore height declines by 1.5 m every 20 km upstream with an erratic turbulent velocity. A sudden increase in transverse and vertical velocity during the passage of bore (ranging from −0.9 to 0.2 m/s) reflects the potency of sediment resuspension in the surrounding river edge marked by the significant increase in suspended sediment flux of about 3.7 times larger than at the end of the ebb tide. However, long-term measurement and regular bathymetry surveys are crucial to monitor the tidal bore behavior and morpho-dynamics in the Kampar River estuary.

Effects of Corn Stalks Ash as A Substitution Material of Cement Due to the Concrete Strength of Rigid Pavement

Cement is an adhesive material for concrete mixtures in addition to water, fine and coarse aggregates. One of the main ingredients of cement is silica (SiO2) which is originated from the earth's crust. Silica is also available in plants such as corn stalks. This research is aimed to utilize the corn stalk ash (CSA) as an alternative substitution for some cement in concrete for the rigid pavement of road construction. According to the Indonesian standard, the flexural tensile strength should be exceeded at least 4.5 MPa. The flexural tensile strength has also a correlation due to compressive strength.
 The concrete materials consisted of the coarse aggregate (river crushed stone) from Kampar River and Danau Bingkuang sands from Kampar District of Riau Province, and Portland Composite Cement from Semen Padang. The CSA was made by burning the dried corn stalks in a steel cylinder can over 24 hours. The content of CSA was varied by 0%, 5%, 7% and 9%. The compressive strength design of concrete was 31,3 MPa. Testing procedures were based on the Indonesian Standard for concrete. The tested specimens have consisted of cube specimens (150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm) for compressive tests, and beam specimens (150 mm x 150 mm x 600 mm) for flexural strength tests. All specimens were tested on 28 days-age.
 The results show that CSA can be used as a partial substitution of cement in concrete. The addition of CSA tends to increase the compressive strength of concrete instead of its flexural tensile strength. The optimum content of CSA was 7% and resulted in an 8.0% and 6.9% increase in compressive and flexural tensile strength due to design respectively. Compressive and flexural tensile strength fulfilled the standard. Flexural tensile strength is obtained by 15% of the compressive strength. Cornstalk ash can be used as a substitution of cement for rigid pavement concrete. It can reduce the utilization of cement and will be potentially cost efficiency.