Corchorus Olitorius Research Articles

Sequel of divergent sowing dates on phenological event with yield and quality of Tossa jute (Corchorus olitorius L.) seed

This experiment was conducted at Jute Research Sub Station, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Jashore to determine phenology, yield and quality of Tossa jute seed at different sowing times starting from 15 July to 1 October, 2020. Variety O-9897 was used as plant material. Randomized Complete Block Design was followed with 4x3m plot size. Line sowing was practised. The result revealed that phenology, seed yield and quality varied significantly with different sowing dates. The earliest flowering (at 42 days) was observed from the sowing on 1 October and the most delayed flowering (at 89 days) from the sowing on 15 July. Sowing from 15 August to 1 September gave the highest yield with good quality seed. Sowing on 15 August, 2020 required 150 days and sowing on 1 September, 2020 required 139 days for pod maturation. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 57(1), 61-66, 2022

Comparison of Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Corchorus Olitorius L. and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Properties and Identification of Compounds Using LC-ESI-MS

Corchorus olitorius L. is a medicinal herb with anti-inflammatory, laxative, and tonic properties, which is effective on the treatment of cancer and tumors. In this study, the extraction efficiency of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of C. olitorius as well as their antioxidant activities were investigated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. For this purpose, central composite block cube star and central composite design were employed to determine the optimal conditions. Thereafter, the qualification analysis of the effective ingredients of C. olitorius was done by LC-ESI-MS in negative mode. The results of LC-MS showed that C. olitorius includes phenolic and flavonoid compounds such as caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, quercetin, naringenin, cirsiliol, cirsilineol, quercetrin, and naringin. Moreover, the SFE efficiency of extraction and IC50 value was obtained 4.25% and 1208.99 µg/mL, respectively. Also, the UAE efficiency of extraction and IC50 of antioxidant activity was obtained as 15.29% and 994.284 µg/mL, respectively. These results confirmed that the efficiencies of extraction and antioxidant activity of UAE were higher than that of SFE; however, the SFE is an environmentally friendly method and consumed less organic solvent.

Identifying potential natural inhibitors of Brucella melitensis Methionyl-tRNA synthetase through an in-silico approach

Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. Although it is the most common zoonosis worldwide, there are increasing reports of drug resistance and cases of relapse after long term treatment with the existing drugs of choice. This study therefore aims at identifying possible natural inhibitors of Brucella melitensis Methionyl-tRNA synthetase through an in-silico approach. Using PyRx 0.8 virtual screening software, the target was docked against a library of natural compounds obtained from edible African plants. The compound, 2-({3-[(3,5-dichlorobenzyl) amino] propyl} amino) quinolin-4(1H)-one (OOU) which is a co-crystallized ligand with the target was used as the reference compound. Screening of the molecular descriptors of the compounds for bioavailability, pharmacokinetic properties, and bioactivity was performed using the SWISSADME, pkCSM, and Molinspiration web servers respectively. The Fpocket and PLIP webservers were used to perform the analyses of the binding pockets and the protein ligand interactions. Analysis of the time-resolved trajectories of the Apo and Holo forms of the target was performed using the Galaxy and MDWeb servers. The lead compounds, Strophanthidin and Isopteropodin are present in Corchorus olitorius and Uncaria tomentosa (Cat's-claw) plants respectively. Isopteropodin had a binding affinity score of -8.9 kcal / ml with the target and had 17 anti-correlating residues in Pocket 1 after molecular dynamics simulation. The complex formed by Isopteropodin and the target had a total RMSD of 4.408 and a total RMSF of 9.8067. However, Strophanthidin formed 3 hydrogen bonds with the target at ILE21, GLY262 and LEU294, and induced a total RMSF of 5.4541 at Pocket 1. Overall, Isopteropodin and Strophanthidin were found to be better drug candidates than OOU and they showed potentials to inhibit the Brucella melitensis Methionyl-tRNA synthetase at Pocket 1, hence abilities to treat brucellosis. In-vivo and in-vitro investigations are needed to further evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of the lead compounds.

Effects of Corchorus Olitorius and Protocatechuic Acid on Cadmium-Induced Rat Testicular Tissue Degeneration

Effects of Corchorus Olitorius and Protocatechuic Acid on Cadmium-Induced Rat Testicular Tissue Degeneration

Net ecosystem CO2 exchange from jute crop (Corchorus olitorius L.) and its environmental drivers in tropical Indo-Gangetic plain using open-path eddy covariance technique.

