Kale Leaf Research Articles

Larvas de Delphastus davidsoni Gordon (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) predando ninfas de mosca branca

RESUMO: A couve-manteiga, Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala, Brassicaceae destaca-se por ser susceptível a diversos insetos-praga, dentre esses a ‘mosca-branca’, Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). A família Coccinellidae abriga insetos com hábito predatório, contribuído no controle biológico de diversas pragas, o que permite a otimização de métodos sustentáveis ao meio ambiente. Deste modo, objetivou-se avaliar a predação das larvas de joaninha Delphastus davidsoni Gordon (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) sobre ninfas de B. tabaci. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação e no laboratório da Universidade Estadual de Alagoas – UNEAL, Campus I, em Arapiraca- AL, durante os meses de outubro a novembro/2017. Para implantação do experimento em laboratório, foi utilizado papel filtro, algodão umedecido e um quadrante da folha da couve manteiga 3 cm2. A população de ninfas de B. tabaci foi reduzida em 82% pelas larvas de D. davidsoni. A ação dos coccinelídeos possibilitou também um declínio na população adulta em 38% da presa. Assim, as larvas de joaninhas apresentaram alto potencial significativo para o controle das ninfas do hemíptero-praga., posteriormente reduzindo o número de insetos adultos. A espécie D. davidsoni é um inseto predador promissor de B. tabaci, podendo ser indicada ao controle biológico na cultura da couve.
 PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Controle biológico. Horticultura. Monitoramento.

Subcellular Localization of BoaZDS Gene in Chinese kale

The experiment used the ‘Sijicutiao’ mustard sterile seedlings as the material, firstly constructed the BoaZDS subcellular localization vector with the cloned BoaZDS gene, and extracted the plasmid, then separated the Chinese kale leaf protoplast by enzymatic hydrolysis. After purification, the BoaZDS gene was transiently transformed, and then the position of the BoaZDS gene was observed under a fluorescence microscope. The results showed that the BoaZDS gene was localized in the chloroplast, which was consistent with the predicted results of bioinformatics software. The results provide a basis for studying the function of the ZDS gene in Chinese kale.

Leaf Lettuce Yield Is More Sensitive to Low Daily Light Integral than Kale and Spinach

Kale, leaf lettuce, and spinach were grown for 28 days in growth chambers under daily light integrals (DLI) of 8, 10, 12, and 14 mol·m−2·d−1. Fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), leaf area, and chlorophyll concentration were measured. Increasing DLI positively influenced lettuce FW; an increase from 1.27 g/plant to 4.33 g/plant was measured. DW for all species increased in a linear fashion under increasing DLI, with lettuce increasing 203%, kale 47%, and spinach 42% as DLI increased from 8 to 14 mol·m−2·d−1. Leaf area response was species-dependent, with lettuce leaf area increasing under increasing DLI while kale leaf area decreased under higher DLI. Chlorophyll levels in kale leaves decreased from DLI of 8 to 12 mol·m−2·d−1, and then increased to 14 mol·m−2·d−1 DLI. Chlorophyll content in kale leaves had a nonlinear response to DLI and the best fit was with a quadratic model. Growers wanting to add supplemental lighting can expect the greatest gains in lettuce yield compared with those of kale and spinach.

Intercropping Kale with Culinary Herbs Alters Arthropod Diversity and Hinders Population Growth in Aphids

The aim of this work was to evaluate arthropod diversity and levels of population growth in Myzus persicae (Sulzer) under kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC) intercropped with green onion (Allium fistulosum L.), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), and parsley [Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym.]. The following characteristics were evaluated under both monocrop and intercrop systems: 1) arthropod diversity and abundance, 2) population growth rate in the M. persicae aphid, 3) average number of aphids per kale leaf, and 4) total fresh weight of produced kale. The experiment was carried out in Fortaleza, in the state of Ceará, Brazil, in a design of randomized blocks, with five treatments and five replications. The family Aphididae was the most abundant, represented by M. persicae. Thirty-nine spiders were the most abundant predators. The intercrop with basil gave the greatest diversity of arthropods. The aphid population showed slower growth under the intercrop systems with cilantro and with parsley. Fresh weight production in the kale was inversely proportional to the number of aphids on the plants. The results suggest that intercropping kale with culinary herbs is a promising strategy to reduce aphid populations and losses occasioned by them.

