Jute Stick Research Articles

Charcoal preparation from jute stick: A new approach for sustainable economy

An investigation had been done to produce quality charcoal at different temperature ranges on a laboratory scale. A proximate analysis had been carried out to determine the percentage of moisture, volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon in charcoal by standard methods. The jute sticks were carbonized at a range of 250oC to 750oC temperature in an electric muffle furnace. Higher yields, 40-45% were obtained at 250oC, and yields decline (8-10%) with increasing temperature up to 750oC. The yield of charcoal was calculated after the determination of moisture, where the average moisture of jute charcoal is about 9.88%. The carbon purity of jute charcoal is identified from FT-IR analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that thermal decomposition of the analyzed charcoal occurred in three main phases where the thermal decomposition of the charcoal occurred in the range of 340-550°C where the weight loss was 75% and the rest 1% of inorganic materials become ash.

Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Jute Stick by Chemical Activation: Comparison of Different Activating Agents

Activated carbons were prepared from jute stick by chemical activation using ZnCl2, H3PO4, and H2SO4. The influence of activating agents and carbonization temperatures ranging from 300oC ~ 350oC were studied. The properties of the carbons were characterized by iodine adsorption and the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) method. The results of iodine tests showed resemblance close to the values found in literature 500~1200 (mg/g). FTIR results revealed the existence of O-H, C=O, C=C, C-O and C-H bonds.

Charcoal preparation from jute stick: A new approach for sustainable economy

Charcoal preparation from jute stick: A new approach for sustainable economy

Jute Stick- A Suitable and Economical Source as Charcoal and Activated Carbon Preparation

Charcoal is a light-weight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating wood with minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents. Jute sticks were used as a cheap precursor for the preparation of charcoal and activated carbon. Chemical activation with CaCl₂ caused the physicochemical changes in charcoal. Jute sticks were carbonized at a range of 250°C to 750°C temperatures by an electric muffle furnace where 40–45% higher yields were observed at 250°C temperature and yields declined (8–10%) with an increase in temperature up to 500°C. In the case of charcoal, the average moisture was 9.88%. The IR results of charcoal analysis were indicated 3,450 cm^-1 for the moisture and 1689.34 cm^-1 for carboxyl groups. Ash was obtained at a temperature of 550°C in thermogravimetric analysis. At the first phase (50–340°C) of activated carbon, moisture was released (24% weight loss) because of the activation of activated carbon, which consumes more water than charcoal. The oxidation of carbon occurred in the range of 340–550°C and the remaining 1% of inorganic materials became ash. Food and beverage processing, snow avalanche control, municipal drinking water, industrial pollution control, radio wave capture, methane solvent recovery, odor remover, metal purification, and sewage treatment will all benefit from this activated carbon. The properties of the final materials obtained after pyrolyzing at 700°C can be a suitable approach.

Numerical strength optimization of structural design made of date palm fronds leaves wood particleboard

Particleboard is a good substitute for costly wood/plywood boards. Particleboard can be developed from Date-Palm Leaves (DPL) as an annually renewable agro waste. DPL has a higher ultimate fiber length (1.25-2.50 mm) and higher a-cellulose content (about 60%) than hardwood/plywood and jute stick. In this present research, a numerical analysis focused on predicting the optimum strength for a selected chair style based on the mechanical strength behavior of the date palm leaves particleboard. This analysis is based on employing a chair model generated by Solidworks software and simulated by ANSYS software using the experimental mechanical properties of the selected material. Results show that the numerical analysis can predict a precise strength and safe behaviour for the selected chair shape and size according to the material properties without the manufacturing process taking part.

