Kama Basin Research Articles

Studying the Electrical Conductivity of Natural Waters in a Pulsed Field of Increasing Intensity: Case Study of the Kama Basin District

Studying the Electrical Conductivity of Natural Waters in a Pulsed Field of Increasing Intensity: Case Study of the Kama Basin District

Palaeoecological reconstruction of the Late Glacial and Early Holocene based on pollen data from lake Novozhilovo (Perm region, Russia)

This paper provides the first paleolimnological studies performed in the upper Kama basin (Perm region). These yielded a detailed pollen record characterizing the changes in the natural conditions of the transition from the periglacial environment of the Late Glacial period to the interglacial conditions of the Holocene between 14.15 and 10.0 cal ka BP. It was found that open birch woodland with larch existed in the Allerød period (14.15–12.7 сal ka BP) and was replaced by larch forest-steppe during the Younger Dryas (12.7–11.5 cal ka BP). The spread of spruce began in the early Holocene between 11.5 and 10.7 cal ka BP, whereas open larch and spruce woodlands became dominant between 10.7 and 10.0 cal ka BP. Quantitative palaeoclimatic reconstruction reveals that the average temperature of the warmest month (July) and the annual precipitation were considerably lower than modern values. The average July temperature increased from 10 to 16ºС between 14.15 and 12.7 cal ka BP. Then, small fluctuations within 1ºС occurred between 12.7 and 10.0 cal ka BP. The average annual precipitation was 200-300 mm below modern values between 14.15 and 10.7 cal ka BP and reached them only after 10.7 cal ka BP.

Annotated checklist of free-living flatworms (Plathelminthes: Catenulida, Rhabditophora) of the Volga–Kama basin, Russia

This article provides an overview of the taxonomic composition of free-living flatworms (Plathelminthes: Catenulida, Rhabditophora) in the Volga–Kama basin. A total of 143 flatworm species from 43 genera have been recorded from this region over more than 150 years of research, i.e. starting from the 1870s. The annotated checklist includes synonymy and taxonomic notes on some species. It also summarises the available data on the distribution of free-living flatworms across the largest river basin of Europe.

Morphodynamic of the Kosa River Channel as a Reflection of the Direction of the Channel Processes in the Development Valleys of Glaciolacustrine Terraces (Upper Kama Basin)

Abstract—The article is devoted to identification of peculiarities of development of channel processes in river valleys with distribution of glaciolacustrine terraces. Kosa river was chosen as the largest right tributary of the upper Kama. The resources of GoogleEarthPro and Yandex Maps were used in the process of interpretation of space images and obtaining quantitative information. The morphodynamic types of a river channel was made on the basis of the analysis of elements of floodplain-channel landscape complexes. The indicator of the ratio of the width of the floodplain to the width of the valley was considered as a feature of the development of channel processes in the areas of the distribution of the glaciolacustrine terrace. This ratio is 1 : 1 at the upper Kosa river outside the Kosinskaya Lowland. It is 1 : 9 at the middle Kosa river, and 1 : 3 at the Kosa downstream. The location of the meander belt in the left of the valley side is a feature of the development of channel processes. This indicates the presence of a stable and long-term planform channel changes from the east to the west in the past. The leading morphodynamic channel types are free meanders and confined straight channel for the Kosa upper stream. In the Kosa middle stream, in which most of the valley is represented by a glaciolacustrine terrace, confined bends already play a significant role in the structure of morphodynamic types of a river channel, while maintaining the leading role of free meanders. At the same time, a high proportion of the distribution of the straight confined channel is observed.

Комплекс металлических изделий эпохи Первого Тюркского каганата из Бесланского могильника (Северная Осетия)