Bioatividade de extratos de própolis sobre o pulgão Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) em couve manteiga

Considering the importance of green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) a pest of various vegetables, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of propolis extract on the behavior and mortality of the aphid and to study chemically characterized propolis. Propolis used in this study was collected in Apis mellifera honeybee hives at UNIVASF on the Agricultural Sciences Campus. For the preparation of the extract, 30 g of ground crude propolis per 100 mL of hydrous alcoholic solution (70%) were used during a period of 10 days to yield the stock solution. The same extract was diluted to concentrations of 10, 20, 30 and 40% in distilled water, obtaining the extract ready for use in testing. Bioassays attractiveness (free and no-choice) and mortality were carried out using kale leaf discs immersed in the extract and in the control. Given the results, it was found that the alcoholic extract of propolis in low concentrations exerts pull on the green peach aphid. In over 20% concentrations, however, the same extract repels individuals of that species. The alcoholic extract of propolis is toxic to the green peach aphid, causing increasing levels of mortality as the concentration of the extract increases.

Effect of green juice and their bioactive compounds on genotoxicity induced by alkylating agents in mice

ABSTRACTKale juice (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala D.C.) is a reliable source of dietary carotenoids and typically contains the highest concentrations of lutein (LT) and beta-carotene (BC) among green leafy vegetables. As a result of their antioxidant properties, dietary carotenoids are postulated to decrease the risk of disease occurrence, particularly certain cancers. The present study aimed to (1) examine the genotoxic and antigenotoxic activity of natural and commercially available juices derived from Brassica oleracea and (2) assess influence of LT or BC against DNA damage induced by alkylating agents such as methyl methanesulfonate (MS) or cyclophosphamide (CP) in vivo in mice. Male Swiss mice were divided into groups of 6 animals, which were treated with water, natural, or commercial Brassica oleraceae juices (kale), LT, BC, MMS, or CP. After treatment, DNA damage was determined in peripheral blood lymphocytes using the comet assay. Results demonstrated that none of the Brassica oleraceae juices or carotenoids produced genotoxic effects. In all examined cell types, kale juices or carotenoids inhibited DNA damage induced by MMS or CP administered either pre- or posttreatment by 50 and 20%, respectively. Under our experimental conditions, kale leaf juices alone exerted no marked genotoxic or clastogenic effects. However, a significant decrease in DNA damage induced by MMS or CP was noted. This effect was most pronounced in groups that received juices, rather than carotenoids, suggesting that the synergy among constituents present in the food matrix may be more beneficial than the action of single compounds. Data suggest that the antigenotoxic properties of kale juices may be of therapeutic importance.

A new approach for the assessment of the toxicity of polyphenol-rich compounds with the use of high content screening analysis.

The toxicity of in vitro tested compounds is usually evaluated based on AC50 values calculated from dose-response curves. However, there is a large group of compounds for which a standard four-parametric sigmoid curve fitting may be inappropriate for estimating AC50. In the present study, 22 polyphenol-rich compounds were prioritized from the least to the most toxic based on the total area under and over the dose-response curves (AUOC) in relation to baselines. The studied compounds were ranked across three key cell indicators (mitochondrial membrane potential, cell membrane integrity and nuclear size) in a panel of five cell lines (HepG2, Caco-2, A549, HMEC-1, and 3T3), using a high-content screening (HCS) assay. Regarding AUOC score values, naringin (negative control) was the least toxic phenolic compound. Aronox, spent hop extract and kale leaf extract had very low cytotoxicity with regard to mitochondrial membrane potential and cell membrane integrity, as well as nuclear morphology (nuclear area). Kaempferol (positive control) exerted strong cytotoxic effects on the mitochondrial and nuclear compartments. Extracts from buckthorn bark, walnut husk and hollyhock flower were highly cytotoxic with regard to the mitochondrion and cell membrane, but not the nucleus. We propose an alternative algorithm for the screening of a large number of agents and for identifying those with adverse cellular effects at an early stage of drug discovery, using high content screening analysis. This approach should be recommended for series of compounds producing a non-sigmoidal cell response, and for agents with unknown toxicity or mechanisms of action.