Waste to energy: An experimental study of utilizing the agricultural residue, MSW, and e-waste available in Bangladesh for pyrolysis conversion

The paper aims to study different aspects of liquid fuel production through pyrolysis from agricultural residues, MSW, and e-waste available in Bangladesh. The abundant production of various crops generates massive amounts of residue such as rice straw, wheat straw, rice husk, jute stick, and sugarcane bagasse in Bangladesh have great potential for liquid fuel production for pyrolysis conversion. Bangladesh produces almost 25,000 tons of solid waste per day from urban areas, and Dhaka city alone contributes to one-quarter of all urban waste in the country. The biomass and waste-derived pyrolysis fuel can be successfully used in turbines, boilers, engines and upgraded to high-quality hydrocarbon transportation fuels through distillation. The concise data obtained from the study is anticipated to provide valuable information regarding the effective utilization of municipal solid waste and agricultural residues by using pyrolysis process so that further detailed work on these resources can pave a pathway towards scientific research and significant energy contribution in Bangladesh. The feasibility study has been conducted through physical properties, proximate analysis, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis of the selected agricultural residues, municipal solid wastes, and plastic e-wastes for pyrolysis conversion in Bangladesh. It has been found that polythene has a better thermochemical potential than rice straw (13.71 MJ/kg) owing to its high calorific value (46.41 MJ/kg). The foremost volatile matter obtained from plastic waste is 98.1 wt.%, and the minimum from rice husk is 57.19 wt.%. The maximum carbon amount is possessed by plastic waste (84.03 wt.%). The ultimate analysis showed that the MSW sample contains more sulfur content than agricultural residue and e-waste, whereas the case is the opposite in terms of oxygen. Rice husk and tire waste have the highest ash content, i.e., 19.70 and 4.38 (wt.%), respectively, indicating a significant amount of unwanted material. TGA examination of feedstock revealed that the majority of mass loss occurred between 250-450 °C for agricultural residue attributed to the release of volatile materials during the formation of char and the evolution of pyrolysis gases. For MSW samples, the range varies between 350-500 °C, which is the appropriate temperature for optimizing liquid oil production in plastic pyrolysis.

Light absorption properties of brown carbon from biomass burning emissions.

A laboratory-scale experiment was conducted to determine the light absorption properties of brown carbon (BrC) produced from theincomplete combustion of 14 different biomasses. Particulate matters (PM) emitted from biomass burning were collected on the quartz fiber filters with a low volume sampler. BrC from filter samples was extracted with two different solvents (methanol and water), and absorption characteristics of BrC were determined using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The absorption coefficient (babs-BrC), mass absorption efficiency (MAEBrC), absorption angstrom exponent (AAEBrC), and absorbing portion of refractive index (kabs-BrC) were calculated for each biomass from the absorbance of the extracted solution. Methanol-soluble BrC (MeS-BrC) showed higher absorbance than water-soluble BrC (WS-BrC) in all biomasses. MeS-BrC has higher babs-BrC than WS-BrC, suggesting that the rate of light absorption on BrC extracted in methanol was higher. The absorption coefficients (babs-BrC) were varied among biomasses-rain tree had the highest value of babs-BrC, whereas jute stick had the lowest. The mass absorption efficiency of BrC (MAEBrC) was evaluated in both water and methanol extracts, and it was found that the MAEBrC for MeS-BrC in the biomasses was greater than that of WS-BrC. The highest MAEBrC value (13.02 m2g-1) wasidentified in the jackfruit tree, whereas the lowest MAEBrC value (0.1 m2g-1) wasobserved in thejute stick. The absorption angstrom exponent (AAE) of both WS-BrC and MeS-BrC was determined which represents the light absorption capacity of the aerosol particles. The highest AAE value was found in cow dung, and the lowest was found in rain tree. The increasing pH of the WS-BrC solution increased its optical absorption. However, this study revealed that the light absorption properties of brown carbon emitted from commonly used biomasses were varied significantly.

Preparation, Characterization, and Evaluation of the Anticorrosion Performance of Submicron/Nanocarbon from Jute Sticks.