The article discusses metal finds from the burial 1 under the kurgan 876 of the Beslan kurgan catacomb burial ground which are suitable for reconstructing the appearance of the objects. The results of these kurgan excavations are presented in the same issue of the Journal by D.S. Korobov and V.Yu. Malashev; this article is an analytical appendix to their research paper. Small hollow B-shaped buckles with a fixed plate in the form of a “heraldic shield” with side notches are divided into five blocks of variants. The author has presented their catalog, map, and basis for dating. The buckles from Beslan are a synthesis of Eastern European and Byzantine traditions, their closest analogue is found in Karshi-Bair (Southwestern Crimea) and is dated from about the mid – 3rd quarter of the 6th century AD. Other close analogies are indicative mainly for the second half of the 6th – early 7th century. The flat four-petal belt mounts with beveled edges are divided into three blocks of variants. Their catalog and map are presented, the evolution in time and area are considered, taking into account mounts of similar shapes. The Beslan belt mounts belong to the block of variants 2 formed in the Lower Kama basin or in the zone that includes this region. Their emergence in the North Caucasus is connected with the establishment of the control of the First Turkic Khaganate here between 569 and 576. The distribution of similar objects in a number of regions is explained by the involvement of local troops in the military actions of the Turks. For the sedentary population, this also marks the distribution of early versions of pseudo-buckles. Three fragments from Beslan are interpreted as strap-ends imitating expensive products decorated with inserts and grains. The spring with a bowstring and a needle on a T-shaped stand belonged to a fibula, most likely double-plate characteristic of the North Caucasus in the mid-5th – 6th / first half 7th century AD. The complex 876 of the Beslan kurgan catacomb burial ground, as well as a number of other complexes from the North Caucasus, dating to about the 3rd third 6th – early 7th century, are indicators of the First Turkic Khaganate period in the history of the Alans and other peoples of the North Caucasus.

Review of materials for the study of diatoms in the Permian Kama region and the first results of diatom analysis of Lake Novozhilovo sediments

The article provides an overview of geological and paleogeographic studies in which materials based on diatom analysis were obtained. Part of these studies is taken from the database of paleoarchives of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene of the Permian Kama region – PaleoPerm. The following are the results of the initial viewing of the obtained samples of the lake Novozhilovo (Kama-Keltma lowland, Upper Kama basin), for the presence of diatoms. In the near future, a species determination of diatom flaps, their counting, visualization of the data obtained and their interpretation will be carried out.

The Likhvin (=Holsteinian, =Hoxnian) small mammal faunas of Europe (MIS 11) with reference to the easternmost Likhvin small mammal locality Rybnaya Sloboda (Volga basin, Russia)

Numerous small mammal localities assigned to the beginning of the Late Middle Pleistocene (Holstein, Likhvin, Hoxne Interglacial) were discovered in Europe during the last years. The stratigraphical position of a number of these faunas and the regional differences are discussed in the paper. The new Likhvin small mammal locality Rybnaya Sloboda (Lower Kama basin, Volga basin, Russia) is the easternmost site of this age in Europe. The rich fauna was discovered in fluvial deposits of the 3rd terrace (III) of the Kama River; sediments that are covered by loess deposits with a series of paleosols. The Rybnaya Sloboda fauna includes 16 species of insectivores, lagomorphs and rodents. Remains of the archaic water vole Arvicola cantianus and the Middle Pleistocene steppe lemming Lagurus transiens dominate the fossils assemblage. The evolutional level of the Arvicolinae remains permits the assignment to the Gun'kovian small mammal assemblage and a correlation with the Likhvin Interglacial (MIS 11) (∼424–374 ka BP). The ecological features of the small mammal assemblage indicate a forest-steppe landscape in the lower Kama basin during MIS 11. The comparison with, and the analysis of numerous European Likhvin (= Holsteinian, = Hoxnian) small mammal faunas indicate a geographical biozonation that shows similarities with the biozonation reconstructed for the Eemian (= Mikulino, MIS 5e) Interglacial.

Kosa Mesolithic Sites in the Context of the Palaeoenvironmental History of the Upper Kama Basin in the Late Glacial and Early Holocene

Kosa Mesolithic Sites in the Context of the Palaeoenvironmental History of the Upper Kama Basin in the Late Glacial and Early Holocene

Методики краткосрочного прогнозирования стока рек бассейна Камы

For the rivers of the Kama basin, two methods have been developed for daily short-term forecasting of average daily water discharges with a lead time of 1, 2, and 3 days. The first technique uses the HBV-96 river runoff formation conceptual model and the subsequent correction of forecasts outputs. The second technique is based on the hydrograph extrapolation method and is limited to the data of hydrological observations available by the date of the forecast. For the first technique, the expected values of the COSMO-Ru meteorological model temperature and precipitation forecasts are used for the lead-time period of the hydrological forecast. The influence of meteorological forecast errors on the accuracy of river streamflow forecasts was analyzed. The results of the verification based on an independent sample showed that, in general, both methods give a satisfactory forecast quality. The technique that uses the runoff formation model and meteorological information is slightly more accurate than the hydrograph extrapolation method, and its advantage increases with increasing forecast lead time. Keywords: Kama basin, water discharge, hydrological model, correction, extrapolation, verification, forecast quality

Hydrochemistry of the rivers of the Kama basin in the Northern and Middle Urals

The hydrochemical indicators of four rivers of the Kama basin (Kolva, Sylva, Shakva and Kishertka), flowing in the territory of the Northern and Middle Urals within the Perm region, have been analysed. It is shown that the river waters of both regions are characterized by common feeding conditions. The data of macro- and microelement analysis made it possible to carry out a modern assessment of the quality of river runoff, as well as to carry out a comparative analysis of the hydrochemical parameters of the waters of the surface runoff of two geographical regions.