Present study is a maiden attempt to assess net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO2) flux from jute crop (Corchorus olitorius L.) in the Indo-Gangetic plain by using open-path eddy covariance (EC) technique. Diurnal variations of NEE were strongly influenced by growth stages of jute crop. Daytime peak NEE varied from - 5µmolm-2s-1 (in germination stage) to - 23µmolm-2s-1 (in fibre development stage). The ecosystem was net CO2 source during nighttime with an average NEE value of 5-8μmolm-2s-1. Combining both daytime and nighttime CO2 fluxes, jute ecosystem was found to be a net CO2 sink on a daily basis except the initial 9days from date of sowing. Seasonal and growth stage-wise NEEs were computed, and the seasonal total NEE over the jute season was found to be - 268.5gC m-2(i.e. 10.3 t CO2 ha-1). In different jute growth stages, diurnal variations of NEE were strongly correlated (R2 > 0.9) with photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Ecosystem level photosynthetic efficiency parameters were estimated at each growth stage of jute crop using the Michaelis-Menten equation. The maximum values of photosynthetic capacity (Pmax, 63.3 ± 1.15µmol CO2 m-2s-1) and apparent quantum yield (α, 0.072 ± 0.0045µmol CO2 µmol photon-1) were observed during the active vegetative stage, and the fibre development stage, respectively. Results of the present study would significantly contribute to understanding of the carbon flux from the Indian agro-ecosystems, which otherwise are very sparse.

Effects of molokhia (Corchorus olitorius) powders obtained by different drying methods on some selected properties of erişte, Turkish noodle

Corchorus olitorius, known as molokhia, is a good source of protein, which makes it a cheap and high quality food material. Molokhia could be dried to obtain a new functional food ingredient. In this study, molokhia powders dried by different methods (oven, tray, microwave and vacuum drying) were used in erişte with 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% substitution ratios. Physical, chemical, sensory properties and cooking quality of erişte samples were investigated. Molokhia powder substitution led to an increase in the ash, crude fat and protein contents of erişte samples. Substitution ratio of 2.5% provided higher quality on the color, firmness and cooking quality properties. As the substitution ratio increased from 0% to 10%, the total polyphenolic content of erişte samples increased from 100.26 mg GAE/kg to 245.68 mg GAE/kg. Similarly, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of samples increased from 10.05% to 76.92%. Microwave drying has provided better color values and higher ash, crude fat and crude protein contents in erişte. Consequently, the nutritional properties of a traditional type of product, erişte was improved with molokhia powder substitution. Microwave drying was successfully applied to obtain high quality molokhia powders.

Determination of β-carotene in jute leaves by spectrophotometry and thin layer chromatography

β-carotene is a carotenoid pigment that converts to vitamin A in human body and plays crucial role in visual functions, reproductive performance and immune system. Jute leaves contain β-carotene but amounts in different varieties of jute leaves are not known. The study was undertaken to estimate the β-carotene content in fresh jute leaves of the cultivated jute species Corchorus olitorius L. and Corchorus capsularis L. by spectrophotometry and thin layer chromatography. β-carotene content varies in leaves of different varieties of two species. Leaves of some C. olitorius variety showed higher amount of β-carotene than the leaves of C. capsularis variety. Some varieties of C. olitorius showed similarity with some varieties of C. capsularis. Variety Robi-1 of C .olitorius showed the highest content of β-carotene 39.93mg/100g. O-72, O-4, O-3820, O-9897 and OM-1 of olitorius variety showed higher β-carotene than all the varieties of C. capsularis. JRO-524 and MG-1 of C. olitorius variety is comparable to CVL-1, D-154, BJC-2197 and deshi pat shak-1 variety of C. capsularis regarding β-carotene content. Lowest β-carotene was estimated 12.55mg/100g in O-795 of olitorius variety and 12.32mg/100g in BJC-83 and 11.34mg/100g in BJC-2142 of capsularis variety. Thin layer chromatography system silica gel on TLC Al foils as stationary phase and hexane as mobile phase performs good separation and identification of β-carotene in jute leaves.