Jute stick, one of the most commonly and abundantly available agricultural waste product, was converted to a value-added submicron/nano jute carbon by using pyrolysis and high-energy ball milling techniques. The submicron/nano jute carbon was characterized using FE-SEM, TEM, EDS, XRD, XPS and Raman spectroscopy. The anticorrosive performance of the submicron/nano jute carbon was investigated through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and salt spray techniques, on mild steel plates coated with a mixture of epoxy resin and the submicron/nano jute carbon. The electrochemical impedance of the steel coated with the composite coating was two orders of magnitudes higher than that of the specimen coated with neat epoxy. Consequently, the corrosion rate of specimens coated with composite coating was 13-20 times higher than that of steel coated with neat epoxy coating. The salt spray results also indicate an improvement in the corrosion resistance performance of the composite coating compared to the neat epoxy. The uniform distribution of the submicron/nano jute carbon particles in the epoxy resin improved the denseness of the composite coating by acting as a barrier against the diffusion of chloride, moisture, and oxygen, thus, improving the corrosion resistance of the developed coating.

Jute sticks biomass delignification through laccase-mediator system for enhanced saccharification and sustainable release of fermentable sugar

Jute sticks obtained after the extraction of jute fiber are an excellent biomass feedstock with a significant amount of carbohydrates that makes it an attractive resource for sustainable energy generation. However, the high lignin content in the jute stick hinders the cellulosic component of the cell wall from enzymatic hydrolysis.This work demonstrates the lignin degradation of jute stick biomass by Trametes maxima laccase in the presence of mediator Hydroxybenzotriazole and improvement in its subsequent saccharification. Lignin component in jute stick is reduced by 21.8% in a single reaction treatment with laccase-mediator compared to the untreated jute stick sample used as control. The yield of fermentable sugar is increased by 19.5% that verifies enhanced saccharification after lignin removal. Delignification of jute stick was corroborated through different analytical techniques. The Pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry results further confirms abundance of S lignin unit in the jute stick compared to the H and G unit and modification in lignin polymer as a change in the syringyl-to-guaiacyl ratio. Hence, this work demonstrates that jute stick can be effectively delignified using biocatalyst-mediator system and utilized as biomass source, thus contributing in circular bio-economy through waste valorization.

Model-based Application for Adsorption of Lead (II) from Aqueous Solution using Low-cost Jute Stick Derived Activated Carbon

Background: Removal of lead (II) ions from supply water using an inexpensive adsorbent is essential. It is recommended that low-cost adsorbents are developed to effectively remove lead (II) ions from aqueous solutions. The aim of the study is to develop and validate models for predicting the performance of carboxylated jute stick derived activated carbon (JSAC-COOH) in removing lead (II) ions from aqueous solution, which can assist the water supply authorities in supplying lead (II) free drinking water to the communities at a low-cost. Methods: Controlled laboratory experiments were conducted following the statistical “Design of Experiments” through varying the factors affecting the performance of JSAC-COOH in removing lead (II) ions. The performance of JSACCOOH was investigated for different concentrations of lead (II) ions (range: 50 - 500 mg/L) at variable experimental conditions (temperature: 15°C and 27°C; pH: 4.0 and 7.0) and time (1, 10, 30 and 60 min). Several models (Linear and non-linear) were investigated and validated for predicting the concentrations of lead (II) ions in aqueous solution. Results: The prepared JSAC-COOH had a surface area of 615.3 m2 /g. In 60 min, up to 99.8% removal of lead (II) ions was achieved. Few models showed very good to excellent predictive capabilities with coefficients of determination in the range of 0.85–0.95. The model validation experiments showed the correlation coefficients in the range of 0.84 – 0.98. Conclusion: The models have the capabilities to reasonably predict the final concentrations of lead (II) ions, which can be used in controlling the effluent lead (II) ion concentrations. The proposed adsorbent is likely to be low-cost as it was developed using the commonly available agricultural byproduct.

