Kabuli Type Research Articles

Participatory variety evaluation and selection of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties; an underpinning to novel technology uptake in northwestern Ethiopia

The productivity and production of chickpeas can be improved by using access-improved varieties that are suitable for the specific agroecology. However, the foundation for adopting new technology is participatory variety selection (PVS). Therefore, this study aimed to identify the best adaptively improved chickpea varieties in northwestern Ethiopia based on the preferences of farmers in Adet and Fogera Districts. The experiment consisted of ten improved chickpea varieties (Desi and Kabuli) that were evaluated in three replications using the mother baby trail approach, including on-station and on-farm evaluations. According to this trail, the highest grain yield among different types of chickpeas was observed in the varieties Teketay (2327.8 kg/ha), Dalota (2175.9 kg/ha), and Geletu (2123.6 kg/ha). Among the Kabuli types, Koka (2813.2 kg/ha) and Dhera (2325.7 kg/ha) showed the highest mean values of grain yield. At Adet location, the varieties Teketay (2772.2 kg/ha), Dalota (2459.7 kg/ha), and Geletu (2270.8 kg/ha) produced the highest grain yield. Similarly, Koka (3195.8 kg/ha), Dhera (2604.2 kg/ha), and Ejere (2601.4 kg/ha) were the top-yielding Kabuli chickpea varieties. Farmers from Adet location in Senkengha Kebele selected three Desi and three Kabuli chickpea varieties, namely Geletu, Teketay, and Dalota, in that order, as well as Koka, Hora, and Ejere. Meanwhile, farmers in Mousobo Kebele identified Koka, Dhera, and Hora from the Kabuli type as the best varieties. The varieties Geletu (1976.4 kg/ha), Dalota (1891.9 kg/ha), and Teketay (1883.3 kg/ha) had the highest mean grain yield at Fogera location. Similarly, in the Kabuli chickpea varieties, the highest mean value of grain yield was obtained from Koka (2430.6 kg/ha) followed by Hora (2097.2 kg/ha), and Dhera (2047.2 kg/ha). Farmers have chosen three of the best Desi and Kabuli chickpea varieties, i.e Geletu, Teketay, and Dalota, and Local check (Shasho) followed by Koka and Ejere at Fogera location, Geina Kebele in that order. In conclusion, the adoption and dissemination of new improved varieties for the new environment can assist the producers such as the farmers for effective chickpea production. This leads to sustainable self-sufficiency of food at the household and country level.

Influence of Physico-chemical Traits of Chickpea Genotypes on Preference and Non-preference of Pulse Beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.)

Background: Chickpea is one of the most important and nutritionally rich pulse crops widely grown in India. Pulse beetle is a cosmopolitan insect pest that can cause significant losses in stored chickpeas. Host Plant Resistance, one of the most effective methods, being adopted for decades to identify the traits in the host plants that confer resistance against the insect pests. The present study has been undertaken to screen different genotypes of chickpea against pulse beetle and to understand the influence of physico-chemical traits of chickpea genotypes on the population buildup of pulse bruchid. Methods: Twenty chickpea genotypes including thirteen desi and seven kabuli type were screened against pulse beetle through free choice test at Department of Entomology, Agricultural College, Bapatla during 2020-21. Certain physical and biochemical parameters of chickpeas were assessed and the level of their influence on growth and development of pulse bruchid was estimated by correlation and regression analyses. Result: The desi chickpea genotypes viz., NBeG 452, NBeG 1129, ICC 86111, NBeG 49 and NBeG 776 with less oviposition, less number of adults emerged, less grain damage were found relatively with less test weight, total soluble sugars and more seed coat thickness, total phenols and tannins and the kabuli genotypes viz., NBeG 440, NBeG 789 and NBeG 833 with more oviposition, more number of adults emerged, more grain damage were found relatively with more test weight, total soluble sugars and less seed coat thickness, total phenols and tannins. Thus, test weight, total soluble sugars exhibited significant positive correlation with growth and damage parameters of pulse beetle, while the seed coat thickness, total phenols and tannins exhibited significant negative correlation. Despite the fact that the biochemical components of the genotypes of chickpea varied significantly, they had little effect on the development of pulse bruchid.

