Jute Cellulose Research Articles

Mechanical behavior of nanocellulose coated jute/green epoxy composites

The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of nanocellulose coating on the mechanical behavior of jute/green epoxy composites. Cellulose was purified from waste jute fibers, converted to nanocellulose by acid hydrolysis and subsequently 3, 5 and 10 wt % of nanocellulose suspensions were coated over woven jute reinforcement. The composites were prepared by hand layup and compression molding technique. The surface topologies of treated jute fibers, jute cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), nanocellulose coated jute fabrics and fractured surfaces of composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The prepared composites were evaluated for tensile, flexural, fatigue and fracture toughness properties. The results revealed the improvement in tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, fatigue life and fracture toughness of composites with the increase in concentration of nanocellulose coating over jute reinforcement except the decrease in tensile strength.

Bangladesh Invented Bioplastic Jute Poly Bag and International Market Potentials

In one minute, one million plastic bags are in use around the world and in Europe, plastic carrier bags are produced 3.4 million tons in a year and average European uses about 500 plastic bags per year that takes 100s of years to degrade and not only contaminates the environment but also directly impairments many living organisms. Bangladeshi scientist invented jute poly bag using jute cellulose that is bio-degradable and bio-plastic in nature, which is substitute of conventional poly bag. It will play a significant role in concern with environment, temperature, air, soil and sea pollution as well as the opportunity to retain the glory of Bangladeshi jute in international market and farmers to keep smile. In the paper, we will analyze international marketing strategy, product positioning, competitiveness and potentiality in international market through SOWT, marketing mix & porter’s five forces analysis. Our observation that newly invented jute biodegradable poly bag will gain market share in international plastic & bioplastic industry as well as the potential market for exporting all over the world and especially in Europe and North America. Bangladesh has both absolute and comparative advantages in producing jute poly bags.

Bangladesh Invented Bioplastic Jute Poly Bag and International Market Potentials

In one minute, one million plastic bags are in use around the world and in Europe, plastic carrier bags are produced 3.4 million tons in a year and average European uses about 500 plastic bags per year that takes 100s of years to degrade and not only contaminates the environment but also directly impairments many living organisms. Bangladeshi scientist invented jute poly bag using jute cellulose that is bio-degradable and bio-plastic in nature, which is substitute of conventional poly bag. It will play a significant role in concern with environment, temperature, air, soil and sea pollution as well as the opportunity to retain the glory of Bangladeshi jute in international market and farmers to keep smile. In the paper, we will analyze international marketing strategy, product positioning, competitiveness and potentiality in international market through SOWT, marketing mix & porter’s five forces analysis. Our observation that newly invented jute biodegradable poly bag will gain market share in international plastic & bioplastic industry as well as the potential market for exporting all over the world and especially in Europe and North America. Bangladesh has both absolute and comparative advantages in producing jute poly bags.

Thermomechanical Properties of Jute/Bamboo Cellulose Composite and Its Hybrid Composites: The Effects of Treatment and Fiber Loading

Jute cellulose composite (JCC), bamboo cellulose composite (BCC), untreated hybrid jute-bamboo fiber composite (UJBC), and jute-bamboo cellulose hybrid biocomposite (JBCC) were fabricated. All cellulose hybrid composites were fabricated with chemical treated jute-bamboo cellulose fiber at 1 : 1 weight ratio and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The effect of chemical treatment and fiber loading on the thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of composites was investigated. Treated jute and bamboo cellulose were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to confirm the effectiveness of treatment. All composites were characterized by tensile testing, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Additionally, surface morphology and water absorption test was reported. The FTIR results revealed that jute and bamboo cellulose prepared are identical to commercial cellulose. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus of composites are optimum at 10 weight percentage (wt%) fibers loading. All cellulose composites showed high onset decomposition temperature. At 10 wt% fiber loading, JBCC shows highest activation energy followed by BCC and JCC. Significant reduction in crystallinity index was shown by BCC which reduced by 14%. JBCC shows the lowest water absorption up to 43 times lower compared to UJBC. The significant improved mechanical and morphological properties of treated cellulose hybrid composites are further supported by SEM images.

Nanocellulose coated woven jute/green epoxy composites: Characterization of mechanical and dynamic mechanical behavior

This paper presents the preparation and characterization of nanocellulose coated woven jute/green epoxy composites. Waste jute fibers were used as precursor to purify and extract nanocellulose by chemical treatments. The prepared suspensions with 3, 5 and 10wt% of nanocellulose were coated over jute fabric followed by preparation of composites by compression molding technique. The surface morphologies of treated jute fibers, jute cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), nanocellulose coated jute fabrics and fractured surfaces of composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The crystallinity of jute fibers after different chemical treatments was measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The effect of nanocellulose coating over jute reinforcement on the tensile, flexural, fracture toughness and dynamic mechanical properties of prepared composites has been investigated. Fracture toughness was measured using single end notched bend (SENB) specimens and dynamic mechanical test was performed in three point bending mode. The results revealed the improvement in tensile modulus, flexural properties and fracture toughness except the decrease in tensile strength of nanocellulose coated woven jute/green epoxy composites as compared to uncoated jute composite. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) results also showed the increase in storage modulus and reduction in tangent delta peak height of nanocellulose coated jute composites.

