Jute Epoxy Research Articles

On low velocity impact response of Sandwich composite with jute/epoxy facesheet and cenosphere reinforced functionally graded Core: Experimental and finite element approach

AbstractThe assessment of energy absorption behavior has a vital role in determining suitability of lightweight composites for impact protection applications. This study focuses on evaluating the energy absorption characteristics of cenosphere reinforced epoxy syntactic foam core and jute epoxy facesheet sandwich composite subjected to low velocity impact. The syntactic foam is composed of lightweight cenospheres embedded within an epoxy matrix, resulting in a high‐strength and lightweight composite material. Low velocity impact tests were conducted using a drop tower apparatus to simulate realistic impact conditions. The impact force, energy absorption and damage mitigation of the syntactic foam specimens with varied weight percentage of Cenosphere (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) were measured and analyzed to assess the energy absorption behavior. The gradation revealed that the weight of top layer when compared to bottom layer is 50.49%, 70.23% and 95.74% less in syntactic foam core with 10, 20 and 30 wt% Cenosphere respectively, indicating gradation. The study demonstrates that the addition of Cenosphere up to 20 wt% enhances the energy absorption capacity of the sandwich composites by 59.37%–93.44% compared to sandwich without Cenosphere reinforced core. However, beyond this threshold, a decline in energy absorption is observed when subjected to low‐velocity impact (LVI). Fractography analysis demonstrates that the incorporation of Cenosphere induces a rough fracture surface with deep river‐like topography, indicative of greater energy absorption during impact loading. This substantiates the conclusion that Cenosphere‐reinforced syntactic foams exhibit enhanced impact resistance, making them promising materials for structures subjected to low‐velocity impact events.Highlights Development of functionally graded core sandwich composite for low velocity impact applications. Assessing the performance of developed composites under low velocity impact loading. Determining the optimal weight percentage of cenospshere in functionally graded core. Studying the fractography of developed sandwich composites. Corelation between experimental and finite element studies.

Jute Fiber Reinforced Biocomposite: Towards Developing Composite Bone Plate

Bone fractures are often treated with metallic bone plates which are inherited some fundamental issues such as stress shielding, bone atrophy, heavyweight, corrosion, and so on. This work aims to develop a jute epoxy composite to investigate its feasibility to use as a composite bone plate. In this work, the natural fiber-based composite made of jute extracted from the jute plant and epoxy resin obtained from LAPOX® METALAM - B is studied experimentally. The mechanical properties such as tensile, compressive, and bending strength of jute/epoxy composite were measured using the universal testing machine (UTM). Moisture absorption test and scanning electron microscope (SEM) image analysis were also performed. The preliminary results suggest that the jute/epoxy composite could be a potential material for a composite bone plate. However, further detailed studies are required to confirm its applicability as a composite bone plate.

A comparative study on milling-induced surface roughness during milling of jute–epoxy and carbon–epoxy composites and optimization for better surface finish through Taguchi and RSM techniques

During the present experimentation, milling machining was performed on two different composites, namely carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite and jute fiber-reinforced polymer composite, using a computer numerical control vertical machining center. The selected machining parameters were spindle speed (S), feed rate (FR), depth of cut (DOC), and flute number or cutting edge number (FN). The output parameter is the machined surface roughness (Ra). Analysis of variance was used to predict the percentage influence of each parameter on machining quality. The parameter feed rate exhibited a higher influence on the machined surface roughness, followed by spindle speed, flute number, and depth of cut in sequence. Similarly, while milling the carbon fiber composite, the feed rate had the highest influence, followed by the parameter flute number. As for the surface roughness, the feed rate had a greater effect, followed by the spindle speed. Under the same machining conditions, it was observed that the sequence of parameters influencing the jute composite and carbon composite changed in the case of cutting force generation, but the sequence of parameters was the same for both cases in terms of roughness. The outcome of the work confirmed that to achieve a smaller value of roughness in the milling of jute–epoxy composite, the optimum combination should be S = 3000 rpm, FR = 800 mm/min, DOC = 0.25 mm, and FN = 6. Similarly, to achieve the minimum surface roughness value in the milling of carbon–epoxy composite, the optimum combination of parameters should be S = 600 rpm, FR = 100 mm/min, DOC = 0.25, and FN = 6. The average roughness values obtained during the milling of jute–epoxy composite and carbon–epoxy composites are 6.685 and 3.08 μm, respectively. In this present work, it is proved that the optimum combination of parameters to get the minimum surface roughness and the amount of surface roughness produced during milling are highly influenced by the type of reinforced material. The graphs are prepared for the entire range of input parameters to identify the intermediate Ra value at any input value without the use of software.