Functional characterization of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase gene family in chickpea

Chickpea is an important leguminous crop plant with two cultivated types, desi and kabuli. It is nutritionally enriched in flavonoid content in addition to minerals and vitamins imparting huge health benefits to human beings. Our study elucidates the functionality of 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenase (2-ODD) gene family members i.e., flavanone-3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonol synthase (FLS) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) in chickpea using heterologous bacterial system and in-planta studies in Arabidopsis. This provides information about the biosynthesis of two very significant sub-classes of flavonoids- flavonols and anthocyanins. Here, we show that all the three homologs of F3H in chickpea can utilize not just naringenin but also eriodictyol as their substrate. Moreover, we show that FLS in chickpea exhibits bifunctionality having both FLS and F3H activity. Also, our study indicates the richness of desi chickpea over kabuli type through gene expression and metabolite content analyses. Overall, our study establishes the functionality of 2-ODD gene family involved in the early and late steps of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in chickpea. It paves way for better genetic manipulation of the pathway for direct or indirect synthesis of three major subclasses of flavonoids (flavonol, anthocyanin and proanthocyanin) to develop nutritious, environmentally stable and healthy chickpea (Cicer arietinum) crop.

Origin, domestication, taxonomy, botanical description, genetics and cytogenetics, genetc diversity and breeding of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

The chickpea or chick pea (Cicer arietinum) is an annual legume of the family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae. Its different types are variously known as gram or Bengal gram, chhana, chana, or channa, garbanzo or garbanzo bean, or Egyptian pea. Also known as ceci beans, Indian peas, kadale kaalu, sanaga pappu, and shimbra. The Sanskrit name for chickpea is chennuka, and hence, the name chana in the Sanskrit-derived languages such as Hindi. Chickpea is a cool season legume crop grown world- wide as a food crop. The seed is the main edible part of the plant. Chickpea is a cheap and important source of protein for those people who cannot afford animal protein or who are largely vegetarian. Furthermore, chickpea is also a good source of minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc and iron), unsaturated fatty acids, fibre and β-carotene). Chickpea also plays an important role in maintaining soil fertility by fixing nitrogen at rates of up to 140 kg/ha/year. Therefore, this crop requires relatively low inputs of nitrogen as it derives 70% of its N through symbiotic N2 fixation and benefits other cereal crops as well. On the basis of seed colour and geographical distribution, chickpea is grouped into two types: desi (Indian origin) and kabuli (Mediterranean and Middle Eastern origin). Desi seeds are brown, black or green in colour and are cultivated as a legume crop. Kabuli seeds are white to cream coloured and are used for cooking purposes for humans. The seed weight generally ranges from 0.1 to 0.3 g for desi and 0.2 to 0.6 g for kabuli/. The desi type accounts for about 80–85% of total chickpea production, and is grown mostly in Asia and Africa, while the kabuli types are largely grown in West Asia, North Africa, North America and Europe. Chickpeas appear in early recordings in Turkey about 3500 BCE and in France 6790 BCE. India produces the most chickpeas worldwide but they are grown in more than 50 countries. An excellent source of carbohydrate, protein, fiber, B vitamins, and some minerals, they are a nutritious staple of many diets. Chickpea is widely grown for its nutritious seeds. Chickpeas are an important food plant in India, Africa, and Central and South America. The seeds are high in fibre and protein and are a good source of iron, phosphorus, and folic acid. As with other legumes, chickpeas have a symbiotic association with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and can be rotated with nitrogen-intensive crops such as cereals to improve soil conditions. Till 17th century, roasted and grounded chickpeas and were brewed as a substitute for a coffee in Europe. Around 800 AD, chickpeas were associated with Venus, the Roman Goddess for beauty and love as it improves fertility by increasing sperm production, stimulating menstruation and lactation. In this review article on Origin, Domestication, Taxonomy, Botanical Description, Genetics and Cytogenetics, Genetic Diversity, Breeding, Uses, Nutritional Value and Health Benefits of Chickpea are discussed.