Remote sensing based crop insurance for jute (Corchorus olitorius) crop in India

Jute (Corchorus olitorius) is an eco-friendly commercial crop largely grown in the West Bengal state of India and is often exposed to weather risks. The existing area-yield crop insurance scheme guarantees a certain per cent of normal green biomass yield of the crop over an insured area. Lack of reliable yield data has diminished the effectiveness of this scheme. Therefore, an alternate basis for jute yield loss assessment using satellite-derived crop performance index called ‘Crop Health Factor (CHF)’ was developed and implemented as documented in this paper. Both optical and microwave data of Sentinels along with weather and field data sets were analysed to map the jute crop fields and to generate crop condition indices such as NDVI, LSWI, VH backscatter, FAPAR and rainfall derivatives for the current (2020) and past years (2017, 2018 and 2019). The metrics derived from these indices were subjected to entropy analysis to produce the CHF values for different insurance units, which were found to be well correlated with yield. CHF data was used in place of yield for assessing crop loss and insurance pay-outs. This project has implications for developing transformative and parametric crop insurance solutions harnessing the potential of remote sensing data.

Novel Nano Copper Complexes of a New Schiff Base: Green Synthesis, a New Series of Solid Cr(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Pd(II) and Cd(II) Chelates, Characterization, DFT, DNA, Antitumor and Molecular Docking Studies

AbstractA new series of solid Cr(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Pd(II), and Cd(II) chelates of the 1‐((E)‐(2‐mercaptophenylimino)methyl)naphthalen‐2‐ol (H2L) Schiff base ligand were synthеsized and chаracterized by diffеrent аnalytical and spectroscopic tеchniques. The results revealed the geometry around central metal ion to be tetrahedral for Cr2L2, Co2L2, Cu2L2, and Cd2L2 complexes and square planar geometry around Pd2L2 complex. 3D modeling of the ligand and its metal complexes was obtained using DFT/B3LYP method with LANL2DZ basis set. Also quantum‐mechanical properties like molecular orbitals and molecular energies were calculated. The Cu nano complexes were prepared in different media Spinacia oleracea (SO), Corchorus olitorius (CO), Coriandrum sativum (CS), Eruca sativa (ES), and Anethum graveolens (AG) extract in EtOH. The particle size of the nano coordination Cu complexes depends on the high concentration of reducing agent present in the green leaf extract. The nature of the newly nano sizеd Cu complexes prepared in different media as crystalline or amorphous and particles size was determined by X‐ray diffraction (XRD); scanning electron microscope (SEM). The Cu nano complexes are characterized by spectroscopic and thermal analysis techniques before heating and after heating upon 200°C. The Cu nano complexes were showed an antitumor activity towards hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG‐2). The antitumor data revealed that the Cu nano complex prepared in CS/EtOH (IC50 ~ 4.9 μg ml−1) has antitumor activity nearly to the activity of cis‐platin (IC50 ~ 1.143 μg ml−1). The DNA cleavage study showed that the ability for the screened Cu nano complex prepared in CS/EtOH to cleavage DNA. Therefore, it may be used as antitumor drugs in vivo to prevent the DNA replication in the tumor cells and to suppress the cancer for further increasing. Docking studies of the ligand and its Cu(II) complex showed good binding energy score ranging from (−4.73 to −5.98 kcal mol−1).

Genome-wide in silico identification of phospholipase D (PLD) gene family from Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorius: reveals their responses to plant stress

BackgroundPlant grows in nature facing various types of abiotic stresses for their normal growth and development. During abiotic stress, plants evolve different types of mechanisms to survive in a hostile environment. Phospholipase D (PLD) plays important role in the regulation of diverse cellular processes including stress responses in plants. Member of PLD genes are well studied in different model plants; however, their functions in the jute are not clear yet. ResultIn the present study, a total of 12 and 11 PLD genes were identified in the genome of C. capsularis and C. olitorius, respectively. The presence of the two conserved HKD motifs in PLD genes except for CoPLDδ-2 in jute suggests their strong lipase activity. Twenty different motifs were found in the identified PLD genes, and PLD-β1, PLD-γ1, and all members of PLD-δ1 of both jute species contained the highest number of motifs. Phylogenetic analysis showed the close evolutionary relationship among the five groups of jute PLD proteins along with the PLD proteins from Arabidopsis. Tissue-specific expression pattern of PLDα1-2, PLD-α2, PLDβ1, PLDγ1, and PLDδ1 of two jute species suggested their involvement in plant growth and development. However, the expression pattern of PLDα1-2, PLDα1-3, PLD-α4, PLDδ1, and PLDδ3 indicated their association during waterlogging stress. In addition, PLD-α2, PLDβ1, and PLDδ2 seemed to be involved in drought stress as well as salinity stress. ConclusionThis genome-wide identification of jute PLD genes from C. capsularis and C. olitorius will help to further functional characterization of the PLD genes for developing stress-tolerant jute variety.