Three Silver Dishes from Yugra

We introduce medieval silver dishes found near Peregrebnoye, Oktyabrsky District, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra, Western Siberia. In our opinion, they are associated with the Peregrebnoye I fortified site, dating to the late first to early second millennia AD. They may also have belonged to an Ob Ugric sanctuary. A chronological and cultural attribution of the dishes is proposed. The dish likely representing an ibex is considered to be Sogdian, belonging to the second stage of School A, according to B.I. Marshak. It has several parallels among the medieval silver vessels from the Kama basin. The tripod dish, showing a lion clawing a deer against a background decorated with a circular stamp, is either Sogdian or eastern Iranian, dating to late 8th to 10th centuries. The one representing a king riding a horse and accompanied by two warriors is a somewhat simplified replica of Sasanian prototypes, and could have been manufactured in one of the trade centers of eastern Iran or Central Asia no earlier than the 8th century—likely in the 9th–10th centuries. The Peregrebnoye finds are analyzed with reference to the 8th–10th century Sogdian and eastern Iranian silver vessels from the Lower Ob region. Their distribution area includes the Severnaya Sosva and Synya Rivers, and the vicinity of Berezovo.

Development perspectives of channel processes in the Sylva River basin (the Kama basin) in the XXI century

According to some well-established connections between air temperatures and atmospheric precipitation for the entire period of instrumental observations, it is concluded that the modern values of humidification in the Sylva River basin (the Kama basin) will be preserved until the end of the XXI century. When determining the trend in the development of channel processes, results of forecasts of relative changes in the annual runoff calculated for the East-European Plain with an ensemble of 7 CMIP3 models are used. The range of fluctuations is 0.9–1.1. The development of channel processes in the territory under study will not undergo significant changes in its orientation and activity until the end of the XXI century.

Copepod Eurytemoracaspica Sukhikh et Alekseev, 2013 (Crustacea, Calanoida) in Volga and Kama River Reservoirs

In 2013, a new species, Eurytemora caspica Sukhikh et Alekseev, 2013, was described from the northern part of the Caspian Sea. A thorough morphological analysis of Eurytemora from the Volga River basin by the original descriptors of the species has shown that E. caspica, rather than previously assumed E. affinis, actually inhabits the studied area. The species E. affinis itself was not detected in any sample. Analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI) has confirmed the species status of the studied populations from the Caspian Sea and some other areas of the Volga basin. The species is widespread throughout the Volga basin to the Kama Reservoir at the confluence of the Inva and Kosva rivers (58°52′ N) in the north and has penetrated to the mouth of the Kama River (55°12′ N) upstream the Volga. During summer, the abundance of the species in different parts of the Volga–Kama basin ranged from single findings to several thousand species per cubic meter.

Картографический веб-сервис мониторинга снежного покрова и опасных гидрологических явлений в бассейне р. Камы: особенности создания и информационного наполнения

The development of web-GIS for operational visualization and analysis of the hydrological threats is one of the main ways to improve the monitoring and forecasting of hazardous hydrological events (HHE). This paper considers the structure and content of the online web map service for monitoring snow cover and HHE in the Kama river basin (http://hydromonitor.maps.psu.ru/). The regional departments of the Russian hydro-meteorological service, Kama Basin Water Administration and other institutions interested in operational obtaining of the hydrological information can successfully use the developed web map service. Basic and thematic layers are distinguished in the structure of the web map service. Thematic layers include daily updated monitoring and modelling outputs and other data (that does not require regular updating). The layers of river basins and observational network (weather stations and gauging stations) of the Russian hydro-meteorological service are the information basis of the service. The GIS layers of flooded settlements, locations of ice jams formation on the rivers, HHE and flood zones in floodplains have been created on the basis of the analysis of scientific publications, hydrological gauges, flood damage reports in media and satellite images. The database of HHE includes 97 records (75 HHE), which happened in 63 settlements. Most of HHE causing significant damage were occurred in the Belaya river basin, and the largest areas of flooded floodplain are also located in the same basin. Also, the simulated characteristics of snow cover (snow water equivalent, meltwater outflow and snow-covered area) are published on the web map service. The input data for calculations are daily forecasts of the air temperature, humidity, wind speed and precipitation by numerical weather prediction models ICON (Germany) and GFS (USA), as well as weather station data. The data are updated daily, and their spatial resolution is 3 km.