Fungal Infection and Mycotoxins Contamination on Farm-Stored Chickpea in Major Producing Districts of Ethiopia

Crop susceptibility to moisture content, quality of storage facilities in the farm contributes to fungal infections and mycotoxin contamination. Chickpea grain loss in many parts of the world has been due to inadequate and poor storage facilities, post-harvest activities leading to mycotoxins and fungal infections. The current research investigated the prevalence of fungal infection and mycotoxin level in farm chickpea across five major growing districts in Ethiopia. In the current study, fungal infection and mycotoxin concentrations were investigated in two Desi and Kabuli type varieties of samples containing 150 chickpea kernels collected from five districts in Ethiopia. Additionally, moisture content, relative humidity, and temperature were also investigated during sampling. Moisture levels ranged from 13.3 - 22.3% with a mean value of 16.4% across the five districts. There was no significant difference between the two varieties studied. Survey of different storage techniques used by farmers showed that polypropylene bags were most common and accounted for 54.7%, followed by gotta 45.3%. The total fungal infection in chickpea kernels across the sampled districts range 23 - 79%. Infection with Aspergillus genera was predominant, accounting for approximately 44.3% of the total (25 - 62.5%), followed by Penicillium spp. at 34.3% (10.9 - 55.3%) and Fusarium spp. 21.4% (9.6 - 42.3%) as the lowest. A cross the studied districts, chickpea germination ranged from 68.8% to 75.5%. Total aflatoxins levels ranged from 2.5 to 31.1 ppb and a mean of 17.4 ppb. Ochratoxin A concentrations ranged from 4.3 to 35.0 ppb, with a mean value of 10.6 ppb. Fumonisins (18.7%), ranged from 0.2 to 2.9 ppm and Deoxynivalenol (6.7%) ranged from 0.2 to 2.9 ppm. Chickpea samples had a high level of total aflatoxins (ppb), followed by ochratoxin A. Even though, the current co-occurrence of mycotoxins found is at low levels, it may adversely affect the health of regular consumers and the quality of Chickpea. Further investigations should be performed in different regions to help in advising and making decisions to the relevant government institutions on the appropriate measures to be undertaken.

Biochemical and morphological diversity of chickpea (Cicer arietinum. L)

Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis are the best tools to measure the degree of divergence and to suggest the parents for future crop improvement programmes. A study was done using 64 chickpea genotypes including desi and kabuli types provided from RARS, Nandyal. Research was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during Rabi 2021-22 in 8×8 square lattice design. Data was collected for 13 quantitative traits from five randomly selected and six biochemical traits were also estimated. Windostat version 9.3 statistical software was used for analysis of the data. Principal component analysis identified first six principal components with eigen value more than one and they accounted for 76.54 % of cumulative variance. Using ward’s method, 64 genotypes were grouped into six clusters. Maximum inter cluster distance was found between cluster IV and cluster V followed by Cluster II and Cluster IV. Maximum intra cluster distance was observed within cluster IV followed by Cluster V. These studies revealed sufficient divergence among the genotypes for the traits studied. Keywords: Chickpea, Genetic diversity, Hierarchical cluster, PCA

Characterization in F1 generation of Kabuli, Desi and wild Cicer genotypes for plant traits