Effective utilization of silica from waste cow dung ash filler reinforced biodegradable jute epoxy composites: influence of silica on its mechanical properties

Effective utilization of silica from waste cow dung ash filler reinforced biodegradable jute epoxy composites: influence of silica on its mechanical properties

Mechanical property of jute fibre reinforced polymer composite filled with clam shell filler: a marine waste

ABSTRACT The present work utilises clam shell, a marine waste as filler material in a natural fibre composite.Different contents of clam shell filler of 0, 5 and 10 wt.% are considered for preparing the composite by the hand lay-up technique. The addition clamshell filler in the composite improves the tensile strength and tensile modulus by 51.40 and 63.47 % from 0 to 5 wt.% of clam shell filler, respectively. Similarly, flexural strength, flexural modulus and inter laminar shear strength of the composites show the maximum value at 5 wt.% filler addition. Beyond this value, the mechanical strength is reduced. Hardness values of the composites are increased with the increase in inclusion of the clam shell filler. In contrast, the addition of filler reduces the impact strength of the composites. Again, to determine the viscoelastic behaviour of the jute epoxy composite with the clam shell filler, dynamic mechanical analysis is performed. Storage modulus and loss modulus are found to be increasing with the increase in wt.% of filler. For all composites, the damping factor improves with the increase in temperature and obtained the highest height in the transition region. It is low below the glass transition temperature.

A Study of the Flexural Properties of Jute Fabric Reinforced Epoxy Composite: Experimental and Uncertainty Analysis

ABSTRACT The variability in natural fiber composite properties has always been problematic due to the dispersion in their mechanical properties resulting from fiber misalignment, irregular crosssection, fiber length, and geometry, which impacts their reliability. This issue of reliability has greatly affected the selection process of natural fiber composites as opposed to the synthetic fiber counterparts when it comes to strength, stiffness, failure strains, and energy absorption criteria. Stiffness is one property which greatly depends on the span length and load-bearing capacity of the material, which makes it an important criterion during product design. In this study, flexural properties of the jute fabric composite were studied through experiment and uncertainty analysis using various distribution functions. Jute epoxy composite at 38% fiber volume fraction was fabricated, and samples were machined using abrasive water jet machining as per ASTM D7264 standard for bend test. The samples were experimentally tested for bending strength, modulus, and failure strains, and uncertainty analysis was done to further analyze their failure behavior. Experimentally tested samples showed multimode bending failure such as M(CAT) and M(TAB) as per ASTM D7264.

Development of Sustainable Jute/Epoxy Composite and Assessing the Effect of Rubber Crumb on Low Velocity Impact Response

ABSTRACT In the current study, the experimental assessment of influence of rubber crumb on the low velocity impact (LVI) behavior of jute epoxy composites are carried out using two types of impactors namely hemispherical and conical. Hand layup technique is used to fabricate the proposed composites. The rubber crumb is incorporated in the epoxy resin with 1.5 wt%, 3 wt%, and 5 wt%. Results revealed that incorporation of 3 wt% of rubber crumb resulted in better LVI response compared to its counterparts. Fractography studies revealed that inclusion of rubber crumb particles enhances the adhesion between resin and fiber, thereby increasing the energy absorption. In addition, they aid in reducing damage area and increasing penetration threshold of proposed composites. The current study’s systematic technique serves as a model for the efficient use and conversion of waste rubber crumb into usable natural fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites for LVI applications.

Physio-mechanical and thermal characterization of jute/rubber crumb hybrid composites and selection of optimal configuration using the MADM approach

The present study explores the possible usage of the rubber crumb as a filler in jute-reinforced polymer matrix composites for structural applications. The rubber crumb with different weight percentages of 1.5, 3 and 5 was used for manufacturing the hybrid composites using the hand layup method, and their physio-mechanical properties were compared with the unfilled jute epoxy composite. The results revealed that the addition of a rubber crumb helps to overcome the disadvantage of water absorption by natural fibres since the water absorption of the composite filled with 5 wt% of rubber crumb reduced by 2.6 times compared to the unfilled composite. However, the density of the composites was found to increase with the addition of a rubber crumb. The tensile strength and flexural strength of the composite with 3 wt% rubber crumb was found to be better and was found to be increased by 9.38% and 42.37%, respectively, compared to the unfilled composite. The impact strength of the composite with 5 wt% of rubber crumb was the highest, and it was improved by 16.29% compared to the unfilled composite. The MADM approach, namely the VIKOR method, is successfully implemented to select the best configuration of the proposed hybrid composites. The effect of chemical treatment of the fibre on the winning composite from the MADM approach is further evaluated for its thermal conductivity and thermal resistance. This work can be a benchmark for using and converting the waste tyre rubber into the rubber crumb in polymer matrix composites to enhance their mechanical properties. It can also guide the designers in implementing the MADM approach to select appropriate composite selection when there are multiple conflicting criteria.