Synthesis and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from jute stick

Synthesis of microcrystalline cellulose from jute sticks has been studied and reported in this work. The successful removal of lignin and hemicellulose has been confirmed through Fourier Transform Infra-red spectroscopic technique, whereas WAXD technique has been used to measure the crystal size and crystallinity index. Scanning electron microscopic images depict the porous structure and agglomerate fibrous shape with hierarchical assembly of the microcrystalline cellulose produced. Higher concentration of sodium chlorite produces minimum particle size and the effective thermal degradation occurs at 340 °C. It shows negative zeta potential value, indicating the possible agglomerating tendency of the particles in water medium.

DISSOLVING PULP FROM NON-WOOD PLANTS BY PREHYDROLYSISPOTASSIUM HYDROXIDE PROCESS

The garment industry is the backbone of Bangladesh’s economy, which imports 30000 metric tons of rayon fiber every year. Bangladesh used to have a rayon plant, but it was shut down a long time ago. At present, the establishment of a new rayon plant in Bangladesh has become an objective. As a forest deficient country, non-wood plants need to be explored for rayon grade dissolving pulp production. Therefore, in this paper, prehydrolysis potassium hydroxide (KOH) pulping process has been investigated for dissolving pulp production from rice and wheat straws, corn stalk, dhaincha and jute stick. The lowest prehydrolysis yield was 70.1% obtained for corn stalks and the highest prehydrolysis yield was 92.1% for wheat straw. The KOH cooking of prehydrolysed rice straw, wheat straw and corn stalks with 14% alkali charge produced pulps with kappa numbers of 5.7, 4.5 and 8.8, respectively, while prehydrolysed dhaincha and jute stick needed 18% alkali charge to get a bleachable pulp. Dhaincha showed the highest pulp yield (37.3%) with the highest α-cellulose content (92.24%) and the lowest residual pentosan content (5.37%). Further purification with cold KOH extraction increased purity by 3% for rice straw pulp and by 1% for dhaincha, wheat straw, corn stalks and jute stick pulp. Thus, the dissolving pulp produced in this study by the prehydrolysis KOH process can meet the criteria for rayon grade pulp.

Structural characterization of potassium hydroxide liquor lignin and its application in biorefinery

The structural characteristics of the lignin from potassium hydroxide (KOH) liquor of jute stick (Corchorus capsularis) pulping were determined and compared with the isolated dioxane lignin from jute stick. The lignin structure was characterized by elemental, methoxyl group analysis, UV, FTIR, 1H-NMR, 31P-NMR, and 2D-NMR spectroscopy and molecular weight. 2D-NMR of both lignins isolated showed a predominance of β-O-4 aryl ether linkages. KOH pulping cleaved β-O-4 aryl ether linkage and increased phenolic hydroxyl group and reduced molecular weight. KOH lignin can replace 40% phenol in phenol-formaldehyde resin with satisfactory shear strength.

Removal of textile dyes from water by jute stick activated carbon: process optimization and isotherm studies

In this study, jute stick derived activated carbon (JSAC) has been evaluated as an adsorbent to remove textile dyes namely acid red-1 (AR-1), reactive orange-16 (RO-16), and methylene blue (MB) from water using the Box–Behnken model of response surface methodology (RSM). The direct and interaction effects of four independent process parameters namely solution pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, and time were investigated and optimized for textile dye by using ANOVA. The optimum conditions for maximum % dye removal were found to be pH-3, initial dye concentration-500 mg L−1, adsorbent dose-0.9 gL−1, and time-110 min for AR-1; pH-3, initial dye concentration-350 mg L−1, adsorbent dose-1.5 g L−1, and time-110 min for RO-16, and pH-11, initial dye concentration-415 mg L−1, adsorbent dose-0.7 g L−1, and time-86 min for MB, respectively. Adsorption equilibrium investigations were carried out with Langmuir, Freundlich, and Jovanovic models. Based on error analysis, Langmuir isotherm was found the best-fitted model with maximum adsorption capacities of 588.2, 156.3, and 384.6 mg g−1 for AR-1, RO-16, and MB, respectively. The dimensionless factor, RL values (range: 0.0152–0.2665) also indicated spontaneous and favorable adsorption of studied dyes onto JSAC. Dye loaded adsorbents were easily regenerated with 0.1 M HCl (for MB) and 0.1 M NaOH (for AR-1/RO-16) and reused up to the 4th cycle. The present investigation indicated that JSAC, with a highly porous and stable structure coupled with various functional groups, holds immense potential as a new adsorbent for textile dyes.