IN VIVO ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF FIVE PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST CHINESE KALE LEAF SPOT CAUSED BY ALTERNARIA BRASSICICOLA

Pathogens associated with Chinese kale leaf spot disease were recovered from necrotic lesions on the Chinese kale leaves and identified as Alternaria brassicicola (Schw.) Wiltshire. This disease is one of the most significant destructive pathogens to vegetable crops in Thailand and Southeast Asia. Disease management of these pathogens is done by using synthetic fungicides which are expensive and harmful to the environment. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of the extracts from five plants, Hydnocarpus anthelminthicus Pierre ex Laness., Crateva magna (Lour.) DC., Caesalpinia sappan L.,Xanthophyllum lanceatum J. J. Sm., and Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. to control the Chinese kale leaf spots caused by A. brassicicola in in vivo condition. In an in vivo test, we found that the plant extracts of C. brachiata, H. anthelminthicus, X. lanceatum and C. magna showed a potential in control efficacy against brassica dark leaf spots caused by A. brassicicola. The four plant extracts effectively suppressed the development of leaf spots at a concentration of 10,000 ppm and 50,000 ppm at 30 DAT. However, at 40 DAT the C. magna and H. anthelminthicus extracts strongly inhibited A. brassicicola at concentrations of 10,000 ppm and 50,000 ppm respectively when compared with the water control. This is the first report demonstrating that the plant extracts collected from riparian forest can provide control against brassica dark leaf spots disease. Based on our study, we demonstrated that the ability of plant crude extracts can be used as natural fungicides to control Chinese kale leaf spots and replace synthetic fungicide.

Disinfection efficacy of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SlAEW) against some fresh vegetables

In the present study, disinfection efficacy of slightly acidic electrolyzed water [SlAEW, 30 ppm of effective chlorine at 20±1°C, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) 562±23 mV, pH 6.4] on 4 kinds of vegetables (lettuce leaf, endive leaf, perilla leaf and kale leaf) was evaluated to obtain a microbial reduction characteristics which are necessary to design a process control for non-thermal sterilization of fresh vegetables. Active chlorine, residual chlorine, microbial counts and residual microbial counts, which are the key factors in the non-thermal sterilization process were measured by dipping them in SlAEW three times for 30 minutes in order to analyze the relationship between factors. Total microbial count was decreased mostly during the first 10 minutes of washing, and the limit value that can be reduced by immersion treatment was 3 log CFU/g for the total microbial count surviving in 4 kinds of vegetables. The total number of microorganism that can be reduced by washing in SIAEW for 10 min was found to be about 2 log CFU/g on average. In addition, the active chlorine decreased in the initial 10 minutes in 2.2 ppm, 2.0 ppm, 1.7 ppm and 2.5 ppm in lettuce, perilla leaf, endive leaf and kale leaf, respectively, and about 50-80% of the chlorine was reduced in the initial 10 min appear.

Efficacy of Steinernema spp. plus anti-desiccants to control two serious foliage pests of vegetable crops, Spodoptera litura F. and Plutella xylostella L.

Survival rates of the infective juvenile stage (IJ) of two entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), Steinernema carpocapsae and Steinernema sp. isolate K8 (Thai isolate), plus a surfactant of 0.2% and 0.4% APSA-80™, a fire retardant gel of 0.25% and 0.5% Barricade®, and tap water were investigated by spraying the EPN suspensions (200IJs) onto kale leaf discs. Three hours after incubation, the survival rates of the EPNs plus 0.25% and 0.5% Barricade® (80.2–85.0%) were significantly higher than all other treatments (12.9–70.1%). The infectivity of the two EPNs plus 0.25% and 0.5% Barricade® against third-instar Spodoptera litura F. and Plutella xylostella L., which were evaluated by spraying 100IJs/50μl onto a 1cm kale leaf disc in the laboratory, were 82.5–100% 72h after application. In greenhouse tests, the infectivity of S. carpocapsae plus 0.25% and 0.5% Barricade® against third-instar S. litura and P. xylostella was evaluated by spaying 2500IJs/15ml/plant and assessing mortality after 72h. The results showed that the mortality rates of S. litura larvae in the S. carpocapsae plus 0.25% or 0.5% Barricade® treatment (66.0% and 61.5%, respectively) were significantly higher than in the S. carpocapsae plus tap water treatment (29.5%) and also resulted in significantly less leaf damage (11.0–11.1%) compared to control treatments (33.8–61.6%). A significant difference between the mortality rates of P. xylostella larvae (15.0–27.0%) and the percentages of leaf damage (7.1–11.0%) were also recorded for the same two treatments. Overall results were similar to previous studies which showed that fire retardant gel (Barricade®) can improve EPN virulence when they are applied to control these two insect pests. Barricade® could protect EPNs from rapid desiccation for at least 3h following application.