Effect of particles on tensile and bending properties of jute epoxy composites

Abstract In this investigation, mechanical properties of composite materials produced from woven jute type were investigated. These composites were produced in the form of epoxy adhesive layers by using hand lay-up method in which aluminum, mica and ceramic particles were added into epoxy as a structural adhesive by 2, 4 and 6 wt%. Samples produced according to ASTM D procedures were subjected to tensile and three point bending loads to examine the effect of the particles. Experimental results were presented in tables and graphs. As a result, it was observed that the tensile and bending failure loads of the composite materials obtained by using the particle reinforced adhesive increased. Also, the biggest rise in tensile strength was achieved with 4 wt% aluminum and the biggest increase in bending strength was observed for 2 wt% aluminum particles.

Effect of thermal treatment on mechanical properties and thermogravimetric analysis of laminate composite jute/epoxy

The search for new materials is the primary objective of industrialists from the point of view of technological, economic and ecological interest. To this end, several studies have been carried out on naturally reinforced composite materials. In this context, the use of natural jute fiber as a reinforcement and a epoxy resin is adopted in the study that we have carried out in this travel. The aim of this research is to elaborate a composite laminate based on epoxy thermosetting matrix and jute fibres. The laminate composite were fabricated using hand lay-up process and to study the effect of temperature at different thermal cycles from ambient to 100 °C passing through the following thermal cycles 40 °C and 80 °C for 1 h on the mechanical and thermal properties, tensile, hardness and thermogravimetric analysic tests will be performed on 3 layers of jute. All specimens are prepared according to ASTM D3039. Microscopic tests (SEM) are carried out to analyze the interfacial characteristics of the internal structure of the composites. The findings revealed that at 80 °C treatment improves the properties of the jute epoxy composite (JEC) and also the adhesion of the fibers in the epoxy matrix. These changes were attributed to a modification of the adhesion forces at the fiber/matrix interface.

Experimental study on drilling characteristics of the hybrid sisal–jute fibre epoxy composites

Natural fibre composites have received worldwide attention due to their good mechanical properties, lightweight and low density. Due to these advantages, the natural fibre composites have been used in various engineering applications. Drilling is one of the most frequent machining operations performed on hybrid sisal–jute polymer composites, to assemble the numerous structural components by using mechanical joining process. Furthermore, the machining of fibre reinforced composite material has attracted several researchers because of its non-homogeneous and anisotropic structure. The present research work concerns with the experimental studies on the drilling process of hybrid sisal–jute epoxy composite, using three different types of drill geometry (twist drill, step drill and core drill). The significance of the current work aims to reveal the effect of drill geometry configuration and drilling parameters in terms of drilling-induced force and damages (delamination and surface roughness) for the drilling of hybrid natural fibre composites. Drilling forces, drilling-induced damages and hole quality attributes were experimentally investigated for different drill geometries. The delamination and surface roughness type damages are revealed by microscopic analysis with the help of scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that twist drill is best suited for the hole- and force-induced damages.

Influence of alkali treatment on physio-mechanical properties of jute–epoxy composite

ABSTRACT The present study deals with development of jute epoxy composite using compression moulding technique and assessing the influence of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on the mechanical properties of the developed composite. Three different concentrations of NaOH alkali (5%, 10% and 15%) is considered in the present study. Various tests carried out indicates that the addition of alkali enhances the tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength up to 5% concentration of NaOH. Further addition of NaOH results in reduced mechanical properties. It is found that the impact strength of the alkali treated composites are better than non treated composites. The optimal concentration of 5% NaOH is suggested for treatment of the fibres used in composites.