Effect of nanoclay and silica on mechanical and morphological properties of jute cellulose polyethylene biocomposites

In this study, jute cellulose/polyethylene (PE) biocomposites were prepared using a hot press machine. Silica and nanoclay act as reinforcing agents in the composite system. The effects of clay and silica addition on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of jute cellulose/PE biocomposites with different fiber loadings (5, 10, 15, and 20 wt %) were investigated. The biocomposites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The mechanical properties were investigated using a universal testing machine. From FTIR results, it indicates that the CO stretching vibration had disappeared, while the intensity of peaks at 1718 and 1716 cm−1 appeared after addition of silica. The better interfacial bonding between jute cellulose/PE/silica biocomposites are reflected in the enhancement of the mechanical properties as well as thermal stability. The tensile strength and modulus had shown the highest values as well as higher activation energy for thermal decomposition. The surface area analysis result showed that the jute cellulose/PE/silica biocomposites have higher surface area and pore volume with less pore size. The manufactured biocomposites can be used in interior and exterior applications as well as a construction material. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 23:E113–E118, 2017. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers

Mechanical Properties Characterization of Jute Yarn Treated by Photo-curing with EG (Ethylene Glycol): Surface Treatment (KMnO4)

Radiation-induced graft copolymerization is one of the most important methods to modify natural polymers. Jute (Corchorus capsularis) is an important natural fiber for its diversified application in eco-friendly environment. Jute is photografted with EG monomer to improve its characteristics. The different EG formulation was prepared in methanol along with 2% photoinitiator. The materials soaked in solution then radiation induced by UV processing. The highest mechanical properties of treated and untreated jute fibre like tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (Eb), and tensile modulus (Tm) were achieved with 5% EG concentration, 5 minutes soaking time and 4th pass of UV radiation intensities. The mechanical properties improvement of the jute yarns were increased at P? 0.05% on TS (2.4 MPa), Eb (1.8 MPa) and Tm (factor 2) and PL (17%) by the KMnO4. The additives urea (1% w/v) showed the best results Pl (20%), Tf (2.6) and Ef (2). Water absorption capacity of treated samples was much lower (59%) up to 20 min then stable compared to the untreated samples (70%) where absorbed up to 110 min. Weathering effect on jute yarn exhibited less loss of weight compared to control fibers. The 1R analysis revealed that EG has been grafted onto jute cellulose at the sites of -OH groups of the jute cellulose backbone. Monomer concentration; soaking time and radiation intensity were optimized with respect to mechanical properties. The remarkable changes of physico-mechanical properties were achieved by the experiment.

Cloning Cellulose Synthetase Gene CcCesA1 from Jute ( Corchorus capsularis L.) and Transformation of Arabidopsis via Antisense Vector

Using homologous cloning and modified RACE techniques, we cloned the full-length cDNA of jute cellulose synthetase gene excluding the 500 bp of 5' terminal from the stem bark of jute cultivar 179(Corchorus capsularis L.). The sequence is 2529 bp in length, encoding 627 amino acids. Gene alignment and protein structure analysis showed that the sequence cloned is a member of the cellulose synthetase gene family. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR assay indicated that expression level of CcCesA1 varied in different organs of jute(bark root leaf bud sticks). A antisense vector was constructed based on partial cDNA and 3' UTR region of CcCesA1, and the positive plasmids were transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana. Southern blot evidence confirmed that one copy of exogenous gene was integrated in the Arabidopsis genome. The growth of tansgenic Arabidopsis was stunted severely, resulting in dwarf plant, easily bending stem, reduced and shortened silique, and decreased cellulose content. This finding implies that CcCesA1 might be involved in cellulose synthesis in addition to other plant growth processes.

Graft polycondensation of microfibrillated jute cellulose with oligo(L‐lactic acid) and its properties

AbstractIn order to improve the compatibility with different polymer matrices, microfibrillated jute cellulose (MFJC) was surface grafted by oligo(l‐lactic acid) (OLA) via graft polycondensation reaction catalyzed by Sn(Oct)2 in toluene medium. The effects of the OLA concentration, Sn(Oct)2 concentration, reaction time, temperature, and pressure on the progress of the graft polycondensation were investigated. Maximum grafting was found 44% at optimum reaction condition. The observation was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 13C‐NMR spectrometry, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The morphology and crystalline structure of the graft copolymer (MFJC‐g‐OLA) were examined by scanning electron microscopy and wide angle X‐ray diffraction, respectively. Measurements showed that initial morphological integrity of MFJC changed due to incorporation of amorphous OLA onto MFJC surface, as a result decreases crystallinity. Extracted MFJC‐g‐OLA was also characterized by thermo‐gravimetric analysis. Results reflect the enhanced hydrophobicity and thermal stability of the MFJC as a consequence of this modification. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40139.