It is important to understand the magnitude of the changes in variation created by the crossbreeding of cultivated chickpea varieties with a narrow genetic base, desi and kabuli types, and C. reticulatum and C. echinospermum, which are closely related species to cultivated chickpeas. The study was conducted at Dicle University, Agriculture of Faculty, Diyarbakir, Turkiye, in 2023. The experiment laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Desi ? kabuli, kabuli ? kabuli and kabuli ? wild Cicer F1 crosses and their parents were evaluated to estimate the heterosis, heterobeltiosis, potence ratios and heritability for the days to first flowering, leave traits, plant height, number of nodes per plant, flower and foliage color, anthocyanin pigmentation and plant growth habit. The differences among genotypes were significant for all these traits. The magnitude of heterosis was differed between traits and crosses. For days to first flowering, heterosis for early crosses ranged from -2.56% to -7.13%. Azkan (lately) ? C. reticulatum (medium early) (-14.06%) had the highest negative heterobeltiosis for days to first flowering. The high heritability was estimated for days to first flowering, days from emergence to podded, and days from flowering to podded. The estimated values of potence ratios in most F1 crosses were negative for the number of days to first flowering. In crosses between the white-flowered parents Azkan, Gokce, ILC 533, ILC 1929 and ILC 482 and the pink-flowered parents JG 11, ICCV 96029, ICCV 03107, Black and wild Cicer species the F1s were pink. When the white-flowered the kabuli parents to the pink-flowered the desi parents were crossed, the F1s showed the anthocyanin pigmentation on various plant parts.

Chickpea breeding program and research in portugal

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a very important crop in the world. Portugal was traditionally sown as a spring crop and so extremely affected by long periods of drought and temperature variation throughout the growth cycle. Chickpea grain yields decrease substantially due to increased air temperature and the severity of drought. To face the Mediterranean-type climate pattern, chickpea breeding programs were reoriented to develop chickpea germplasm tolerant/resistant to the main abiotic and biotic stress and adapted to different environments and production systems. This study relates chickpea yields (35 years) with rainfall average in Alentejo, a Southern Portugal region with a Mediterranean-type climate. Our approach shows that selection should apply multiple and complementary criteria. The physiological and morphological studies are important in breeding programs, to combine not only resistance to drought and temperature, and biotic stress but also high yield potential and yield stability. The main objective is to obtain new chickpea varieties for the rainfed conditions of the Mediterranean region. From this work, four chickpea varieties (Kabuli type), were registered on the National Variety Catalogue. Actually, the national chickpea genetic breeding program has already registered 11 varieties.

Genome-wide association mapping of seed oligosaccharides in chickpea.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the major pulse crops, rich in protein, and widely consumed all over the world. Most legumes, including chickpeas, possess noticeable amounts of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) in their seeds. RFOs are seed oligosaccharides abundant in nature, which are non-digestible by humans and animals and cause flatulence and severe abdominal discomforts. So, this study aims to identify genetic factors associated with seed oligosaccharides in chickpea using the mini-core panel. We have quantified the RFOs (raffinose and stachyose), ciceritol, and sucrose contents in chickpea using high-performance liquid chromatography. A wide range of variations for the seed oligosaccharides was observed between the accessions: 0.16 to 15.13 mg g-1 raffinose, 2.77 to 59.43 mg g-1 stachyose, 4.36 to 90.65 mg g-1 ciceritol, and 3.57 to 54.12 mg g-1 for sucrose. Kabuli types showed desirable sugar profiles with high sucrose, whereas desi types had high concentrations RFOs. In total, 48 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified for all the targeted sugar types, and nine genes (Ca_06204, Ca_04353, and Ca_20828: Phosphatidylinositol N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase; Ca_17399 and Ca_22050: Remorin proteins; Ca_11152: Protein-serine/threonine phosphatase; Ca_10185, Ca_14209, and Ca_27229: UDP-glucose dehydrogenase) were identified as potential candidate genes for sugar metabolism and transport in chickpea. The accessions with low RFOs and high sucrose contents may be utilized in breeding specialty chickpeas. The identified candidate genes could be exploited in marker-assisted breeding, genomic selection, and genetic engineering to improve the sugar profiles in legumes and other crop species.