Jute Stick Powder: A new approach to efficient biosorbent for the simultaneous removal of Pb, Cr and Cd from waste water

This research was aimed to evaluate the potential of biosorption technique in more realistic conditions that appeal to the industry by exploiting locally available biosorbents such as jute stick powder (JSP), an agricultural product, for the removal of toxic Pb(II), Cr(III) and Cd(II) ions from wastewater. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) analysis proved that the surface of biosorbent was porous, with heterogeneous structures that contained high internal spaces. The removal efficiencies of the mixture of the target metals by JSP were optimized with respect to pH, initial metal concentration, shaking time and biomass dose. Biosorption performance of JSP in multiple metal systems was above 90 percent adsorption for tested metal ions. Biomass regeneration efficiencies up to 98% were achieved using acid as eluent. Sorption performance of the JSP as biosorbent was examined by classical adsorption equilibrium isotherms, kinetics in batch systems, and dynamic continuous flow studies. Batch sorption studies revealed that pseudo-first, pseudo-second-order, and Langmuir isotherm models were suitable to describe the metals sorption kinetics and equilibrium, respectively.

Optimization of processing parameters for the manufacturing of jute stick binderless particleboard

This study investigated the effects of processing parameters, namely particle mixing ratios, press temperatures, and time for the manufacturing of jute stick binderless particleboard (JBPB). Different ratios of fine and coarse particles, press temperature (160 to 240 °C) and press time (4 to 10 min) were used for JBPB fabrication with a target density of 0.9 g/cm3. The dimensional stability and mechanical properties of JBPB were determined according to Japanese Industrial Standard JIS A 5908 (2003). The result shows that the most favorable pressing conditions in the manufacturing process were press temperature of 220 °C for 6 min with a mixing ratio of 50:50 (fine: coarse). The modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and internal bonding (IB) of JBPB was 16.35 N/mm2, 3872.99 N/mm2, and 1.07 N/mm2, respectively, which met the minimum requirement for type-18 of particleboard JIS A 5908 (2003) except for the value of MOR. The bonding mechanism was analyzed by the chemical changes in the raw materials after the fabrication of JBPBs. The pentosans present in the raw material decreased with the increased press temperatures. In this study, the hemicellulose was decomposed which may accelerate the self-bonding of the JBPB at high temperatures. The thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the JBPB showed good thermal stability with the increase of press temperatures. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated that the removal of hydroxyl groups which increased the dimensional stability of JBPBs. Hence, it could be concluded that by controlling particle mixing ratio (50:50) at high press temperature with proper press time, high-performance jute stick binderless particleboard could be successfully developed which has a variety of applications.

Growth kinetic study of electrochemically active bacterium Shewanella putrefaciens MTCC 8104 on acidic effluent of jute stick pyrolysis

ABSTRACT Production of bioelectricity from waste streams using electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) has a great prospect. This article focuses on the assessment of the assimilation of acid-rich pyroliquid (APL), appearing from the waste stream of pyrolysis unit of jute stick, by one of EAB, Shewanella putrefaciens MTCC 8104. At the optimum temperature ( = 37°C) and pH ( = 4), the strain can assimilate up to 230 ppm of acetic acid per hour. Microscopic analysis indicates the presence of nanowires in the bacteria. Diauxic growth pattern is exhibited when both APL and whey are used as carbon sources. The minimum inhibitory concentration of acetic acid against S. putrefaciens has been determined to be 8000 ppm. Growth kinetics of the strain has been determined by using APL having acetic acid concentration between 100 and 7500 ppm, as carbon source. While the Monod model can explain the growth in the uninhibited zone, Wayman model has been proved to be the fittest by statistical analysis using the Akaike Information Criterion. The kinetic parameters μmax, Ks and Ki are 0.11 h−1, 13.17 and 75930.1 mg/L, respectively, with R 2 value of 0.977.

Characterization of Pyrolysis Products and Kinetic Analysis of Waste Jute Stick Biomass

Thermochemical process of biomass is being considered as a latest technique for the restoration of energy source and biochemical products. In this study, the influence of the different heating rates on pyrolysis behaviors and kinetic of jute stick were investigated to justify the waste jute stick biomass as a potential source of bioenergy. Pyrolysis experiments were carried out at four several heating rates of 10, 20, 30 and 40 °C/min, by utilizing the thermogravimetric analyzer (TG-DTA) and a fixed-bed pyrolysis reactor. Two different kinetic methods, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) and Ozawa–Flynn–Wall (OFW) were used to determine the distinct kinetic parameters. The experimental results showed that, the heating rates influenced significantly on the position of TG curve and maximum Tm peaks and highest decomposition rate of the jute stick biomass. Both the highest point of TG and the lowest point of Derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) curves were shifted towards the maximum temperature. However, the heating rates also influenced the products of pyrolysis yield, including bio-char, bio-oil and the non-condensable gases. The average values of activation energy were found to be 139.21 and 135.99 kJ/mol based on FWO and KAS models, respectively.

Removal of Chromium (VI) from Effluent by a Magnetic Bioadsorbent Based on Jute Stick Powder and its Adsorption Isotherm, Kinetics and Regeneration Study

A novel magnetic bioadsorbent based on jute stick powder (MB-JSP) was synthesized with Fe2+ and Fe3+ solutions by in situ co-precipitation technique and applied for the elimination of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution. The adsorption capability of fresh jute stick powder (JSP) was also studied to compare with the magnetic bioadsorbent (MB-JSP). The characteristics of these bio-adsorbents were measured individually. The magnetic saturation of MB-JSP touched 14.25 emu/g which was sufficient for the separation of MB-JSP from aqueous solution. This magnetic bioadsorbent worked perfectly within a substantial pH range of 1-2. The Cr (VI) removal by MB-JSP was seamlessly supported by the Langmuir isotherm model (R-2 = 0.997-0.999) and pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R-2 = 0.994-0.995). The maximum capacity of Cr(VI) adsorption by MB-JSP and JSP were 47.125 and 30.422 mg/g, respectively at 303.15 K by Langmuir isotherm model. The regeneration experiment specified its merit of regeneration and firmness with the recovery efficiency of 90.17% and 80.23% for MB-JSP and JSP, respectively. It was observed by considering the results that the removal Cr(VI) ions was accomplished via the attraction between the opposite charges of different functional groups present on the adsorbents surface and ion exchange. Moreover, the process of removal was very effective and a rapid separation from aqueous solution was achieved.

Jute (Corchorus olitorius) stick charcoal as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution

Removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution was studied using jute stick charcoal (JSC), prepared from jute (Corchorus olitorius) stick: an affordable and available agricultural by-product, as a low-cost adsorbent. All the experiments were carried out in batch mode. Controlling factors of the system, including contact time, solution pH, JSC dose and initial MB concentration, were investigated to study their effects on MB adsorption. JSC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscope. Adsorption equilibrium data fitted well with Freundlich and Halsey adsorption isotherms that describe the multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous surface. The maximum adsorption capacity calculated by the Langmuir isotherm was 29.32 mg/g. The MB adsorption process was well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the MB diffusion in JSC was the potential rate-controlling step. Finally, JSC is a promising adsorbent for the adsorption of MB from aqueous solution.