Comparative study on ballistic impact response of neat fabric, compliant, hybrid compliant and stiff composite

The present study deals with the experimental approach of finding the ballistic limit of neat jute fabric along with its compliant composite, compliant hybrid composite with and without interleaved natural rubber (NR) sheets and stiff jute epoxy (JE) composite. Mechanism governing the damage in the proposed targets are studied. Ballistic impact tests were carried out by firing a conical projectile using a gas gun apparatus at lower range of ballistic impact regime. The ballistic impact response of the neat jute fabrics along with proposed compliant composites are assessed based on energy absorption and damage mechanism. Results revealed that the complaint hybrid composites exhibit enhanced ballistic response compared to neat jute fabrics, compliant and stiff composites. Inclusion of NR aids affects the ballistic performance of the composite significantly by keeping the composite flexibility. Rubber does not restrict the yarns through which the whole fabric resists against projectile energy. This behavior is contrary to the epoxy matrix, in which only a few yarns in impact zone resist. This difference significantly changes the ballistic performance of stiff composite and compliant hybrid composite. The damage study reveals the various mechanisms responsible for failure in neat fabrics, compliant composites, compliant hybrid composites and stiff composites. Compliant hybrid composites fail due to matrix tearing as opposed to matrix cracking in stiff JE composites indicating that the proposed complaint composites are free from catastrophic failure. Thus, the proposed compliant hybrid composites are best suited for ballistic applications.

Mechanical, Thermal and Thermomechanical Properties of Sponge Iron Slag filled Needle-Punched Nonwoven Jute Epoxy Hybrid Composites

In the present research work, the needle-punched nonwoven jute epoxy composites are fabricated by varying the weight percentages of sponge iron slag in vacuum assisted resin transfer molding technique. This study examines the physical, mechanical and thermomechanical properties (i.e., density, water absorption, tensile, flexural, inter-laminar shear strength, compression, impact, fracture toughness and dynamic mechanical analysis) of unfilled and 8 wt.%, 16 wt.% and 24 wt.% of sponge iron slag filled composites under controlled operating conditions. Moreover, it is shown that all the mechanical properties improved with the increased in sponge iron slag content except for tensile strength which increased only upto 16 wt.%. This study also attempted for the analysis of thermal conductivity of the unfilled and particulate filled composites in experimentally by hot disc method. This work also presents both existing empirical models and numerical simulation analysis to evaluate the thermal conductivity of the developed composites. The numerical simulation values of the thermal conductivity demonstrated good agreement with the experimental values. At the end, Cole-Cole plot is drawn between loss modulus and storage modulus to understand the nature of the proposed composites.

The effect of clam shell powder on kinetics of water absorption of jute epoxy composite

Purpose Here, attempts have been made to explore the possible use of Marine waste as filler materials into the bio-fibre composites. Clam shell is a type of marine waste which belongs to the class of Bivalvia. It is mainly made of aragonite crystalline polymorphs. This paper aims to develop a new class of natural fibre composite in which jute fibre as reinforcement, epoxy as matrix and clam shell, as particulate microsphere filler. The study investigates the effects of different amounts of clam shell powder on the kinetics of water absorption of jute fibre-reinforced epoxy composite. Two different environmental conditions at room temperature, i.e. distilled water and seawater, are collected for this purpose. Moisture absorption reduces when clam shell is added to the jute-epoxy composite. The curve of water absorption of jute-epoxy composites with filler loading at both environmental conditions follows as Fickian behaviour. Design/methodology/approach Hand lay-up technique to fabricate the composite – Experimental observation Findings The incorporation of Clam shell filler in jute epoxy composite modified the water absorption property of the composite. Hence the present marine waste is an potential filler in jute fibre reinforced polymer composite. Originality/value The paper demonstrates a new class hybrid composite material which uses a marine waste as important phase in the bio-fibre-reinforced composite. It is a new work submitted for original research paper.

A Study on Mechanical Properties and Water Absorption Behaviour of Jute Composites

Elimination of huge waste produced by mankind has become a sensitive issue in the present scenario. To preserve our earth and to make it pollution free, it becomes necessary to reduce the garbage causing pollution. Plants fibers are the best and abundant source of natural reinforcement readily available. These fibers can be used for fabrication of composites which can reducethe problem of pollution (garbage). In this study composites of jute is fabricated by hand layup and compression molding using reinforcement material of jute and matrix material as epoxy resin ofdifferent areal densities (4, 5, 5.5 and 7.5 kg/m2) or layers and produced jute epoxy composites are tested for physical, mechanical and water absorption behaviour to meet the demands of the fiber based jute composites. It was observed that the different mechanical properties of the fiber based jute epoxy composites are significantly influenced by the areal density and number of layersIt was obtained that there is an increase in mechanical properties like tensile and flexural strengthof jute-epoxy composite with areal density up to 5.5 kg/m2and further these properties decrease with increase in areal density. On the other hand, the impact strength and water absorptivity increases with increase in areal density and number of layers of composite.