Trait variations for seed physical characteristics in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) from the Western Himalayas

AbstractChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important grain legumes after common bean. In the present study, a total of 35 chickpea genotypes including desi and Kabuli types of cultivated chickpea (C. arietinum) were evaluated for seed physical characteristics that are very important for seed storage, processing and determining seed quality traits. Therefore, it has become imperative to study the seed physical characteristics of chickpea during the present study. The analysis of data revealed that substantial variation is present among the genotypes under study with respect to seed physical characteristics such as seed size, seed volume, seed density, hydration capacity, hydration index, swelling capacity and swelling index. These traits are considered important to determine the seed rate at the time of sowing of the crop, cooking quality, storage and processing and thereby have a direct bearing on the economics of chickpea consumption. Our results indicated that the desi, Kabuli and pea-shaped genotypes differ significantly in seed physical characteristics with overall superior trait performance of the Kabuli type compared to other seed types, making them superior with respect to consumer/market demands.

Agronomic Practices Enhancing the Productivity of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) – A Review

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is grown in rabi (post-rainy season) following kharif (rainy season) crop or kharif fallow. Late sowing (December-January) should be avoided as the late-sown crop may experience moisture stress and high temperatures at the critical stage of pod-filling, leading to reduced yield and seed quality. A pre-sowing irrigation may be needed, if the available soil moisture is not adequate for germination. Kabuli chickpea should never be irrigated immediately after sowing, particularly in deep black soils. Desi varieties are sown at plant geometry of 30 cm x 10 cm whereas wider row spacing (45–60 cm) can be used in large seeded kabuli chickpea and irrigated crops (both desi and kabuli types). Total quantities of N, P and K should be given as a basal dose. Foliar spray of 2% urea at flowering has been found beneficial in rainfed crops. Pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin 30% EC @ 0.75 – 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 and one hand weeding or interculture operations at 25-30 days after sowing is economical. Two irrigations (30 mm each), one each at branching and pod filling stages, are recommended for higher yield. Machine harvesting of chickpea will reduce production cost. Tall and non spreading plant varieties are available with suitable mechanization package.

Characterization of a Chickpea Mutant Resistant to Phelipanche aegyptiaca Pers. and Orobanche crenata Forsk.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a major pulse crop in Israel grown on about 3000 ha spread, from the Upper Galilee in the north to the North-Negev desert in the south. In the last few years, there has been a gradual increase in broomrape infestation in chickpea fields in all regions of Israel. Resistant chickpea cultivars would be simple and effective solution to control broomrape. Thus, to develop resistant cultivars we screened an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutant population of F01 variety (Kabuli type) for broomrape resistance. One of the mutant lines (CCD7M14) was found to be highly resistant to both Phelipanche aegyptiaca and Orobanche crenata. The resistance mechanism is based on the inability of the mutant to produce strigolactones (SLs)—stimulants of broomrape seed germination. LC/MS/MS analysis revealed the SLs orobanchol, orobanchyl acetate, and didehydroorobanchol in root exudates of the wild type, but no SLs could be detected in the root exudates of CCD7M14. Sequence analyses revealed a point mutation (G-to-A transition at nucleotide position 210) in the Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase 7 (CCD7) gene that is responsible for the production of key enzymes in the biosynthesis of SLs. This nonsense mutation resulted in a CCD7 stop codon at position 70 of the protein. The influences of the CCD7M14 mutation on chickpea phenotype and chlorophyll, carotenoid, and anthocyanin content were characterized.

Effect of germination, roasting, and variety on physicochemical, techno-functional, and antioxidant properties of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) protein isolate powder