Location of Sampling Points in Optical Reflectance Measurements of Chinese Cabbage and Kale Leaves

【Purpose: A sampling scheme may significantly affect the accuracy of a sensor. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of sampling point locations on optical reflectance measurements of Chinese cabbage and kale plant leaves. Methods: Variability and similarity of multiple measurements for different parts of the leaves were compared. Results: The results indicate that the variability between the average and individual reflectance spectra was smaller for the blade part than for the vein part. Furthermore, the reflectance for the blade part over the upper leaf area was greater and more stable than those for the other parts for both the cabbage and kale leaf samples. Conclusions: The results provide guidelines for optical reflectance measurements of Chinese cabbage and kale plants. The effects of the number of sampling points, the number of leaves, and the relationships between optical reflectance and leaf components remain to be investigated in the future.】

Exogenous methyl jasmonate treatment increases glucosinolate biosynthesis and quinone reductase activity in kale leaf tissue.

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) spray treatments were applied to the kale varieties ‘Dwarf Blue Curled Vates’ and ‘Red Winter’ in replicated field plantings in 2010 and 2011 to investigate alteration of glucosinolate (GS) composition in harvested leaf tissue. Aqueous solutions of 250 µM MeJA were sprayed to saturation on aerial plant tissues four days prior to harvest at commercial maturity. The MeJA treatment significantly increased gluconasturtiin (56%), glucobrassicin (98%), and neoglucobrassicin (150%) concentrations in the apical leaf tissue of these genotypes over two seasons. Induction of quinone reductase (QR) activity, a biomarker for anti-carcinogenesis, was significantly increased by the extracts from the leaf tissue of these two cultivars. Extracts of apical leaf tissues had greater MeJA mediated increases in phenolics, glucosinolate concentrations, GS hydrolysis products, and QR activity than extracts from basal leaf tissue samples. The concentration of the hydrolysis product of glucoraphanin, sulforphane was significantly increased in apical leaf tissue of the cultivar ‘Red Winter’ in both 2010 and 2011. There was interaction between exogenous MeJA treatment and environmental conditions to induce endogenous JA. Correlation analysis revealed that indole-3-carbanol (I3C) generated from the hydrolysis of glucobrassicin significantly correlated with QR activity (r = 0.800, P<0.001). Concentrations required to double the specific QR activity (CD values) of I3C was calculated at 230 µM, which is considerably weaker at induction than other isothiocyanates like sulforphane. To confirm relationships between GS hydrolysis products and QR activity, a range of concentrations of MeJA sprays were applied to kale leaf tissues of both cultivars in 2011. Correlation analysis of these results indicated that sulforaphane, NI3C, neoascorbigen, I3C, and diindolylmethane were all significantly correlated with QR activity. Thus, increased QR activity may be due to combined increases in phenolics (quercetin and kaempferol) and GS hydrolysis product concentrations rather than by individual products alone.

RATIO OF CALCIUM TO MAGNESIUM INFLUENCES BIOMASS, ELEMENTAL ACCUMULATIONS, AND PIGMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN KALE

Producers use elemental ratios, such as calcium (Ca): magnesium (Mg), in fertility programs to ensure sufficient nutrient uptake. Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala D.C.) accumulates high levels of carotenoids which can be beneficial for human health. Objectives were to determine the influence of Ca:Mg fertilization on 1) biomass, 2) essential nutrients, and 3) carotenoids in kale leaf tissues. ‘Redbor’ kale was greenhouse-grown in solution culture. Ca:Mg ratio treatments were 9:1, 6:1, 3:1, 1:3, 1:6, and 1:9. Ca:Mg ratio significantly affected biomass, nutrient accumulation, and carotenoids. Plant biomass decreased linearly (P ≤ 0.001) and β-carotene, lutein, neoxanthin, and antheraxanthin all increased, then decreased quadratically (P ≤ 0.001) as the ratio of Ca:Mg changed from 9:1 to 1:9. Ca:Mg ratio also affected leaf tissue Ca, Mg, potassium (K), sulfur (S), boron (B), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo) and zinc (Zn). Results indicate that producers wishing to maximize elemental uptake and carotenoid content of kale need to consider the ratio of Ca:Mg in their fertility programs.

