K2 Group Research Articles

A Comparison of Coagulation Function in Patients Receiving Aspirin and Cefoperazone-Sulbactam With and Without Vitamin K1: A Retrospective, Observational Study

PurposeThe study objective was to explore whether prophylaxis with vitamin K1 improves abnormal coagulation function–associated cefoperazone-sulbactam in patients treated in the long term with low-dose aspirin. MethodsThis retrospective, observational study assessed patients treated with long-term low-dose aspirin in a naval military hospital in China from 2004 to 2018, including all patients treated concurrently with cefoperazone-sulbactam with or without vitamin K1. Differences in the coagulation index were analyzed statistically before and after receipt of cefoperazone-sulbactam. FindingsThe cohort included 227 patients. After cefoperazone-sulbactam treatment, the mean (SD) prothrombin time (PT) was 14.07 (3.07) seconds, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) was 35.15 (4.78) seconds, and international normalized ratio (INR) was 1.49 (0.49) in the cefoperazone-sulbactam group, which was significantly higher than the PT of 11.55 (1.29), aPTT of 31.37 (2.20), and INR of 1.12 (0.35) before cefoperazone-sulbactam treatment. No significant difference was in the cefoperazone-sulbactam plus vitamin K1 group. In addition, no significant difference was found in the thrombin time or fibrinogen level between before and after cefoperazone-sulbactam treatment in both groups. The mean (SD) platelet counts of the 2 groups were 197.34 (71.82) × 109/L and 187.75 (72.66) × 1 09/L after cefoperazone-sulbactam treatment, respectively, which was significantly lower than 231.77 (77.05) × 109/L and 232.08 (84.48) × 109/L before cefoperazone-sulbactam treatment. There were greater proportions of coagulation disorders (prolongation of PT, aPTT, INR, and bleeding) after cefoperazone-sulbactam treatment in the cefoperazone-sulbactam group compared with that in the cefoperazone-sulbactam plus vitamin K1 group. ImplicationsResults indicate that, after adding cefoperazone-sulbactam to the regimens of patients receiving long-term low-dose aspirin, therapy contributed to remarkable increase in abnormal coagulation function and coagulation disorders. Prophylaxis with vitamin K1 decreased the risk of these abnormalities in blood coagulation parameters associated with cefoperazone-sulbactam in patients taking long-term aspirin.

The Effect of Uncaria gambir Roxb. Extract on Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Proteinuric Wistar Rats Model

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a glomerular disease that is most often found in children with proteinuric as clinical manifestation. Gambier extract is a traditional medicine that has antioxidant effect. Its use to treat proteinuric has never been done. Therefore, we conducted an analytical study on the effect of gambier on proteinuric and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in proteinuric Wistar rat’s model. This research is an experimental study with a posttest control group design. The aim is analyzing the effect of giving gambier extract in decreasing urinary protein creatinine ratio and increasing SOD activity. Male Wistar rats were given an injection of puromycin aminonucleoside 1.5mg/100g body weight (BW), subcutaneously for 5 consecutive days for being nephrosis. The experimental animals in this study were divided into four groups: K1, the control group, consist of group of rats that were injected with 0.15ml/100 g BW of aquabidest and not given gambier extract. While K2 group consist of rats induced by Puromycin and given 1 ml of aquabidest. K3 consist of groups of rats induced by Puromycin and then given gambier extract 26mg/200g BW. Group K4 consist of rats induced by Puromycin and then given 80mg/200g BW of gambier extract. The four groups were given treatment for 14 days, after which the rats were placed in a metabolic cage for 24 hours to collect urine samples and then knocked down with ketamine for intra-cardiac blood collection. The results of this study showed differences between the four groups of rats in terms of the mean urine protein/creatinine ratio (p=0.015) and SOD activity (p=0.036). Groups of rats that were given gambier extracts 80mg/200g BW had lower urine protein / creatinine ratio and higher SOD activity. Therapy of gambier 80 mg/200g BW is better in managing proteinuric compared to 26mg/200g.