Chickpeas are a very important part of the human diet due to their nutritional and bioactive composition. Ethiopia is one of the top chickpea producers and consumers of chickpea-based products daily. However, limited studies were conducted on the effect of common processing methods, roasting and germination, on techno-functional and nutritional properties of chickpea protein isolates. Two varieties of chickpea, Arerti (Kabuli type) and Natoli (Desi type), were selected and treated with different roasting temperature (150 and 180 °C) and germination time (24, 48, and 72 h). The protein was isolated with alkaline-solubilization followed by isoelectric precipitation. Freeze-dried isolates were investigated for proximate composition, techno-functional properties, antioxidant properties, and antinutritional content. Chickpea protein isolates (CPIs) mean protein content was between 79.72 and 87.43%, comparatively lower for those from roasted and higher for those from germinated chickpea. Mean values of CPIs’ water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC), protein solubility (PS), foaming capacity (FC), and Emulsifying capacity (EC) for both varieties were in a range of 1.07–2.47 g/g, 1.40–2.21 g/g, 43.88–69.99%, 14.00–94.00%, and 56.44–84.16%, respectively. Roasting at 150 °C improved most of the techno-functional properties (WHC, OHC, PS, and FC) while roasting at 180 °C negatively affected almost all the techno-functional properties. Both heat treatments significantly increased the antioxidant properties of the isolates. Germination for 72 h was the best treatment in improving all antioxidant properties. CPIs from treated chickpea had lower antinutritional content than those from native chickpea except for phytate on Natoli variety where no statistical difference (p > 0.05) was observed. The finding showed that based on the intended use the different techno-functional properties of the isolates can be altered by applying those treatments. Proximate, techno-functional, antioxidant, and antinutritional characters indicated that CPIs can be a good ingredient for the food industry to formulate functional foods.

​Effect of Modified Atmosphere Storage Conditions on Seed Quality and Longevity of Kabuli Chickpea Varieties

Background: Chickpea is an important pulse crop. The area, production and productivity of Kabuli chickpea are very low as compared to Desi type chickpea. While, worldwide chickpea production is predominated by Desi type (80%) compared to Kabuli type (20%). One of constraints limiting the Kabuli chickpea seed production is the fast seed deterioration process as, they possesses thin and fragile seed coat which makes it more susceptible to infestation of pulse beetle and storage fungi. In addition, the day by day increase in usage of chemical pesticides and increase in health awareness among the people and demand towards organic based products necessitate a new alternative method of seed storage than the routinely used storage methods. Modified atmosphere storage is an alternative method to avoid chemical fumigants, which are said to cause residual effect on seed material and development of resistance by storage pest against insecticides. Methods: The present investigation on modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) was carried out at the Department of Processing and Food Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur during March 2017. Further, its storage and seed quality assessment were conducted at Seed Quality and Research Laboratory of National Seed Project (Crops), Seed Unit, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during March 2017 to May 2018. Result: The results revealed that the Kabuli chickpea seeds stored in the gaseous atmosphere with the combination of CO2 (80%) + N2 (20%) + O2 (0%) [C2] have maintained the maximum germination (92%) followed by Vaccum Packaging [C5] by using 700 gauge polyethylene bag for 14 months under ambient conditions above the Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards.

Performance of Chickpea Varieties Based on Growth and Yield Parameters Influenced by Different Sowing Dates at Toke Kutaye District, Ethiopia

One of the basic agronomic practices to improve the yield of chickpea are ideal sowing date and high yielding varieties. Thus, a field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different sowing dates on yield and yield components of chickpea varieties in the main cropping season of 2019 at Toke Kutaye District. Four sowing dates (September 4th, September 14th, September 24th, and October 5th) and four kabuli varieties. Four Kabuli types of chickpea varieties were Dalota, Ejere, Teji and Dube (local check). Experiment was laid out in split plot design using factorial arrangement with three replications and sowing date treatments were assigned to the main plots and varieties to sub plots. The main effect of sowing date showed highly significant effect on days to emergence, days to 50% flowering and physiological maturity. Highest days to emergence (12.4 days) were recorded from a plot sown on October 5th, while longest days to 50% flowering (54.92 days) and physiological maturity (122.5 days) were recorded from a plot sown on September 14th. Moreover, varieties had significant effect on days to physiological maturity of chickpea. Longest days to physiological maturity (133 days) were recorded from local variety and early days to physiological maturity (113.3 days) was recorded from Dalota variety. The main effects of sowing date and variety were significant on plant height, as the tallest plant height (42.75 cm) was recorded from September 24th sown plants. Similarly, the tallest (41.42 cm) plant was recorded from Dalota variety. In addition, the highest number of primary branches (6.83) and secondary branches (16.42) per plant were recorded from Dalota variety, while the lowest number of primary branch (5.5) and secondary branches (8) were scored from Ejere and Teji varieties, respectively. Highest grain yield (2415.4 kg ha-1) was obtained from plots sown on September 14th whereas Dalota variety produced highest grain yield (2051.25 kg ha-1). Hence, Dalota variety and September 14th sowing date emerged as best among all tested treatments and can be recommended for chickpea production in the study area and similar agro-ecologies. Conclusive recommendation could be obtained if the study is repeated at more locations and seasons in the future.