Environmental Stress and Methyl Jasmonate-mediated Changes in Flavonoid Concentrations and Antioxidant Activity in Broccoli Florets and Kale Leaf Tissues

Aqueous solutions of 250 μM methyl jasmonate (MeJA) were sprayed on aerial plant surfaces 4 days before harvest at commercial maturity of five commercial broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) hybrids, ‘Pirate’, ‘Expo’, ‘Imperial’, ‘Gypsy’, and ‘Green Magic’, and two kale cultivars, Red Winter (Brassica napus ssp. pabularia) and Dwarf Blue Curled Vates (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC.) in replicated field trials over 2 years. While having no effect on broccoli floret concentrations, MeJA treatments significantly increased total phenolics in kale cultivars over two seasons by 27% and extract antioxidant activity by 31% using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Partitioning experiment-wide trait variances indicated that the variability in broccoli floret concentrations of total phenolics (74%), quercetin (24%), kaempferol (34%), and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) (66%) and DPPH (62%) antioxidant activity was largely influenced by year-associated environmental factors. In broccoli, the differential accumulation of solar radiation among cultivars resulting from the variation in days to maturity was significantly correlated with total phenolics, ABTS, and DPPH antioxidant activity. Broccoli floret and kale total phenolic, quercetin, and kaempferol concentrations significantly correlated with DPPH and ABTS antioxidant activity. To summarize, total phenolic and flavonoid concentrations and their associated antioxidant activity in broccoli florets were unaffected by MeJA but varied significantly among cultivars and over growing seasons. Apical, compared with basal, leaves in kale were more responsive to MeJA-mediated increases in total phenolics and ABTS and DPPH antioxidant activity.

Location and Number of Sampling for Optical Reflectance Measurement of Chinese Cabbage and Kale Leaves

Non-destructive sensing of plant growth and components has been investigated recently, and sampling scheme affects accuracy and reliability of the approach. Objective of the paper was to determine location and number of sampling points for optical reflectance measurement of Chinese cabbage and kale plant leaves. Chinese cabbage and kale were grown in a plant factory, and 9 leaves for each cabbage and kale were sampled and optical reflectance spectra were measured with a UV/VIS/NIR (ultra-violet, visible, and near-infrared) spectrometer (Jaz instrumentation, Ocean Optics, FL, USA). Reflectance was measured in a range of 250~1,100 nm at 30 points (15 points on each vein and blade areas) over the entire leaf area. To determine optimum location and number of sampling, reflectance difference and cross correlation among the reflectance spectra were computed and compared. Reflectance difference was computed by subtracting averaged spectrum from each spectrum. Cross correlation method was used to calculate degree of similarity among spectra at different sampling locations. Four pre-processing methods were tried to reduce the spectral noise and to compare reflectance difference of cabbage and kale leaves. Reflectance of the blade part was greater and more reliable than that of the vein part for both of the cabbage and kale leaf samples. Reflectance measurement at 12 and 9 locations over the upper leaf part was considered as preferable for rapid and stable sensing of cabbage and kale leaves, respectively.