PSI-B-29 Breeding influence on dairy productivity of Kholmogory cattle

Abstract The Kholmogory breed of cattle is highly adapted to poor feeding and severe climate conditions of the northern part of European Russia, but a lack of dairy productivity also characterizes it. The study aims to measure the productivity of animals obtained by breeding Kholmogory and Holsteins cattle. Purebred Kholmogory (K1, n = 497), first generation` (K1/2×H1/2, n = 387), and second generation` (K1/4×H3/4, n = 384) hybrids were selected for the analysis. Dairy production for 305 days throughout 1st and 3rd lactations and also lifetime productivity were measured. Statistical processing was conducted using Statistica 10 software. The average milk yield of purebred` 1st lactation was 3501±35 kg with a fat content of 3.66±0.01%. The productivity of hybrids in the 1st lactation was higher by 728 kg (P < 0.001) with a fat content of 3.86±0.02% for K1/2×H1/2 and by 1030 kg (P < 0.001) with a fat content of 4.13±0.02 for the K1/4×H3/4 population. In the 3rd lactation, the productivity of K1 was 3948±51 kg of milk with a 3.73±0.02% of fat. This is 941 kg (P < 0.001) and 0.31% (P < 0.001) less than in K1/2×H1/2. During the same lactation in K1/4×H3/4, the average amount of milk was 5508±77 kg with 4.25±0.04% of fat. The maximum lifetime productivity was obtained from K1/2×H1/2. It made 19850±618 kg of milk and 799.6±25.3 kg of milk fat. In the K1 group, 14642±529 kg of milk and 552.6±20.3 kg of fat were obtained per life, and for K1/4×H3/4 14832±590 kg and 620.9±25.6 kg were obtained. The heterosis effect could explain the high lifetime productivity of first-generation hybrids. This is consistent because the average economic use of K1 animals was 3.53±0.11 calving, while for K1/2×H1/2, it was 4.01±0.11. Further breeding with the Holstein led to a significant decrease in the economical use duration to 2.78±0.09 calving in K1/4×H3/4.

Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Dried Tuber of Jerusalem Artichoke on Skatole Level in Backfat and CYP2E1 mRNA Expression in Liver of Boars

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of diets containing different levels of dried tuber of Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus, on skatole levels in backfat and on the CYP2E1 mRNA expression in the liver of commercial crossbred pigs. A total of 23 uncastrated male pigs from 10 litters of a commercial crossbred population of Large White × (Landrace × Large White), were used in this study. Boars were randomly divided into four different dietary treatment groups – a control group (K1; 5 boars; without supplementation of Jerusalem artichoke) and three experimental groups (6 boars each) that were fed with the diet containing different levels of dried Jerusalem artichoke (K2 – 4.1%; K3 – 8.2%; K4 – 12.2%) for 14 days before slaughter. Significant effects of diet on skatole levels were observed between the control group and the experimental groups (P = 0.0078). The lowest level of skatole was in the K3 group with 8.2% of Jerusalem artichoke. As for CYP2E1, a negative correlation was observed between the levels of skatole and CYP2E1 mRNA expression. Significant effect (P = 0.0055) was found in all experimental groups compared to the K1 group, and most pronounced in the K2 and K3 groups. The supplementation with Jerusalem artichoke resulted in lower level of skatole and higher CYP2E1 mRNA expression. The results suggest that affecting the expression of CYP2E1 by feed supplements could be an option to effectively reduce the levels of skatole in adipose tissue of entire male pigs.

백미와 유색미 쌀가루누룩 첨가 고추장의 품질 및 항산화 활성 비교

The present study compared the amino nitrogen content and the antioxidant activity of ‘Kochujang’ (K1) comprising white rice ‘Nuruk’ with those of five types of ‘Kochujang’ (K2-K6) comprising pigmented rice ‘Nuruk’ made by various strains of fungi. After 90 days of ripening, the amino nitrogen content was higher in the K2-K6 samples than in the K1 sample. The total polyphenol content was high in K5, which comprised pigmented rice ‘Nuruk’ made by Aspergillus niger (10.57 mg/g), and in K2, which comprised pigmented rice ‘Nuruk’ made by Aspergillus oryzae (9.19 mg/g). The total flavonoid content was the highest in the K2 sample (0.84 mg/g). The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activities of the samples in the K2-K6 groups were 71.31%-79.63%, which were approximately 20% higher than that of the K1 group. Overall, the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical-scavenging activity was also higher in the ‘Kochujang’ samples comprising pigmented rice ‘Nuruk’ than in that comprising white rice ‘Nuruk’. The K2 sample had the highest superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity (68.07%), and the K1 sample had the lowest SOD-like activity (59.03%). However, there was no significant difference between K3, which comprised pigmented rice ‘Nuruk’ made by Aspergillus kawachii, and sample K5.

The improvement of insulin resistance and the antioxidant capacity in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats with whiteleg shrimp shell powder (Litopenaeus vannamei)

As estimated having an increased incidence of about 50% until 2040, the diabetic condition could be augmented primarily from astaxanthin contained in carotenoids. This research examines and compares the influence of WSSP and AST complement on Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) level and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) induced high-fat diet streptozotocin (HFD-STZ) in T2DM rats. WSSP 0.89gr/200gr/d (X1) and 1.77gr/200gr/d (X2) groups; and AST supplement 0.09mg/200gr/d (X3) groups were compared with both of positive (K1) and negative (K2) groups. The treatments were administered orally for 21 days to 25 Wistar rats which each group consisted of 5 rats. HOMA-IR and TAC levels were measured by ELISA and ABTs method respectively. TAC levels significantly increased in treatment groups than K1 group (p = 0.008). The increase in the TAC level of the X2 group was greater than the X1 group (p = 0.017). HOMA IR levels were significantly lower in treatment groups than K1 group (p = 0.009). X2 group had a greater decrease in HOMA IR levels compared to X1 (p = 0.016). In consequence, the research findings show a utilitarian effect of WSSP in increasing TAC and decreasing the HOMA-IR index.

A Randomized Double-Blind Parallel-Group Study to Evaluate the Long-Term Effects of a Medical Device Containing 0.3% Octatrienoic Acid in the Treatment of Grade III Actinic Keratosis.

IntroductionActinic keratosis (AK) consists of skin lesions with a milder degree of keratinocytic atypia. It can be also referred to as “field of cancerization,” which can potentially evolve to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Several therapeutic options are currently available, but not all are indicated on hyperkeratotic lesions. This study aimed to test the efficacy and tolerability of a medical device containing 2,4,6-octatrienoic acid and urea for the treatment of hyperkeratotic AK lesions.MethodsSeventy male and female subjects with grade III AK were enrolled in this randomized double-blind parallel-group study. The product was applied once daily for three consecutive months. The primary efficacy endpoint was the reduction in the mean number of AK lesions per subject from baseline (T0) to the end of the trial (T1) and 3 months after the end of the treatment period (T2). Therefore, clearance of target AK lesions at the end of the treatment period and local skin reaction score (LSR) versus baseline were evaluated.ResultsThere was a decrease of mean values from baseline to visit T2 in both treatment groups, but the decrease (versus baseline values) was more evident in the Kerà K2 group than in the placebo group (−42.78, SD 26.53, versus −6.20, SD 31.57), and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). For 70 subjects (56.7%) in the Kerà K2 group and 3 (11.54%) in the placebo group, a significant (p < 0.005) partial clearance was evidenced. The product was well tolerated, and no serious adverse events were reported during the duration of the trial. Subject self-assessment of acceptability, local tolerability, and the cosmetic result was good at both T1 and T2 for both groups.ConclusionsThe medical device has demonstrated good efficacy in the reduction of visible AKs, encouraging its use.

The effectivity of bovine colostrum and Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) on the improvement of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and Takeda G-Protein Coupled Receptor-5 (TGR5) level in post-hepatectomy Wistar rats

Background: The factor affecting the liver's healing process after resection in liver malignancy is liver fibrosis. Bovine Colostrum (BC), as one of the anti-fibrosis products of the liver, improves hepatic fibrosis and reduces hepatocyte damage caused by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Meanwhile, Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) is a new therapeutic source after resection. MSC is able to differentiate into specific cells in the healing process. This study aims to determine the effects of BC, MSC, and a combination of both in terms of increasing Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and Takeda G-Protein Coupled Receptor-5 (TGR5) levels in Wistar rats post hepatectomy 50% with liver fibrosis.Methods: This study is an experimental study with a randomized control trial design. Subjects were 25 Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) which were divided into 5 groups: Sham (surgery only), K (Control), K1 (CCL4 +BC), K2 (CCL4 + MSC), and K3 (CCL4 + MSC +BC). Blood was also taken to assess ALP and TGR5 at Day-3, Day-7, and Day-10 of treatment. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 for Windows.Results: A significant differences are found in ALP in the Sham group with K2 (p = 0.014) and the K2 group with K1 (p=0.026) on day 10. Significant differences in TGR5 are found in the Sham and K2 groups (p=0.009), control with K2 (p=0.014), K2 with K1 (p=0.007) on day 3. On day 7 in the control group with the combination (p=0.013). The test results showed that TGR5 on day 3 had a moderate significant strong correlation on ALP levels on day 10 (r=0.596; p=0.014).Conclusion: The combination of BC and MSC was not better than the administration of BC or MSC only in increasing ALP and TGR5 levels in rats with liver fibrosis after hepatectomy 50%.Based on this study, the administration of MSC is recommended.

Antiasthma Activities of Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaves Extract on the Eosinophil Count and Mast Cells in BALB/c Mice

Asthma is a chronic inflammation of the respiratory tract. This study aimed to prove Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves extract's effect on reducing the eosinophil count and mast cells in asthmatic mice. Twenty BALB/c mice that met the inclusion criteria were divided into four groups of standard control (K1), negative control (K2), dexamethasone (K3), and M. oleifera leaves extract (K4). On days 0 and 7, intraperitoneal ovalbumin (OVA) was sensitized. On days 14, 16, and 18, mice were re-sensitized by inhalation using 1% OVA in sterile 0.9% NaCl. On days 18 to 25, K1 and K2 groups were given Na-CMC, the K3 group was given dexamethasone 1.3 µg/day, and the K4 group was given M. oleifera leaves extract 3.9 mg/day. On the 25th day, the mice were terminated to analyze the eosinophil count and stable bronchiolar mast cells. In conclusion, M. oleifera leaves extract was proven to decrease the eosinophil count with a p-value &lt;0.05 and could stabilize bronchiolar mast cells with a p-value &lt;0.05.

Swimming Improves Memory Function and Decreases N-Methyl-D-Aspartate in Ageing Rats

A single Memory impairment substantially reduces the quality of life in the elderly. It is associated with thealteration of neurotrophic (NT) factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glutamatereceptor N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Exercise is often used to reduce cognitive impairment. Previousstudies show that the benefits of aerobic exercises on such impairments are correlated with increasing BDNFand preventing the production of NMDA. However, some results remain controversial. Thus, the associationbetween exercise and Memory was addressed by examining increases in BDNF and the reduction of NMDAin ageing rats. The study used a randomized, post-test-only controlled group of 30 male one-year-old ageingRattus norvegicus divided into three groups, namely, K0 (control) and K1 and K2 (aerobic swimmingexercise). K1 and K2 animals differed in the frequency of exercise, which is three and four sessions perweek, respectively. Memory was assessed using Y-maze performance. BDNF and NMDA were analyzedusing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. A significant improvement in memory function and reductionin the NMDA level were observed in K1 and K2 group rats (p = 0.001; p = 0.041). No significant impact onthe BDNF levels was observed (p = 0.387). Swimming may boost Memory by reducing the NMDA levelbut not by increasing BDNF. Swimming is a promising method for preventing or delaying memory loss indegenerative brain diseases. Further investigation is needed to fully understand underlying mechanisms.

Partial volume correction analysis for 11C-UCB-J PET studies of Alzheimer's disease

Purpose11C-UCB-J PET imaging, targeting synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A), has been shown to be a useful indicator of synaptic density in Alzheimer's disease (AD). For SV2A imaging, a decrease in apparent tracer uptake is often due to the combination of gray-matter (GM) atrophy and SV2A decrease in the remaining tissue. Our aim is to reveal the true SV2A change by performing partial volume correction (PVC). MethodsWe performed two PVC algorithms, Müller-Gärtner (MG) and ‘iterative Yang’ (IY), on 17 AD participants and 11 cognitive normal (CN) participants using the brain-dedicated HRRT scanner. Distribution volume VT, the rate constant K1, binding potential BPND (centrum semiovale as reference region), and tissue volume were compared. ResultsIn most regions, both PVC algorithms reduced the between-group differences. Alternatively, in hippocampus, IY increased the significance of between-group differences while MG reduced it (VT, BPND and K1 group differences: uncorrected: 20%, 27%, 17%; MG: 18%, 22%, 14%; IY: 22%, 28%, 17%). The group difference in hippocampal volume (10%) was substantially smaller than any PET measures. MG increased GM binding values to a greater extent than IY due to differences in algorithm assumptions. Conclusion11C-UCB-J binding is significantly reduced in AD hippocampus, but PVC is important to adjust for significant volume reduction. After correction, PET measures are substantially more sensitive to group differences than volumetric MRI measures. Assumptions of each PVC algorithm are important and should be carefully examined and validated. For 11C-UCB-J, the less stringent assumptions of IY support its use as a PVC algorithm over MG.

Ekstrak Kulit Pisang Kepok (Musa paradisiaca) Menurunkan Kadar AST pada Tikus Putih yang Diinduksi Diet Tinggi Lemak

&lt;p class="ABSTRACT"&gt;Background. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) causes many health problems in overweight person. There is an increase in the incidence of NAFLD with the increased incidence of metabolic syndrome. NAFLD is closely related to the incidence of obesity and dyslipidemia. Increased levels of AST and ALT are the most frequently performed liver function tests that can be used as a benchmark for suspicion of NAFLD. Banana peels contain flavonoids and phenolics which are antioxidants that can function as hepatoprotectors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="ABSTRACT"&gt;Aim. Proving the effect of Kepok banana peel extract (Musa paradisiaca formatypica) on AST and ALT of Wistar rats induced high fat diet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="ABSTRACT"&gt;Method. A laboratory experimental study with a post-test only control group design, with four treatment groups. There is one negative control group only given four weeks standard diet, one positive control group only given four weeks high-fat diet, and two treatment group where the rats were given two weeks high-fat diet then were given two weeks high-fat diet plus Kepok banana peel extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW and 400 mg/kg BW.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="ABSTRACT"&gt;Result. Based on the results of descriptive analysis, the highest mean AST levels were in the negative control group and the lowest was the K2 group. Meanwhile, the highest mean of ALT was in the positive control group and the lowest was the K2 group. Based on the Kruskal Wallis test, the significance of the AST variable was not different (p&amp;gt;0.05), but the ALT variable was significantly different (p&amp;lt;0.05). Significant differences from the Mann Whitney-U test (p&amp;lt;0.05) were obtained between the negative control group and the positive control, the negative control group with K2 and the positive control group with the K2 group).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="ABSTRACT"&gt;Conclusion. The administration of Kepok banana peel extract (Musa paradisiaca formatypica) showed a significant decrease in ALT levels in Wistar strain white rats induced by a high-fat diet, but it was not significant for AST levels.&lt;/p&gt;

Effect of vitamin K1 on the healing process of osteoporotic fracture in aged rats and its mechanism

Objective To investigate the effect of vitamin K1 on the healing process of osteoporotic fracture and its mechanism by measuring interleukin- 6(IL-6), bone gla protein (BGP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in animal serum. Methods 64 Sprague-Dawley male aged osteoporosis rats (body weight 560±20g, age 20 months) were enrolled. The left femoral fracture model was made in rats and intramedullary fixation was performed with a 1.5mm diameter Kirschner wire. They were randomly divided into two groups: vitamin K1 injection group (32 rats) and control group (32 rats). The vitamin K1 group was intraperitoneally injected with vitamin K115mg/kg/3d after surgery, and the control group was intraperitoneally injected with 0.9% sodium chloride injection of the same volume for 8w. At 2w, 4w, 8w and 12w after fracture, 8 rats in the vitamin K1 injection group and 8 rats in the control group were randomly selected, and venous blood was collected. The levels of IL-6 and BGP in serum were detected by radioimmunology. The contents of calcium, phosphorus and ALP in serum were determined by spectrophotometry. Bone callus was taken for hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Bone mineral density (BMD) of bone callus and right femur were measured at 2w, 4w, 8w and 12w. Radiological observation (X-ray) was performed at 12W. Results The serum IL-6 of vitamin K1 injection group was lower than that of control group at each time point, but the serum BGP, ALP, calcium and phosphorus product and BMD were higher than that of control group (P<0.05). The results of HE staining showed that chondrogenesis and endochondral osteogenesis were earlier in the vitamin K1 group than in the control group. X-ray films showed that the fracture line of vitamin K1 group was blurred 12 days after surgery, the bone callus connected the broken end, and the medullary cavity was recanalized. In the control group, the fracture line was still relatively clear 12 weeks after operation, and the callus connection at the broken end was not close. Conclusion Vitamin K1 can reduce the serum IL-6 content, increase the BGP, ALP content and the product of calcium and phosphorus, and then promote the healing of osteoporotic fracture in aged rats. Vitamin K1 can promote fracture healing, accelerated cartilage osteogenesis, accelerated mineralization, bone callus and whole body bone density increase.

Differences in AGEs-N-Carboxymethyllysine and Kidney Injury Molecule-1 in non-diabetic subjects, diabetic with and without diabetic nephropathy

Background: Diabetic nephropathy (ND) is a complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), characterized by persistent albuminuria. N-carboxymethyl lysine (CML) is the most extensive advanced glycation end products (AGEs), formed from the fructoselysine amadori. Kidney Injury Molecule 1 (KIM-1) is a type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein. The aim of the study is to analyze the differences in AGEs-CML and KIM-1 levels in the non-DM subject, DM without and with DN.Methods: A cross-sectional analytic observational study was conducted on 25 non-DM subjects (K1), 25 DM without DN (K2), and 25 DM with DN (K3) in PROLANIS Semarang. AGEs-CML and KIM-1 levels were measured using the ELISA method. Inter-group AGEs-CML levels were analyzed using the One way ANOVA test, followed by post hoc Games-Howell. The levels KIM-1 between groups were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test levels, followed by Mann Whitney post hoc test and p&lt;0.05, were considered significant.Results: There were differences in AGEs-CML levels between K1 (739.89±227.37 ng/ml) and K3 (911.79±107.44) (p = 0.005), between K2 (798.82±153.03) and K3 (911.79 ± 107.44) (p = 0.012) and there was no difference in K1 and K2 (p =0.535). There were differences in KIM-1 level between K1 [9.82 (5.99 – 14.83) pg/ml] and K2 [15.31 (10.12 – 30.21) (p &lt;0.001)], between K1 [9.82 (5.99 – 14.83)] and K3 [15.11 (8.27 – 25.63) (p &lt;0.001)] and there was no difference between K2 and K3 (p=0.720)Conclusion: The highest AGEs-CML levels were significantly found in the K3 group, followed by K2 and the lowest in K3. KIM-1 levels were significantly found in the K2 group, followed by K3 and the lowest in K1.

Effectiveness of Black Honey as an Antiinflammatory Substance in Rat’s Wound Infected by Staphylococcus aureus

Background: Black honey contains higher flavonoids, phenols, and minerals, which serves as antiinflammatory agents and promote faster wound healing. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of black honey on macrophage cells and blood vessels in rats’ wounds infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: This was an experimental study with a post-test only control group design. This study involved 24 rats divided into 4 groups. The treatment was carried out for 5 days. The rats in the K1 group were wounded (cut) and given aquadest. The rats in the K2 group were wounded (cut), infected with Staphylococcus aureus, and given aquadest. The rats in the P1 group were wounded (cut), infected with Staphylococcus aureus, and treated with 2ml of black honey topically. The rats in the P2 group were wounded (cut), infected with Staphylococcus aureus, and treated with2ml of black honey orally. Observations were made histopathologicaly using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining by calculating the number of macrophage and blood vessels, and further using One-Way ANOVA. Result: The number of macrophages and blood vessels between groups was significantly different. The K2 group had the highest mean number of macrophage cells and blood vessels, and the K1 group was the least. The mean number of macrophage cells in the P1 group was more than the K1 group and less than the K2 and P2 groups, both significantly. Conclusion: Black honey was effective in reducing inflammation in wounds infected by Staphylococcus aureus.

Effectiveness Of Stepping Dose Ozonated Virgin Coconut Oil For Wound Healing In Autologous Full Thickness Skin Graft In Terms Of Fibroblast Proliferation And The Expression Of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor In Sprague Dawley Rats

Abstract&#x0D; Background: Now, Skin grafts are one of the therapies of choice in the wound healing process. And this is still developing today. The process of formation fibroblas and the formation of vascular endothelial growth factor have an important role in healing skin graft wounds. Ozonated virgin coconut oil has an important role in wound healing.&#x0D; Objective: To prove the effect of ozonated virgin coconut oil in various doses in increasing number of fibroblas and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor of skin graft wounds.&#x0D; Methods: This study is an experimental study with "Randomized parallel study with controlled group design" on 40 Sprague Dawley rats which are performed an autologous skin graft at the same time. Samples were divided randomly into 8 groups (K1 and K2 = without ozonated VCO), (A1 and A2 = ozonated VCO 50,4 mg/ml), (B1 and B2 = ozonated VCO 103,2 mg/ml), (C1 and C2 = ozonated VCO 204 mg/ml). Evaluation of the amount of fibroblas was done by staining hematoxylin &amp; eosin after the 6th day and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was done by staining immunohistochemistry after the 12th day after skin graft.&#x0D; Results: Statistical analysis of the amount of fibroblas after the 6th day was found to be significantly different between the K1 vs A1 group (p = 0.029), K1 vs B1 (p = 0.004), K1 vs C1 (p = 0.000), on the 12th day was found significantly different the amount of fibroblast between K2 vs A2 ( p = 0,029 ), K2 vs B2 ( p = 0,010 ), K2 vs C2 ( p = 0,001 ). The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor on the 6th day was found a significant difference between the K1 vs A1 group (p = 0.024), K1 vs B1 (p = 0.005), K1 vs C1 (p = 0.001), on the 12th day was found significantly different the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor between K2 vs A2 ( p = 0,011 ), K2 vs B2 ( p = 0,036 ), K2 vs C2 ( p = 0,004 ) .&#x0D; Conclusion: Ozonated VCO can increase the amount of fibroblas and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in the wound healing process of autologous skin graft in Sprague Dawley rats.&#x0D; Keywords: Ozonated VCO, full thickness skin graft, fibroblas, VEGF.

A natural approach, the use of killer toxin produced by Metschnikowia pulcherrima in fresh ground beef patties for shelf life extention

A novel killer toxin produced by yeast Metschnikowia pulcherrima was purified and added into ready to cook meatballs to enhance their microbial safety and extension of their shelf life. The agent was added into ready to cook meatballs at two different concentrations (1%-K1 and 2%-K2). The results of those two groups were compared to the control group (K0) lacking the killer toxin. Physical, chemical and microbiological analyses were carried out in meat dough and all analyses were repeated at two day intervals during 10 day-storage at +4 °C. Addition of inhibitor compound in meat dough decreased the numbers of total aerobic mesophillic bacteria, yeast and molds and lactic acid bacteria. Staphylococci/Micrococci, coliform bacteria and total psychrotrophic bacterial counts of the samples were determined as well. Results showed that all indicators of microbial deterioration were found to be higher in K1 group than K2 group, revealing that there was an inverse correlation between the concentration of killer toxin and the number of microorganisms causing spoilage. In addition to 1 log decrease in the number of microorganisms in toxin added groups, the high TBARS values of the control group also showed the effectiveness of the toxin. Toxic effect analysis results showed that the killer toxin had no toxic effect on L929 mouse fibroblast cells after 24h exposure.

The Effect of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Extract on Malondialdehyde Level in Rat Liver

This study aimed to determine the efficacy of roselle flower extract in reducing the Malondialdehyde (MDA) level in rats after induction of 20% ethanol. This experimental study used a post-test design on 24 male white rats, Wistar strain which were grouped into six type of treatment. The K1 group was given daily aquadest only, K2 was given 20% ethanol. K3 was given 20% ethanol and vitamin C, K4 was given 20% ethanol and 250 mg/kgBW/day roselle flower extracts, K5 was given 20% ethanol and 500 mg/kgBW/day roselle flower extract, K6 was given 20% ethanol and 750 mg/kgBW/day roselle flower extract. Each group received treatment for 30 days. At the time of termination, the rat’s liver was collected and the liver’s MDA level was examined. One Way Anova test and the Post Hoc Tukey test were used for data analysis. There was a decrease in MDA levels (3.1578±0.37 ng/ml) in K4 compared to K2 as well as to K5 and K6 with higher extract concentrations. Thus, despite its benefit as antioxidant, excess of flavonoid compounds undergoing oxidation will produce a metabolite compound that can damage the endogenous antioxidant. Hence, 250 mg/kgBW/day roselle flower extract given daily can reduce MDA levels in mice induced with 20% alcohol.

Pengaruh Pemberian Calcitriol terhadap Kadar Limfosit pada Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) Galur Wistar Jantan yang Dipapar Asap Rokok

The health impact for active and passive smokers is damage to the organs and respiratory tract. The body organs initially experience inflammation which increases the number of white blood cells, one of which is an increase in lymphocytes. One of the efforts to reduce the damage caused free radical by cigarette smoke is by consuming Calcitriol. Objective: To determine the effect of presenting Calcitriol on lymphocyte levels in male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to cigarette smoke. Methods: This type of research is a pure experimental (true-experiment) using a pre and post-test research design with a control group design to check lymphocyte levels in male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). 24 rats were divided into 6 groups simultaneously. Random, namely the control group 1 (exposed to cigarette smoke and not given Calcitriol), group 2 (exposed to cigarette smoke and not given Calcitriol), placebo control group (exposed to cigarette smoke and given olive oil), treatment 1 (exposed to cigarette smoke and given Calcitriol with a dose of 0.25 µgr / head), treatment 2 (exposed to cigarette smoke and given Calcitriol at a dose of 0.5 µgr / head) and treatment 3 (exposed to cigarette smoke and given Calcitriol at a dose of 1 µgr / head). Results: Paired t-test lymphocyte levels showed evidence that stated (p &lt;0.05) in the K2 group (p = 0.014), the K3 group (p = 0.049), the P1 group (p = 0.012) and the P3 group (0.001) . Meanwhile, group K1 (p = 0.115) and group P2 (p = 0.066) had no statistical difference. Conclusion: Calcitriol administration can reduce lymphocyte levels in male Wistar rats exposed to cigarette smoke.

Malondialdehyde (MDA) Production in Atherosclerosis Supplemented with Steamed Tomato.

Malondialdehyde (MDA) may increase influenced by free radicals due to lipid oxidation. Tomato induction considers able to prevent free radical damage and atherosclerosis. Therefore, this study aims to understand the effect of steamed-tomato extracts on MDA and its potential as an early diagnosis of atherosclerosis. A total of 24 healthy 12 weeks-old male-rats were divided into four treatment groups, equally. A normal control group (K1) was rats with placebo treatment. A negative control group (K2) was the rats supplemented with 2 mL kg-1 b.wt. per day of cholesterol until cholesterol. A K3 group was atherosclerosis rats given with 20 mg kg-1 b.wt. per day of atorvastatin and a K4 was atherosclerotic rats supplemented with 16 mg kg-1 b.wt. per day of tomato extract. All treatments were carried out for 60 consecutive days. Tomato extract in the K4 group was succeeded in lowering MDA production. Carotenoid compounds in tomato extract are well known to be prevention agents against lipid oxidation and inhibit free radicals. MDA levels have increased significantly in atherosclerosis conditions, making it potentially noticeable during early atherosclerotic, therefore, potentially developed as biomarkers. MDA levels increase significantly and simultaneously after high cholesterol diets and in line with lipid parameters and damaged blood vessels. The steamed-tomato extract can reduce MDA, lipids levels and protect endothelial from lipid oxidation. More research should be conducted to breakdown the MDA function in the molecular pathway, including MDA correlation to microRNA expression and cell signaling.