Effect of walnut shell filler on mechanical properties of jute-basalt hybrid epoxy composites

Abstract The present research endeavour deals with the preparation of a partially green hybrid composite using epoxy LY556 and hardener HY 951. Basalt and jute were used as reinforcements in order to extract the benefits of jute as well as basalt fiber. The comparative study is done on the basis of the mechanical properties like tensile, flexural, and impact strength. The jute epoxy composites were fabricated. The hybrid composites using jute and basalt fiber were also developed. The amalgamation of basalt fiber with jute fiber resulted in decreasing the weight of the composite with slight decrement in the mechanical properties. The developed composites were also studied by varying the percentage of the natural filler (Walnut Shell) material. The walnut shell was used as filler with varying percentages as 0 wt%, 5 wt%, 10 wt% and 15 wt% of epoxy resin. A comparison on various properties has been made between composites with and without walnut shell filler. It has been observed that composites filled with walnut shell filler showed better mechanical properties when compared to composites prepared without walnut shell filler. The morphology of fractured composite surfaces was also examined using scanning electron microscopy.

Investigation of mechanical properties of jute epoxy composite with fruit waste (Citrullus vulgaris peel) filler for automotive applications

In the current investigation, the mechanical behavior of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) peel nano debris (described as a fruit filler) with different weight composition (0 wt. %, 1 wt. %, 2 wt. %, 2.5 wt. %, 5 wt. %, 7.5 wt. % and 10 wt. %) is reinforced with jute fabric in an epoxy matrix. The effect of filler concentration on tensile, hardness, flexural and impact strength are investigated as per ASTM standards. The findings indicate that the addition of fruit filler improves the mechanical property of jute composite. It is found that the presence of 2.5 wt. % filler in the nanocomposite records the highest value of tensile strength, flexural strength, and hardness of the jute epoxy composite and the 10 wt. % filler nanocomposites achieve a noticeable projection in impact strength. The fracture surfaces are examined for the fiber alignment, fiber-matrix adhesion, voids, filler agglomeration, and fiber fracture. Furthermore, a glass visor was developed to show the best mechanical performing potential and analyzed for deformation behavior and modal analysis using ANSYS.

Effect of Groundnut Shell Particulate Content on Physical and Mechanical Behavior of Jute–Epoxy Hybrid Composite

This paper reports on the fabrication and characterization of some important physical and mechanical properties of an agro-waste-filled hybrid polymer composite consisting of epoxy, jute fabrics and groundnut shell powder in different proportions. The epoxy composites are fabricated with the reinforcement of groundnut shell particulate filler by varying the weight proportions (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt%) and jute fabrics with constant fiber loading of 30 wt%. Physical and mechanical characteristics such as density, microhardness, tensile strength, flexural strength, and inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS) are analyzed of the tailored composites. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of tensile fractured specimens are also analyzed to identify the cause of failure. The experimental results reveal that the tensile, flexural, ILSS is increased up to 15 wt% filler loading and then decrease marginally; however the microhardness values increased with the increase in filler content. The density and voids are also affected by the variation of filler content in the composites.

Comparative Study On Mechanical Behaviour Of Synthetic, Natural And Hybrid Composite Laminates

Composites play a significant role as an engineering material and their use has been increasing day by day due to their specific properties such as high strength to weight ratios, high modulus to weight ratio, corrosion resistance and wear resistance. In composite material matrix and fiber play an important role; as the load is taken by matrix and transmitted to the reinforcement. Reinforcement can be either synthetic or natural fiber. Manufacturing of synthetic fibers is harmful from the environmental point of view; hence recent research work is focused on the use of natural fiber as reinforcement. In this current work jute as natural fiber taken into account for reinforcement along with synthetic glass fiber along with LY556 Epoxy resin and HY951 hardener. Three types of composites materials were prepared such as Glass-Epoxy unidirectional, Jute-Epoxy, Glass & Jute Epoxy hybrid composite laminates had been prepared using hand lay-up process and the testing was done by using ASTM Standards. The major properties that govern the strength of composites materials are tensile strength, compressive strength, flexural strength, and vibration characteristics. The content of natural and synthetic reinforcement was found to be 60% and 40% respectively. The experimental results show that the Glass & jute Epoxy composites give the major withstanding capacity for tension and flexural test. Vibration test exhibits higher natural frequency, but in compression test Glass epoxy reflects its higher mechanical strength, whereas in compression test delamination occurs. The additional use of jute with glass reduces the cost and thus it is eco-friendly.