Оil content in chickpea seeds of the national collection of Ukraine

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important legume crop grown and consumed worldwide. Oil content in chickpea seeds ranges from 4 % to 7 % according to various data sources. Considering the interest of breeders in this issue, as well as for the purpose of inventory of the presented chickpea genetic material in the collection of the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine, these studies were carried out. Field experiments were carried out in 2016-2018 in the scientific crop rotation of the Plant Production Institute n.a. V. Ya. Yuriev of NAAS (Kharkiv, Ukraine). 43 samples (21 - kabuli type and 22 - desi type) of different ecological and geographical origin were studied. Oil content in chickpea seeds was determined using gravimetric method of S. V. Rushkovsky (Yermakov, 1987) in the laboratory for genetics, biotechnology and quality of the Plant Production Institute n.a. V. Ya. Yuriev of NAAS. On average, over the years of study, in the kabuli type accessions, the oil content level in the seeds made 7.08 %; for accessions - 6.05 %. The range of variability of this trait for the kabuli chickpea ranged from 5.22 % to 8.69 %, and for desi - from 4.40 % to 7.26 %. A low variability of the studied trait was noted for both the kabuli (V = 6.88-15.04 %) and for desi (V = 8.98-14.15%) chickpea cultivars. The advantage in terms of oil content in seeds, regardless of the growing conditions, was retained for the kabuli type. The accessions with the maximum level of the “oil content in seeds” trait manifestation were selected as “reference” for each type: for kabuli - variety Pamyat (Ukraine) - 7.95 %, for desi - Yarina (Ukraine) - 7.13 %. The best oil-bearing chickpea samples can be used in specialized programs to create new genotypes with a higher oil content in seeds.

Bioregulators application improved heat tolerance and yield in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) by modulating zeaxanthin cycle

Chickpea is sensitive to heat stress and generally experiences high temperature during reproductive phase. Therefore, terminal heat stress is key constraints for its production. Exogenous application of bioregulators is an option to improve heat tolerance and yield. Therefore, an experiment was carried out using two contrasting Desi type (JG 14) and Kabuli type (Pusa 1108) chickpea varieties with an objective to interlink bioregulators induced heat tolerance with zeaxanthin pigments cycle. Experiment was comprising two main treatments i.e. Normal (18th November) and late (20th December) sown conditions for exposing the crop to high temperature and four sub-treatments (Foliar application of bioregulators viz ABA (10 ppm), BA (40 ppm), SA (100 ppm), thiourea (1000 ppm) and water spray (as control) prior to flowering. Under high temperature condition, reduction in leaf photosynthesis, photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, yield and its attributes was recorded. Foliar application of bioregulators augmented the grain yield by improving the photosynthetic rate (PN), photosynthetic pigments including zeaxanthin, maximum quantum yield of PS II (Fv/Fm), non-photochemical quenching, heat tolerance index, yield attributes and reducing the level of violaxanthin and heat susceptibility index over the control (water) under late sown condition which in turn suggested that bioregulators induced the heat tolerance by activating operation of zeaxanthin pigments cycle in chickpea. Moreover, Kabuli chickpea variety responded better to bioregulators than Desi type particularly under heat stress condition.