Mesomorphy and vulnerability indices of Solanum melongena and Corchorus olitorius in Nsukka metropolis

Global warming is no longer just a prediction. It is happening. Variability in climate is deeply rooted within the West African society. Understanding the response of plants to increased drought would be desirable in the light of global and regional changes, not only to forecast population dynamics in natural ecosystem, but also to adjust management practices in agriculture. This study evaluated the vulnerability and mesomorphic indices of two woody farm shrubs (Solanum melongena and Corchorus olitorius) from three locations (Odoru, Ogige, Odenigwe) using their anatomical structures. The sectioning of the plant stems was carried out in the anatomy laboratory of the department of Plant science and Biotechnology, University of Nigeria Nsukka. The result was significantly different (P <0.05) in the vessel length of the two plants with Corchorus olitorius having longer vessels (0.302 ± 0.012mm). Similarly, the vessel length varied significantly (P < 0.05) across the different locations. The vulnerability and mesomorphy indices observed across the plants from the different locations were <1 indicating the xeromorphic nature of the plants. Therefore, both species can withstand drought conditions, but at different degrees.

Biosynthesis and Chemopreventive Potential of Jute (Corchorus capsularis and C. olitorius) Flavonoids and Phylogeny of Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathways

AbstractFlavonoids are valuable phytochemicals for human health and nutrition. Jute (Corchorus capsularis and C. olitorius), a vegetable rich in phenolics and flavonoids, is globally consumed for its health benefit, but the biosynthesis pathways and metabolic profiles of its flavonoids are poorly characterized. Elucidating the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways would augment the broader use of jute, including targeted synthesis of its specific flavonoids. We reconstructed the core flavonoid biosynthesis pathways in jute by integrating transcriptome mining, HPLC and flavonoid histochemistry. In C. capsularis (white jute), the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways’ metabolic flux was driven toward the biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins that mediate the acquisition of abiotic stress tolerance. However, higher levels of flavonols in C. olitorius (tossa jute) render it more suitable for nutritional and medicinal use. Jute flavonoid extract exhibited in vitro inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2, suggesting its potential chemopreventive and immunity-boosting roles. Using the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways profiles of 93 plant species, we reconstructed the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways phylogeny based on distance-based clustering of reaction paths. This reaction-path flavonoid biosynthesis pathways phylogeny was quite distinct from that reconstructed using individual gene sequences. Our flavonoid biosynthesis pathways-based classification of flavonoid groups corroborates well with their chemical evolution, suggesting complex, adaptive evolution of flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, particularly in higher plants.

Dietary rhamnogalacturonan-Ⅰ rich extracts of molokhia ameliorate high fat diet-induced obesity and gut dysbiosis

Obesity is a global health issue associated with increased prevalence of disease and mortality. Molokhia (Corchorus olitorius L.) leaves, used as vegetables in Asia and Africa, comprise abundant water-soluble mucilage polysaccharides. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of molokhia leaf polysaccharide fraction (MPF) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and gut dysbiosis in mice. A significant decrease was observed in the body weight, adipocyte size, triglyceride serum, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, as well as in the expression of lipid synthesis-related proteins in mice treated with 4 mg/kg of MPF (MPF4). Moreover, the expression of the tight junction protein increased significantly; however, gut permeability and related inflammatory marker levels decreased in the MPF4 group. Furthermore, MPF ameliorated gut dysbiosis, whereas the MPF4 group presented a decreased Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratios and an increased abundance of Akkermansia during exposure to HFD. Our findings reveal that rhamnogalacturonan-Ⅰ rich MPF attenuates obesity in mice subjected to HFD by modulating the gut microbiota.

Development and evaluation of handy jute fibre bundle strength tester

Jute is traditionally tested for bundle strength by breaking the fibers in the hand and using a manual bundle strength tester. Hand method is subjective and grade may vary from grader to grader. The manual bundle strength tester requires a lot of time for sample preparation and manual calculation of the strength of the fibre. In the present study, the goal was to develop an accurate and quick tester for measuring the strength of jute fibre bundles. The unit consists of a handle, fibre holder with clamp, pointer with an analog indicator, body, and a chain. The analog indicator has a colour code to indicate the strength of the fibre. This instrument has an overall dimension of 350 × 185 × 90 mm. Randomly twenty samples were selected from the bale sample to perform the test. The results of the developed instrument were compared with the results of a manual bundle strength tester. The T-test result showed that there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference between results from the handy type bundle strength tester and mechanical instrument. Strength of the jute measured from a handy jute fibre tester was almost on par with manual type instrument. The repeatability of the handy bundle strength tester at 95% confidence level is 3.02 and 2.90 g/tex, respectively for Corchorus olitorius and Corchorus capsularis . The instrument readings are repeatable since the difference between two readings is less than the r p (repeatability) value at 95% confidence level. The study concluded that the time taken to measure bundle strength of jute was shorter than with a manual tool. In contrast to manual instruments, this instrument is easy to operate and can provides reliable results.

Green-synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of Silver nanoparticles from Corchorus olit orius pod coat aqueous extract

Green-synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of Silver nanoparticles from Corchorus olit orius pod coat aqueous extract

Nutrients Content and Antioxidant Potential of Selected Traditional Vegetables Grown in Malawi

Vegetables provide nutrients, especially minerals and vitamins, and non-nutrient phytochemicals with health benefits. Iron, zinc and vitamin A deficiencies are common in most developing countries yet traditional vegetables that can provide these nutrients grow wildly in most areas. This study evaluated the nutrient contents, phytochemicals and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities of five traditional leafy vegetables grown in Malawi, namely Amaranth hybridus (Amaranth ssp.), Moringa oleifera ( Drum stick), Bidens pilosa (Black jack), Corchorus olitorius (Jute mallow) and Ipomea batatas (Sweet potato) leaves. Results from the present study show that beta-carotene ranged from 829.68 µg/100g to 5,791.64 µg/100g and Moringa oleifera had the highest concentration. Vitamin C content ranged from 7.93 mg/100g to 35.81 mg/100g and Ipomea batatas leaves had the highest concentration. Zinc concentrations ranged from 4.42 mg/100g to 10.59 mg/100g. Iron content ranged from 37.22 mg/100g to 48.21 mg/100g. Total phenolics content (TPC) ranged from 0.98 g/100g to 3.89 g/100g with Bidens pilosa leaves having the highest TPC (3.89±0.23 g/100g). Moringa oleifera and Bidens pilosa leaves had significantly higher (P<0.05) total flavonoids content (TFC) compared to the other vegetables. Total carotenoids content (TCC) ranged from 1,708.68 µg/100g to 15,041.59 µg/100g. Tannins content ranged from 42.94 mg/100g to 77.16 mg/100g. DPPH radical scavenging activities of the vegetable leaves were in the order of Bidens pilosa > Corchorus olitorius > Moringa oleifera > Ipomea batatas > Amaranth hybridus. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of these vegetables ranged from 12.5 µg/mL to 125 µg/mL. Lower IC50 values indicate higher radical scavenging activity. The results suggested that the traditional vegetables under the study can significantly contribute to improved human nutrition and have potential to reduce diseases related to oxidative stress.

Structure and rheological studies of phosphorylated cellulose nanofibrils suspensions

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are normally handled in the form of aqueous suspensions. Therefore, their rheology and intrinsic flow features in an aqueous state also fascinated the researchers. However, understanding the structure-rheology relationship remains a profound challenge to design CNFs with desirable properties. For that purpose, jute fibers were used as source material (Corchorus olitorius) to produce CNFs, and pretreatment using phosphorylation was applied to facilitate the fibrillation during ultra-sonication. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the microstructure and their rheology for CNF aqueous suspensions as influenced by the temperature and concentration of CNF. The surface chemistry, fiber diameter distribution, crystalline structure, thermal stability, and rheological properties of the obtained CNFs were characterized and compared. The grafting of phosphorous moieties on the surface of the fibers was confirmed by the FTIR, XPS analyses, elemental analyses, and zeta potential. Despite influencing crystallinity, phosphorylation enhanced the diameter of nanofibers. The results demonstrated that phosphorylation did not alter the main chemical structure of cellulose. The crystallographic form of the obtained CNFs remained cellulose I. The resulting fibers have nanometric dimensions (<100 nm) with high absolute zeta potential values (>30 mV). A substantial improvement in flame retardancy has also been noted for CNF due to the presence of phosphate groups. Both steady-state and dynamic rheological measurements were improved significantly upon increasing concentration from 0.5 to 2.5 wt%. All the CNF suspensions demonstrated typical shear-thinning behavior and gel-like viscoelastic character even at low concertation (0.5 wt%) due to the construction of a wire-like matrix structure. The frequency and temperature alteration, however, do not affect the viscoelastic gel-like properties of the CNF suspensions.

Photocatalytic degradation of Janus Green Blue dye in wastewater by green synthesised reduced graphene oxide-silver nanocomposite

ABSTRACT In this study, green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide-Ag (rGO-Ag) nanocomposite was carried out via bioreduction of Ag salt and graphene oxide (GO) using waste dry cell battery rod and Corchorus olitorius extract as GO precursor and reducing agent, respectively. Characterisation of rGO-Ag nanocomposite was achieved by UV/Vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, FTIR and BET analyses. Photocatalytic degradation of Janus Green blue (JGB) dye was conducted in batch mode. Effects of irradiation time, photocatalyst composition, temperature and recyclability were investigated. BET surface area of the nanocomposite was 532.914 m2/g with pore size of 2.136 nm. Optimal percentage photo-removal and equilibrium adsorption capacity of JGB dye by the nanocomposite achieved were 95.72% and 120.48 mg/g, respectively. Photocatalytic adsorption process followed more accurately Freundlich model implying multilayer adsorption onto rGO-Ag surface. Adsorption kinetics fitted perfectly into pseudo-second-order model while the enthalpy change is endothermic. The photocatalyst exhibited considerable stability, efficiency and was successfully applied for the removal of JGB in wastewater samples.

Biochemical Changes on Jute Mallow Plant Irrigated with Wastewater and Its Remediation

Owing to fresh water paucity, farmers are using wastewater for irrigation. This study was performed to assess whether application of Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, leaves powder of salix and Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid could ameliorate the harmful effects of wastewater on Jute mallow. In addition to estimating heavy metals accumulation in Jute mallow leaves (edible part). The results revealed that the contents of total soluble protein in shoot and root throughout the two growth stages, yield parameters and yield components were significantly reduced in wastewater-irrigated plant. The contents of malondialdehyde, free proline, total phenols, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase significantly increased in wastewater-irrigated plant than control. Wastewater-irrigated plant has higher levels of Ni, Cd, Pb and Co in leaves, which were beyond recommended limits set by international regulations and the higher rates of plant enrichment was Pb. In contrast, our treatments attenuated the adverse effects of wastewater on metabolic contents, malondialdehyde, non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants, yield parameters and yield components of Jute mallow. Moreover, the concentration of Ni, Cd, Pb and Co in leaves were significantly decreased. Finally, these findings suggested that Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris treatments could be used for mitigating the harmful effects of wastewater on plants.

Physical-Functional Properties and Characterization of Green Leaves in Nalgonda District, Telangana State: Nontimber Forest Products

Abstract Naturally grown green leafy vegetables contribute nutrients, fiber, antioxidants, dietary diversity, household food security, income, and livelihood to rural people. Due to their good vitamin, mineral, and fiber properties, green leaves are considered to be protective foods. The physical-functional properties of four fresh and dried (Aerva lanata, Corchorus olitorius, Celosia argentea, and Leucas aspera) uncultivated green leafy vegetables available in Nalgonda District of Telangana State, India, were analyzed and compared. The results of the study reported that fresh Aerva lanata has high pH and fresh Corchorus olitorius has highest relative reconstitution capacity. It was found that fresh Celosia argentea has high shrinkage and dehydration ratio, and the leaves of Leucas aspera had high rehydration capacity. Dried leaf powder of Aerva lanata has high flowability, cohesiveness, pH, total soluble solids, water-retention capacity, and oil-retention capacity. Dried Corchorus olitorius was found to have high bulk density, tapped density, and rehydration capacity on dried weight basis. Leucas aspera powder had a high water absorption index and hydrophilic-lipophilic index. It was found that water activity of all the leaf powders is below 0.5 so they can be stored at room temperature. Physical and functional properties of uncultivated greens powders help in development of value-added products, product-specific equipment, and behavior of leaf powders at processing and packing levels.