Robust polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous membrane reinforced with jute cellulose nanowhiskers for water purification

Conventional ultrafiltration (UF) or nanofiltration (NF) filters for water treatments are based on porous membranes, where the torturous porosity usually results in a relatively low flux rate, typically manufactured by the phase immersion method. Electrospun (ES) nanofibrous membranes with a high flux rate evoked a considerable interest in the ultrafiltration or nanofiltration applications, because of their high porosity, good interconnectivity and high specific surface area. Herein, we developed a novel double layers of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) electrospun nanofibrous membranes (with an average fiber diameter of 173nm) reinforced with TEMPO (2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical) selectively oxidized jute cellulose nanowhiskers (with a diameter in the range of 3–10nm). From FE-SEM images, the presence of evenly coated thin layer of cellulose nanowhiskers on the PAN ES nanofibers is evident. The versatile PAN/cellulose ES composite membranes with superior mechanical properties and high filtration efficiency of 7–40nm particles would be particularly useful for applications in the domestic drinking water and industrial waste water treatment.

Novel spider-web-like nanoporous networks based on jute cellulose nanowhiskers

Cellulose nanowhiskers as a kind of renewable and biocompatible nanomaterials evoke much interest because of its versatility in various applications. Herein, for the first time, a novel controllable fabrication of spider-web-like nanoporous networks based on jute cellulose nanowhiskers (JCNs) deposited on the electrospun (ES) nanofibrous membrane by simple directly immersion-drying method is reported. Jute cellulose nanowhiskers were extracted from jute fibers with a high yield (over 80%) via a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)/NaBr/NaClO system selective oxidization combined with mechanical homogenization. The morphology of JCNs nanoporous networks/ES nanofibrous membrane architecture, including coverage rate, pore-width and layer-by-layer packing structure of the nanoporous networks, can be finely controlled by regulating the JCNs dispersions properties and drying conditions. The versatile nanoporous network composites based on jute cellulose nanowhiskers with ultrathin diameters (3–10nm) and nanofibrous membrane supports with diameters of 100–300nm, would be particularly useful for filter applications.

Cellulose nanowhiskers extracted from TEMPO-oxidized jute fibers

Cellulose nanowhiskers is a kind of renewable and biocompatible nanomaterials evoke much interest because of its versatility in various applications. Here, for the first time, a novel controllable fabrication of cellulose nanowhiskers from jute fibers with a high yield (over 80%) via a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)/NaBr/NaClO system selective oxidization combined with mechanical homogenization is reported. The versatile jute cellulose nanowhiskers with ultrathin diameters (3–10nm) and high crystallinity (69.72%), contains C6 carboxylate groups converted from C6 primary hydroxyls, which would be particularly useful for applications in the nanocomposites as reinforcing phase, as well as in tissue engineering, pharmaceutical and optical industries as additives.

Jute as raw material for the preparation of microcrystalline cellulose

Cellulose was extracted at a yield of 59.8% from jute fibres based on the formic acid/peroxyformic acid process at an atmospheric pressure. The amounts of dissolved lignin and hemicelluloses were determined in the spent liquor. The results showed that the spent liquor contained 10.6% total sugars and 10.9% lignin (based on jute). Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was further prepared from the jute cellulose based on the acid hydrolysis technique. A very high yield, 48–52.8% (based on the jute raw material) was obtained. The acid hydrolysate of cellulose contained 2.7% glucose and 0.2% xylose. The MCC samples obtained from two different conditions, one at a low acidity and the other at a high acidity, were characterized by means of Thermo Gravimetric Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared, X-ray detraction, Scanning Electron Micrograph, and Transmission Electron Micrograph techniques.

Development of anti-microbial jute fabrics via in situ formation of cellulose–tannic acid–metal ion complex

Although both tannic acid and metal ions serve as anti-microbial agent, they are inactive towards several kinds of microorganisms. The current work aims at examine the technical feasibility of using tannic acid to form in situ complex with environmentally save metal ions onto jute cellulose. Three kind of metal salts were selected, namely, AgNO 3, ZnSO 4, Zr(SO 4) 2·4H 2O. Cellulose–tannic acid–metal complexes were formed in situ by treatment the jute fabric with tannic acid then allow the treated samples to absorb the metal ions from its aqueous metal salt solution. The treated fabrics were monitored for anti-microbial activity and metal ion content as well as the washing durability. The effect of both tannic acid and metal salt concentration on the anti-microbial activity of the treated jute fabric as well as washing durability were investigated. Current data disclosed that jute fabrics treated with tannic acid–metal complex formed in situ show enhanced anti-microbial properties compared with those sample treated with tannic acid or metal ions separately and at the same concentrations. The results show also that both antibacterial and antifungal properties of the jute fabric treated with tannic–metal complexes follow the order: tannic acid – Zn > tannic acid – Zr > tannic acid – Ag . It was found also that the washing durability of jute fabric treated with tannic acid–metal complex was very high and depends on the type of metal ion used in complexation and follows the order: tannic acid – Zn > tannic acid – Ag > tannic acid – Zr.

Studies on the macromolecular components of nonwood available in Bangladesh

The structural feature of macromolecular component of dhaincha, cotton stalks, jute fiber, rice straw and wheat straw, which are commonly used in paper pulp production in forest deficient countries, was thoroughly studied. Lignin was isolated by classical Bjorkman method and characterized by elemental and methoxyl analysis, alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation, FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The C 9 formulas for cotton stalks, jute fiber, dhaincha, rice straw and wheat straw were C 9H 8.95O 3.53(OCH 3) 1.00, C 9H 8.12O 4.03(OCH 3) 1.65, C 9H 8.10O 4.65(OCH 3) 1.32, C 9H 8.58O 3.74(OCH 3) 1.23 and C 9H 8.31O 3.54(OCH 3) 1.23, respectively. The alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation products showed that syringyl to vanilin ratio of these nonwood varied from 1.1 to 2.9. Jute fiber showed the highest syringyl to vanilin ratio that are consistent with C 9 formula. The β- O-4 units in these nonwood lignins had predominately erythro stereochemistry type. The crystalline structure of these nonwood cellulose was also studied using X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. The proportions of crystallinity, crystal size were varied from plant to plant. Jute fiber showed the highest proportion of crystallinity (73.4%) and crystal size (4.2 nm). The degree of polymerization of these nonwoods cellulose has also been studied. Degree of polymerization of jute cellulose was also the highest (3875). FTIR spectroscopy showed that these nonwoods cellulose was monoclinic unit cell structure (I β). Carbohydrate analysis showed that the main sugar component in the hydrolyzates of these nonwoods were xylose apart from glucose.

Mechanical properties of maleic anhydride treated jute fibre/polypropylene composites

The effect of maleic anhydride (MA) modification of jute fibre on the mechanical properties of jute/polypropylene (PP) composites was studied. Jute fibre, an environmental friendly, low-density renewable material was chemically modified with MA before the incorporation with PP to improve interfacial adhesion between them. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) study showed that the C=C groups of MA attached to jute cellulose reacted with the PP matrix. Jute fibre/PP composite treated with MA displayed higher Young's modulus and dynamic storage modulus owing to the enhanced interfacial adhesion between the fibre and PP matrix. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study showed evidence of the enhanced adhesion and bridging in the interfacial region of the composite as the result of MA modification of jute fibre.

Radiation-Induced Jute–Plastic Composite: Preparation and IR Studies

Jute–plastic composite (JPC) has been prepared with tossa jute yarns and methylmethacrylate (MMA) mixed with methanol at different proportions using Co-60 gamma source irradiation. Incorporation of a minute amount (1%) of an additive like NVP, TPGDA, TMPTA, or urea substantially increased the grafting of MMA onto jute yarns. Different characteristic properties such as grafting, tensile properties, water absorption ability, and moisture absorption at different relative humidities have been determined. Both tensile strength (TS) and elongation (E b) of the composite decreased with increased grafting; however, at lower grafting, both TS and E b slightly increased. IR study reveals that MMA has been grafted onto jute cellulose at the sites of OH groups of the jute cellulose backbone.

Nature of the Degradation of Jute Cellulose and Jute Fiber in Storage

Nature of the Degradation of Jute Cellulose and Jute Fiber in Storage

Accessibility of Various Cellulose Preparations from Jute

Accessibility towards 2.4 N hydrochloric acid at 100° C. under nitrogen atmosphere has been determined for various cellulose preparations from jute. With the results of viscosity measurement in cuprammonium hydroxide solution of the hydrolyzed and unhydrolyzed material, leveling-off degree of polymerization has been determined and hence crystallite length calculated. The present study shows the effect of hemicellulose present in cellulose preparations on the accessibility and leveling-off degree of polymeri zation and hence on the crystallite length due to different treatments of jute cellulose.

A Note on the Degradation of Jute Cellulose on Storage

A Note on the Degradation of Jute Cellulose on Storage