Genetic Relationships and Principal Component Analysis in Elite Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotypes for Seed Yield and Its Component Traits

Background: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the important Rabi season food legume crop ranked third after common bean and field pea. The degree and extent of trait variability, genetic relationship and genetic diversity in promising chickpea genotypes should be known for possible yield improvement. Realizing the importance of genetic relationships and genetic diversity in key economic traits, the present investigation envisaged to measure the genetic relationships in the yield component traits to make effective selection for yield improvement in chickpea breeding programme. Methods: The experimental material comprised of 60 chickpea genotypes (both Desi and Kabuli types), grown in RBD with three replications at Pulses Section of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCSHAU, Hisar during Rabi 2014-15. The data on 11 quantitative traits was analysed for ANOVA, correlation coefficient, path coefficient, regression and principle component analysis. Result: The present study has led the understanding of many inter-related traits involved in the genetic variation of chickpea seed yield. This would certainly provide guidelines for selection of parents as well as effective selection of promising chickpea genotypes, and also have paramount importance in formulating plant model for selection of segregating generations in chickpea breeding programmes for development of high yielding varieties.

Pattern of egg distribution by Adzuki bean beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Chysomelidae) in stored chickpea under natural infestation

Under laboratory experimental condition female Adzuki bean beetles, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) are known to evenly distribute their eggs over grains available for egg laying. However, currently there are no data on pattern of egg distribution by Adzuki bean beetle in large quantity of chickpea grain stored for extended period of time. The objective of this study was to determine the number and distribution of eggs among grains of chickpea stored in large quantity for 8 months and subjected to natural infestations. The experiment was conducted under room temperature and relative humidity at Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center. The chickpea cultivars used were Natoli (desi type, 22 g per 100 seeds with Tuberculated seed coat texture) and Arerti (kabuli type, 26 g per 100 seeds with smooth seed coat texture) and for each cultivar there were 21 replicas of bags (40 cm wide and 70 cm high). From each bag, which contains 10 kg each, 25 chickpea grain samples were randomly selected at monthly intervals and examined for the presence or absence of Adzuki bean beetle eggs. Grains with eggs were categorized into frequency classes (i.e. 0, 1, 2, …, n) based on the number of eggs present on them. The variance to mean ratio was used to decide the type of egg dispersion pattern. In all the sampling dates and on both cultivars, the variance to mean ratios were highly significantly greater than one indicating that egg distribution by female Adzuki bean beetles on grains of chickpea was aggregated type. Moreover, further analysis of data had shown that the egg distribution pattern perfectly fits the negative binomial distribution, which confirms that the pattern of egg distribution on chickpea grains was aggregated/clumped type.

MALTODEKSTRİN-NOHUT PROTEİNİ İZOLATI MATRİSİNDE KARABİBER TOHUMU YAĞININ PÜSKÜRTMELİ KURUTMA METODU İLE ENKAPSÜLASYONU

Bu çalışmada karabiber tohumu yağının maltodekstrin ve yerel üreticiden temin edilen Kabuli çeşidi nohuttan alkali ekstraksiyon/izoelektrik çöktürme metodu ile elde edilen protein izolatı kullanılarak püskürtmeli kurutma metodu ile enkapsülasyonunun incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla yalnızca maltodekstrin içeren kontrol numunesi ve farklı oranlarda (%1-4) nohut proteini izolatı ve %8 oranında karabiber tohumu yağı içeren emülsiyonlar hazırlanmış ve püskürtmeli kurutma metodu ile kurutulmuştur. Elde edilen karabiber tohumu yağı mikrokapsüllerinin nem içeriği 4,7-6,5 g/100 g arasında; su aktivitesi ise 0,22-0,27 arasında değişmiştir. Formülasyonda kullanılan nohut proteini izolatı oranı arttıkça elde edilen toz ürünün nem içeriğinin düştüğü, renginin ise koyulaştığı görülmüştür. Karabiber tohumu yağı mikrokapsüllerinin yüzey yağı %0,2-1,3 arasında; enkapsülasyon verimi ise %74,1-99,3 arasında değişmiştir. Nohut proteini izolatı kullanılarak elde edilen karabiber tohumu yağı mikrokapsüllerinde protein kullanılmayan kontrol numunesine göre enkapsülasyon verimi artmıştır. Bu çalışma sonucu elde edilen bulgular, maltodekstrin ve nohut proteini izolatının karabiber tohumu yağı gibi hassas uçucu yağların enkapsülasyonunda taşıyıcı matris olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir.