Juvenile Detention Research Articles

Increasing Health Literacy Among Residents at a Juvenile Temporary Detention Center.

Health literacy is a nationwide public health concern. Low health literacy in adolescents is related to increased adolescent high-risk behaviors, which can negatively affect their overall health. A quality improvement health literacy project was developed, implemented, and evaluated in a juvenile temporary detention center. Stakeholders identified pertinent health-related topics for discussion, including female body anatomy, sexual health, consent, pornography, sex trafficking, smoking, and anger management. Toolkits and pretest/posttest questionnaires guided weekly group sessions. Youth engaged in content during each session. Group health literacy scores were examined to evaluate the program. Group comments were debriefed by facilitators after each session; 119 youth residents participated. Positive increases in health literacy and health knowledge were observed in all sessions for all groups. Interactive health education programs for incarcerated youth can improve their health literacy and health knowledge and begin a path to decrease health inequities in this vulnerable population.

Addressing A Mental Health Intervention Gap in Juvenile Detention: A Pilot Study

ABSTRACT Research suggests that 60–70% of adolescents detained in the juvenile justice system meet criteria for a mental health disorder compared to 20% of the general adolescent population; however, the vast majority do not receive services. Unfortunately, mental health symptoms often worsen during detainment, and detainment is linked to lower levels of educational attainment and increased risk of adult recidivism. Thus, not only are these adolescents unlikely to receive needed mental health care but also the lack of interventions in detention may exacerbate inequities of contact with the criminal justice system in adulthood. In addition to these youth being an underserved population broadly, youth of color are also disproportionately incarcerated compared to their white counterparts. The current paper describes results of a pilot study of an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)-based behavioral skills intervention, aimed at providing evidence-based mental health treatment for anadolescent population at risk of long-term adverse mental health outcomes. The study included 128 males aged 14–17 who resided in juvenile detention. Results demonstrated that the intervention was acceptable to participants, feasible to provide in detention, and could be implemented with fidelity and competency. Intervention participants demonstrated declines in symptoms of mental health, and ACT-specific constructs of experiential avoidance, cognitive fusion, and perceived barriers to moving toward their values. These results have important implications for the possibility of an effective intervention that could disrupt systemic inequity in youth mental health, and thus support further testing of this intervention in a randomized controlled trial.

Evidencing the Need to Screen for Social Determinants of Health Among Boys Entering a Juvenile Prison: A Latent Profile Analysis.

Social determinants of health influence who ends up in the juvenile legal system and how individuals fare when entering and leaving the system. The present study utilized latent profile analysis to determine the extent to which social determinants of health were present in a sample of incarcerated youth and the patterns in which they appear. The authors then examined their relationships to racial groups, depression, substance misuse, and recidivism risk. Data were from 1288 adolescent boys sentenced to a juvenile prison in one Southeastern state for serious offending (i.e., repeat offenses, offenses involving physical or sexual violence). We ran a latent class analysis to test for patterns with which youth present with various social determinants of health. Profiles with more violence exposure and higher social support were comprised of more Black boys than the referent profile. Property and sexual offenses also differed significantly from the referent profile. Altogether, results from our examination of selected social determinants of health indicated such factors meaningfully contribute to our understanding of experiences of young people in the juvenile legal system and may be targets for mental health and substance use intervention as they may contribute to problem behaviors or negative outcomes.

Living Death at the Intersection of Necropower and Disciplinary Power: A Qualitative Exploration of Racialised and Detained Groups in Australia

This article challenges state-sponsored violence in Australia by exploring the experiences of young Indigenous people in youth detention and refugees in immigration detention in Australia as a form of living death. This article examines how this living death manifests by qualitatively analysing publicly accessible first-hand accounts from Indigenous young people about their experiences of youth imprisonment and from refugees about their experiences of immigration detention onshore and offshore. The findings suggest that when necropower and disciplinary power intersect four overlapping expressions of violence emerge: structural violence, epistemic violence, physical violence and brutality, and disciplinary violence. It is the complex overlapping of these multiple forms of harm that creates an experience of living death. In privileging the voices of young Indigenous people and refugees, this article also recognises their continued refusal of past and present colonial structures and the associated violence of carceral spaces.

Środki poprawczo-wychowawcze stosowane wobec małoletnich więźniów w Królestwie Polskim (do 1867 r.)

Introduction: During the autonomous period of the Kingdom of Poland, seven-year-old children were already under criminal responsibility. Tragic consequence of juvenile delinquency was imprisonment, during which minors served the sentence with demoralized adult prisoners. Corrective and educational measures were to counteract this phenomenon. Research Aim: The aim of the article is to present corrective and educational measures in the light of legal solutions for juvenile prisoners in the autonomous period of the Kingdom of Poland. Institutional sources in the form of penal code, regulations of the Administrative Council, regulations of the Government Commission for Internal and Clergy Affairs and prison regulations relating to juvenile offenders and juvenile prisoners were analyzed. Evidence-based Facts: In the history of rehabilitation pedagogy, there is no synthetic study on teaching minors in prisons during the autonomous period of the Kingdom of Poland. The few research results focusing on the state of prison education at that time, only marginally refer to the education of children in prisons. These issues were dealt with by both nineteenth-century social activists and researchers in the interwar period. In the post-war period, we can also find it incidentally in monographs devoted to the rehabilitation of minors. Summary: Despite the fact that the main goal of the partition policy towards children was Russification, the efforts made in prisons, thanks to the social commitment of penitentiaries, contributed to their moral improvement.

Understanding juvenile pre-adjudicatory detention and front-end juvenile case processing: The moderating role of race

PurposeThe current study expands our knowledge regarding the effects of pre-adjudicatory detention by examining the moderating role of a juvenile's race/ethnicity on the association between pre-adjudicatory detention and juvenile court outcomes (e.g., dismissal, adjudication, or disposition outcome decisions). MethodsThe current study draws on data from the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice and employs both logistic regression and an analysis of the resulting predicted probabilities to examine the moderating effect of race/ethnicity on the association between pre-adjudicatory detention and three distinct juvenile case outcomes. ResultsResults suggest that the relationship between pre-adjudicatory detention and the likelihood of case dismissal and adjudication differs significantly among Black, White, and Hispanic youth. When the analysis was limited to youth who had been adjudicated, however, the positive association observed between time spent detained and the restrictiveness of placement following disposition was equivalent among the groups examined. ConclusionsSince the effects of pre-adjudicatory detention on some front-end juvenile case processing outcomes vary by race, it is crucial to develop interventions/policies to reduce disparities in this type of detention, especially for Black youth.

Space use and site fidelity of wintering whooping cranes on the Texas Gulf Coast

AbstractThe Aransas‐Wood Buffalo population (the only non‐reintroduced, migratory population) of endangered whooping cranes (Grus americana) overwinters along the Texas Gulf Coast, USA. Understanding whooping crane space use on the wintering grounds reveals essential aspects of this species' ecology, which subsequently assists with conservation. Using global positioning system telemetry data from marked whooping cranes during 2009–2017, we fit continuous‐time stochastic process models to describe movement and home range using autocorrelated kernel density estimation (AKDE) and explored variation in home range size in relation to age, sex, reproductive status, and drought conditions. We used the Bhattacharyya coefficient of overlap and distance between home range centroids to quantify site fidelity. We examined the effects of time between winter home ranges and the sex of the crane on site fidelity using Bayesian mixed‐effects beta regression. Winter whooping crane 95% AKDE home range size averaged 30.1 ± 45.2 (SD) km2 (median = 14.3, range = 1.1–308.6). Home ranges of sub‐adult females were approximately 2 times larger than those of sub‐adult males or families. As drought worsened, home ranges typically expanded. Between consecutive years, the home ranges of an adult crane exhibited 68 ± 31% overlap (site fidelity), but fidelity to winter sites declined in subsequent winters. The overlap of adult home ranges with the nearest unrelated family averaged 33 ± 28%. As a whooping crane aged, overlap with its winter home range as a juvenile declined, regardless of sex. By 4 years of age, a whooping crane had approximately 14 ± 28% overlap with its juvenile winter home range. Limited evidence suggested male whooping cranes return to within 2 km of their juvenile home range by their fifth winter. Previous data obtained from aerial surveys led ecologists to assume that whooping crane families normally used small areas (~2 km2) and expressed persistent site fidelity. Our analyses showed <8% of families had home ranges ≤2 km2, with the average area 15 times greater, and waning site fidelity over time. Our work represents an analysis of whooping crane home ranges for this population, identifying past misconceptions of winter space use and resulting in better estimates of space requirements for future conservation efforts.

The Role of Anhedonia and Low Arousal in Substance Use Disorder Among Adolescents With Conduct Disorder Symptoms

Objective: During adolescence, transformations in the neural circuitry of the brain’s reward system can lead to vulnerabilities that pave the way for involvement in criminal and addictive behaviors. Some mental disorders (e.g., conduct disorder) are more comorbid with substance use disorders because of their unique nature.This study examines the role of anhedonia and low arousal in substance use disorders among adolescents with conduct disorder symptoms. Methods: The present correlational study was conducted in 2021 in Tabriz City, Iran. The participants were 784 adolescents with Conduct Disorder (CD) aging from 13 to 17 years at Juvenile Detention Centers (JDC). After the attrition, 436 adolescents remained. We used convenience sampling for the sampling method. In addition, we utilized the substance abuse scale, the conduct disorder rating scale, the self-assessment anhedonia scale, and the how I feel scale to collect the data. After the ethical approval and signed informed consent, the questionnaires were distributed among participants. After collecting the questionnaires, we entered the data into the SPSS software, version 23, for analysis. Results: The Addiction Potential Scale (APS) had a significant and direct correlation with physical anhedonia (r=0.226, P<0.01), intellectual anhedonia (r=0.221, P<0.01), social anhedonia (r=0.236, P<0.01), and negative emotion (r=0.211, P<0.01). Substance use increases with an increase in anhedonia. On the other hand, APS had a significant and reversal correlation with positive emotion (r=-0.173, P<0.05), and positive and negative emotion control (r=-0.197, P<0.01), i.e., less positive emotion and weak control of positive and negative emotions lead to substance use disorder among adolescents with conduct disorder. Conclusion: Impulsive behaviors (e.g., substance use disorder) respond to low arousal and anhedonia among adolescents with conduct disorder symptoms to relieve their negative emotions and strengthen their low arousal.

PERSONALITY TRAITS OF JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

The relationship between juvenile delinquency and personality has been observed by many researchers. The main objective of this paper is to assess the personality traits among juvenile delinquents. Sample of the study comprises of 153 juvenile delinquents staying in a juvenile home at Chennai. Normative survey method was employed for data collection. The Big Five Personality Inventory by John, Benet-Martinez and Benet-Martinez (1998) was used for data collection. ‘t’ test is used to analyse the collected data. Results revealed that there is no significant difference found based on gender in the dimensions of personality and in overall personality. Personality traits have to be improved so as to reduce the crimes performed by adolescents and their basic needs have to be fulfilled in order to bring a change in their lives.

Vaccination for Justice-Involved Youth.

Justice-involved youth are at increased risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, and structural barriers may limit their access to vaccination. We implemented a COVID-19 vaccination initiative for justice-involved youth residing at the county juvenile detention center and enrolled in local community-based monitoring programs. Our overarching goal was to increase COVID-19 vaccine access and uptake for justice-involved youth in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Our efforts incorporated: a virtual forum with youth, guardians, and community partners; one-on-one outreach to guardians; motivational interviewing with youth; and coordination with organizational leaders. We collaborated with a multidisciplinary medical team to offer individualized education and counseling to parents and youth expressing vaccine hesitancy. We developed a logistical framework to ensure complete COVID-19 vaccination series for all youth, including centralized tracking and implementation of multiple community-based vaccine clinics. Through our initiative, 31 justice-involved youth have received at least 1 dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. A total of 50 doses have been administered as a result of this initiative. This work has reaffirmed hypothesized barriers to vaccine access among justice-involved youth, including limited parental involvement, inadequate transportation, vaccine misinformation, and distrust rooted in histories of medical mistreatment of communities of color. Best practices for promoting equitable vaccination efforts among vulnerable subgroups include partnering closely with diverse community members; offering individualized, strengths-based counseling on vaccine safety, efficacy, and importance; and demonstrating provider trustworthiness by recognizing histories of oppression.

Tasteless confinement of juveniles with I/DD: How to keep juvenile offenders with intellectual and developmental disabilities out of confinement

AbstractA lack of screening for intellectual and developmental disabilities (“I/DD”) in juvenile justice systems nationwide results in a lack of appropriate accommodations. As a result, juveniles with I/DD are at a heightened risk of recidivation and adult incarceration than non‐disabled offenders. Additionally, juvenile incarceration harms an individual's health and educational and employment attainment. This Note proposes model legislation that requires mandatory screening for I/DD and implements a pre‐arrest restorative community‐based diversion program aimed at meeting the needs of juvenile offenders with I/DD and teaching participants intellectual, emotional, and social skills, while reducing incarceration and recidivism rates among youth with I/DD.

Feasibility and preliminary outcomes from a non-randomized trial of the free talk program in a short-term juvenile detention facility

Juvenile justice system involvement is associated with increased risk for many mental health concerns including substance use problems. Juvenile detention centers offer a primary point of contact by which youth may access programs that enhance their motivation to make positive changes. Yet, few studies have tested whether the clinical approaches that are helpful in community settings or long-term juvenile justice settings are also helpful in short-term juvenile detention facilities. Free Talk (FT) is a 6-session program that has been shown to reduce substance use among youth charged with a first-time drug offense in a youth court setting. The current study is the first evaluation of FT’s implementation in a detention center. To inform future implementations, we aimed to 1) assess whether detained youth participating in the intervention experienced the motivational changes that were expected based on studies of non-detained youth and 2) test whether depressive symptoms and substance use problems moderated the benefit of FT. Detained adolescents (N = 49; 83.7% male; M age = 15.31; 83.7% African-American, 12.2% White, 4.7% Hispanic/Latinx) participated in FT. A pre-post design suggested that, on average, youth in the sample experienced decreases in motivation to change substance use; however, youth with higher levels of substance use problems exhibited increases in motivation after participating in FT. Results emphasize the need to specifically target clinical services to those most likely to benefit from them and to avoid clinical situations that may result in iatrogenic effects. We discuss implementation challenges and recommend solutions to enhance mental health care in short-term detention centers.

Naloxone Knowledge and Attitudes of Juvenile Residents in a Detention Setting.

The opioid epidemic in the United States is financially, physically, and emotionally costly. Juvenile residents in detention settings witness overdose through personal opioid use or that of family or friends. Educational programming was developed for residents in a juvenile temporary detention center to increase knowledge of opioid overdose and nonopioid misuse. Using pre-post group surveys, we evaluated knowledge of opioid overdose, naloxone, and attitudes. Most residents recognized opioids and other substances by name, felt comfortable in their ability to recognize opioid overdose symptoms, and knew how to assist. Youth residents may be less likely to use opioids and more likely to become first responders in an overdose situation. However, some would not intervene or call for help. Instead, a potential conflict for themselves was perceived.

The Relationship Between Age at Incarceration and Lifetime Suicide Attempt Among a Nationally Representative Sample of U.S. Adults.

To examine the association between age at incarceration and lifetime suicide attempt (SA), and whether it differs by gender. Lifetime prevalence of SA was compared between respondents with no incarceration, juvenile, and adult incarceration who completed the 2012-2013 National Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (N = 36,107). We compared the odds of SA, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, psychiatric disorders, and childhood adverse experiences, and stratified the results by gender. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of SA relative to no incarceration history was 1.66 (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.32-2.07) for adult incarceration and 2.00 (95% CI 1.49-2.70) for juvenile incarceration. AOR of SA relative to no incarceration history was 2.14 (95% CI 1.56-2.93) for adult and 2.15 (95% CI 1.38-3.35) for juvenile incarceration in women; it was 1.73 (95% CI 1.14-2.60) in juvenile incarceration relative to no incarceration history in men. A history of incarceration may increase SA, particularly among juvenile and women offenders.

Dark Pedagogies in Comparative Perspective: Remembering Institutional Child Abuse

This article sketches three cases of institutional child abuse in different historical contexts and places—St. Michael’s Residential School in Alert Bay (Canada), Parramatta Girls’ Home in Sydney (Australia), and the Closed Juvenile Detention Center in Torgau (German Democratic Republic). I propose Katharina Rutschky’s concept of “dark pedagogy” to analyze the striking similarities in the methods and justification of treatment of children, in the experiences that survivors describe, and in the nature of commemoration. This concept can help us see how the extremes of violence and the techniques of control in “care” facilities that were common across the profiled cases are immersed in similar norms governing the social roles of children and adults. My core argument is that institutional child abuse—because of its systemic nature, its embeddedness in the modernist project, and the resulting stigmas—has lead to similar challenges and practices in confronting and memorializing these histories.

Peran Orang Tua dalam Meningkatkan Minat Belajar Anak Pada Pembelajaran Daring Di SDN 101 Makale 4

Research m aims to project the role of parents in increasing the interest of child learning in online learning this research uses a qualitative method to describe an object in the field, how parents are involved in increasing the interest of child learning in daring- study, myth-collecting techniques using observas, and data analysis methods in the imi research used is data-quality data reductive, data presentation, and plupluses. Based on the results of research shows that the iua people’s role in improving interest in child learning in juvenile detention at SDN 101 Makale 4 Kec. Makale stating that the roe of parents in improving is that some children enjoy doing online learning, without waiting for their parents’ direction to learn yet, there are still people who are less lilely to learn.

The Role of Education on Workplace Outcomes among Juvenile Justice Personnel

Prior research on workplace outcomes among both institutional and community corrections staff has typically included education as a control variable, but few studies have specifically focused on the role education may play in determining job-related experiences of staff members. The current study addresses this gap in the literature by examining the impact educational attainment and perceptions of the adequacy of educational training have on several workplace outcomes (i.e., burnout, secondary trauma, job stress, job satisfaction, work family conflict, and job orientation). Based on survey data collected from nearly 300 juvenile probation and detention officers working in the Midwest, results from the OLS regression analysis indicated that having a college degree had significant effects on job satisfaction and job orientation (i.e., punishment, rehabilitation), while perception of educational training adequacy predicted depersonalization, personal accomplishment, job stress, and rehabilitation orientation. Both methodological and workplace implications of these results are discussed.

Research Brief: Physical Activity Trends Among Incarcerated Youth During a Sport Leadership Program.

Research indicates that engagement in physical activity is advantageous to adolescents' overall health. One subset of the population that is not provided with ample opportunities to be physically active includes incarcerated youth. To date, sport leadership programs have been designed to target this population; yet, little is known about physical activity opportunities for participants. The purpose of this study was to explore physical activity during a sport leadership program within a juvenile detention center. The participants were 27 incarcerated male youth (Mage = 18.7 years), all of whom participated in a sport leadership program. Physical activity was assessed during 32 sessions using Yamax DigiWalker SW 701 pedometers. Youth who participated in the sport leadership program accumulated an average of 3232 steps per session, with average standard deviation of 1245.5. As youth attended more sessions, overall physical activity levels during programming increased with a drastic reduction in variance among participants. This study is the first to closely examine and provide insights into youths' physical activity trends across programming and demonstrates a noticeable uptrend in activity and deceleration of variability among participants. Findings suggest that participation in a structured sport leadership program within juvenile detention centers can provide participants a critical opportunity to engage in physical activity.

La niñez desviada: La tutela estatal de niños pobres, huérfanos y delincuentes; Buenos Aires, 1890–1919

La niñez desviada: La tutela estatal de niños pobres, huérfanos y delincuentes; Buenos Aires, 1890–1919

Conjuring criminals

ABSTRACTBy compiling official paperwork, bureaucrats in institutional settings effectively make their clients into the particular “types” of subjects best suited to preestablished institutional interventions. The efficacy of such paperwork stems from bureaucrats’ unspoken—and perhaps unacknowledged—belief in sympathetic magic, or a person's ability to transform another person or object by working on a representation of them (in this case, their institutional case file). The practice of sympathetic magic via official paperwork is particularly pervasive in disciplinary settings, like prisons, where institutional imperatives and cultural biases encourage professionals to substitute documentation for face‐to‐face interactions with their clients. How such magic works in practice becomes evident in an examination of case files belonging to adolescents incarcerated in a Brazilian juvenile prison during the first decade of the 21st century. In this case, each document added to an incarcerated individual's case file contributes to transforming him into an irredeemable criminal. [bureaucracy, magic, documents, documentation, crime, criminalization, prison, Brazil]