Population of the Upper and Middle Kama basin in the Neolithic

The paper gives a description of the landscapes formed in the Upper and Middle Kama basin in the Holocene. First of all, we talk about the first river terraces and the most ancient floodplain generations. In the Upper and Middle Kama basin, 78 Neolithic sites are known. During the mapping of the study area, 4 micro regions were identified with a large concentration of Neolithic settlements and territories with no Neolithic sites are known. The first group includes: the old-channel formation of the Chashkinskoye Lake, the Berezovaya River and the Chusovsky Lake District, the old-channel formation of the Khomutovskoe Lake and surroundings of Perm. The second one is the Upper Kama in the Gainsky and Kosinsky District s of the Perm Region and middle flows of the Chusovaya and Sylva rivers. The analysis of Neolithic sites locations showed that there is a dependence on the first formed terraces and the most ancient floodplains of large water arteries. Actually the most of the sites were located on its tributaries rather than on the upper Kama river.

Freshwater Mollusks of the Vyatka-Kama Interfluve

Data on the structure of malacocenoses in unregulated flow of the upper Vyatka and Kama basin are summarized. Freshwater malacofauna is formed by 58 species from 9 families represented mainly by widespread species with European and European–Western Siberian types of distribution range. Mollusks are typical for all benthic ecosystems in the Vyatka River. The maximum species diversity is recorded in the upper reaches of the river and is mainly represented by Gastropoda (53%). Bivalvia (58–71%) are dominant downstream. The structure of Unionidae varies along the longitudinal profile of the river: Unio crassus and Pseudanodontakletii are common in overgrown upper reaches; Unio tumidus and Unio pictorum are common along the river bed. The species composition of Sphaeriidae is relatively stable; Sphaerium radiatum, S. rivicola, and Pisidum amnicum are dominant. Bivalvia are dominant in terms of the abundance and biomass in most benthic ecosystems of the Vyatka and Kama rivers.

Belt Sets of the “Redikar Type” in Medieval Cemeteries of the Volga Finns

This article describes the belt sets decorated by metal plaques with nodular rims, which we term Redikar sets after the place where they were fi rst found in a hoard. They are believed to mark the Magyar migration to Pannonia. We discuss the question of when and how such and similar belts got to the Volga Finns of the Lower Oka. The mapping of parallels suggests that their principal distribution area is the Kama basin and western Ural, i.e. places formerly inhabited by Ugrians. Stylistically, the decoration of such belts resembles that of Iranian toreutics and of the cast ritual items from the western Ural (Perm) and eastern Ural. Because trade and manufacture centers with jewelers’ workshops associated with silver mines existed in the Kama basin, this might have been the area from where silver belts of the Redikar type were brought to the Volga basin. The chronology of the fi nds is analyzed in detail, and the conclusion is made that they date to the fi rst half of the 10th century. On the Lower Oka, in the western Ural, and in the Kama basin, the Redikar belts are found in burials of the military elite members. Theу were supplied to the Mordvins along the Volga-Kama trade route, spanning territories from the Ural to Scandinavia. Their presence in cemeteries on the Tsna River suggests that Volga Finns were involved in the formation of early states at the turn of the fi rst and second millennia.

Геофизические исследования Кушманского городища Учкакар в Прикамье

Геофизические исследования Кушманского городища Учкакар в Прикамье

Смена морфодинамического типа русла р. Бабка (бассейн Камы) в исторический период: масштабы, причина, прогноз

Смена морфодинамического типа русла р. Бабка (бассейн Камы) в исторический период: масштабы, причина, прогноз

Cultures and landscapes of the Upper Kama Region in the early Holocene

The following paper gives a description of the landscapes formed in the Upper Kama basin in the Holocene. First of all, the authors describe the first river terraces and the most ancient floodplain generations. In the Upper Kama basin, 35 Mesolithic sites are known. During the mapping of the study area, 3 micro regions were identified with a large concentration of Mesolithic settlements and territories with early unknown Holocene sites. The first group includes: the area of the upper Kama near the village of Liokmartovo-Kazantsevo, the old-channel formation of Chashkinskoye Lake and the lower stream of the river Kosa. The second one is the Upper Kama in the Gainy and Kosinsky districts of the Perm region. The analysis of the Mesolithic sites locations showed dependence of the first terraces on the most ancient floodplains of large water arteries. At the same time, this dependence should not be exaggerated because people often settled on smaller rivers and streams.