Influence of cabbage resistance and colour upon the diamondback moth and its parasitoid Oomyzus sokolowskii

AbstractHost plant resistance and biological control are vital integrated pest management tools against the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), but to date no study has investigated this system including the DBM parasitoid Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). We examined oviposition and development of P. xylostella exposed to two commercial cabbage cultivars (green ‘Chato de quintal’ and red ‘Roxo’) and possible effects upon O. sokolowskii. Under free‐choice tests, DBM females laid significantly more eggs on plants of the green cabbage, even though several population growth parameters showed that DBM developed better on the red cabbage. Furthermore, a laboratory free‐choice test with artificially green‐ and red‐painted kale leaf discs demonstrated a similar oviposition preference pattern, with green colour being preferred over red colour. The preference was apparently visually mediated; olfactometer tests showed similar attraction of moths to both green and red cultivars in choice and non‐choice tests. Host plant cultivar had no statistically significant effect on female parasitoid behaviour towards DBM larvae, nor on parasitoid numbers or longevity. Moreover, wasps parasitizing DBM larvae reared on the green cultivar developed more quickly and in larger numbers per parasitized larva. Thus, feeding on green cabbage rather than red does not hinder, and potentially even enhances, control of DBM by O. sokolowskii. On a practical level, these results suggest that intercalating green cabbage cultivars as a trap crop might help protect more profitable red cultivars in growing fields.

형태적 특성이 다른 들깻잎, 상추, 케일 중 농약 잔류량 비교

Abstract This study was carried out in order to compare the residue levels of pesticides among lettuce,kale and perilla leaf depending on the morphological characteristics of plant. Residue levels were investigatedat the zero, second, fifth days after last application, 9 species of systemic or non-systemic pesticide weretwice applied with 7 days interval by knapsack power sprayer with 2 heads fan shape nozzle. Ratios of leafarea to weight (cm 2 g -1 ) were 58 of perilla leaf, 27 of lettuce and 23 of kale. Ratios of leaf area to weight ofperilla leaf was 2.1 times higher than that of lettuce. Residue levels of perilla leaf were 1.3 to 2.3 timeshigher than those of lettuce at the day of spraying and 1.3 to 3.3 times higher at the fifth day. Therefore thedifferences of pesticide residues between perilla leaf and lettuce were affected by the ratio of leaf area toweight. Residue levels in lettuce were 2.4 to 7.3 times higher than those in kale at the day of sprayingbecause the adhesive effect of pesticide particles on kale leaf was low.Key words Perilla leaf, Lettuce, Kale, Pesticide, Residue amount

Larvicidal activity and seasonal variation of Annona muricata (Annonaceae) extract on Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

The diamondback moth Plutella xylostella is an important pest of cruciferous plants, particularly of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. acephala). The activity of an ethanolic leaf extract of Annona muricata on the development of the larvae and pupae of a laboratory culture of P. xylostella was evaluated, together with the seasonal variation of this activity. Neonate larvae were fed with kale leaf discs that had been treated by immersion in solutions of A. muricata extracts, and the effects on the duration and viabilities of the larval and pupal phases of the insect were determined. The activities of the extracts varied significantly according to the time of collection of the leaf material and were maximal for leaves collected during the dry period of the year (October-February). At the highest concentration tested (5 mg.ml-1), the most active extract caused 100% larvae mortality; at lower concentrations, the duration of the larval phase was increased by up to 2.6 days and the larvae survival was significantly reduced. The pupal phase was affected far less by exposure to the extracts, although such duration was increased by up to 1 day in the presence of non-lethal concentrations. The significance of these results with respect to the use of extracts of A. muricata for their insecticidal activity is discussed.

P24-10 On emotional effects of odors of squeezed organic kale leaf based on EEGs and heart rate variability

P24-10 On emotional effects of odors of squeezed organic kale leaf based on EEGs and heart rate variability

Laboratory Rearing of the Diamondback Moth Plutella xylostella (L..) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) with Artificial Diet

The diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.) (DBM) is a serious pest of crucifers worldwide. Both augmentative biological control and autocidal genetic control of DBM require an efficient mass-rearing sys- tem. We developed a wheat germ based artificial diet with kale leaf powder (ADK) and one without the pow- der (AD) and compared development of DBM on these diets, together with cabbage (Cab), its natural host. We used both laboratory and wild strains of DBM. ADK diet supported significantly higher percentage sur- vival to pupation in laboratory and wild strains, than cabbage and AD. Survival rates within diets were rela- tively higher in laboratory strain than in wild strain. Larval period was significantly shorter with ADK than with cabbage in the laboratory strain but the reverse was observed in the wild strain. Pupal weights were similar between diets in wild strain, although females were significantly heavier than males. ADK diet able to support growth and development of DBM optimally, with no microbial contamination, thus suitable for mass production of DBM in laboratory.