Justification For Use Research Articles

Selecting appropriate excipients for paediatric dosage form − Paediatric excipients risk assessment (PERA) framework – Part 1

Excipients are often the major component of the formulation that critically affect the dosage form, manufacturing process, product performance, stability and safety. They exert different roles and functions in a dosage form. Selecting excipients with appropriate safety and tolerability is a major hurdle in paediatric formulation development. The suitability of a particular excipient will be dependent on the context of its use with regard to the paediatric age range, acute versus chronic use, and clinical risk–benefit of the disease, active and excipient. Scientists are encouraged to apply the principle of risk–benefit to assess the suitability of excipients to the specific paediatric population. Indicative list of parameters that should be taken into consideration and hierarchy of information sources when assessing the excipients risks is provided by regulatory agencies. However, the approach to be taken and details of how the risk evaluation should be undertaken are lacking. There is a need for a systematic approach to selection of excipients and assessment of the risk of excipient exposure. The Paediatric Excipients Risk Assessment (PERA) framework developed and proposed in this paper provides a structured, systematic decision-making framework via customizable tools and processes that can help to improve the transparency and communications on the selection and justification of use of excipients in a paediatric formulation.

Virtual facilitation best practices and research priorities: a scoping review

BackgroundFacilitation is an implementation strategy that supports the uptake of evidence-based practices. Recently, use of virtual facilitation (VF), or the application of facilitation using primarily video-based conferencing technologies, has become more common, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic. Thorough assessment of the literature on VF, however, is lacking. This scoping review aimed to identify and describe conceptual definitions of VF, evaluate the consistency of terminology, and recommend “best” practices for its use as an implementation strategy.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review to identify literature on VF following the PRISMA-ScR guidance. A search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases was conducted in June 2022 for English language articles published from January 2012 through May 2022 and repeated in May 2023 for articles published from January 2012 through April 2023. Identified articles, including studies and conference abstracts describing VF, were uploaded into Covidence and screened independently by two reviewers. Data extraction was done by two reviewers in Microsoft Excel; additionally, studies were evaluated based on the Proctor et al. (2013) reporting guidelines for specifying details of implementation strategies.ResultsThe search strategy identified 19 articles. After abstract and full-text screening, eight studies described by 10 articles/abstracts were included in analysis. Best practices summarized across studies included (1) stakeholder engagement, (2) understanding the recipient’s organization, (3) facilitator training, (4) piloting, (5) evaluating facilitation, (6) use of group facilitation to encourage learning, and (7) integrating novel tools for virtual interaction. Three papers reported all or nearly all components of the Proctor et al. reporting guidelines; justification for use of VF was the most frequently omitted.ConclusionsThis scoping review evaluated available literature on use of VF as a primary implementation strategy and identified significant variability on how VF is reported, including inconsistent terminology, lack of details about how and why it was conducted, and limited adherence to published reporting guidelines. These inconsistencies impact generalizability of these methods by preventing replicability and full understanding of this emerging methodology. More work is needed to develop and evaluate best practices for effective VF to promote uptake of evidence-based interventions.Trial registrationN/A.

A Critical Comparison of Focused Ethnography and Interpretive Phenomenology in Nursing Research.

Choosing an appropriate qualitative methodology in nursing research is a researcher's first step before beginning a study. Such a step is critical as the selected qualitative methodology should be congruent with the research questions, study assumptions, data gathering and analysis to promote the utility of such research in enhancing nursing knowledge. In this paper, we compare focused ethnography by Roper and Shapira and interpretive phenomenology by Benner. Though these methodologies are naturalistic and appear similar, both have different methodological underpinnings. The historical, ontological, epistemological, and axiological philosophy guiding each methodology are described. In addition, the methodological underpinnings of both methodologies and a justification for use in nursing research are provided. This paper will assist future researchers who aim to employ these methodologies in nursing research.

Clinician prescribing practices for managing canine idiopathic acute diarrhea are not evidence based.

To characterize clinician preferences and justification for preferred methods for managing canine idiopathic acute diarrhea (IAD) and compare results to evidence-based literature. 284 surveys from veterinarians in small animal first-opinion practice. Veterinarians were asked to complete a survey (61 questions) including background demographic information, practice type and location, duration in practice, and management questions for canine IAD pertaining to nutritional, probiotic, antimicrobial, antidiarrheal, benign neglect, and other therapies. The survey was available between May 5, 2021, and August 30, 2021. Respondents reported that their preferred first-line therapy for canine IAD included dietary modification (41.3% of respondents), probiotics (20.1%), antimicrobials (21.2%), antidiarrheal medications (13.0%), and benign neglect (4.3%). The percentage of respondents who reported each therapy as either extremely effective or very effective for canine IAD varied by treatment, as follows: antimicrobials (75.2%), dietary modification (59.13%), antidiarrheal medications (42.5%), probiotics (35.5%), and benign neglect (6.52%). Perceptions of effectiveness, efficiency of treatment, and clinician justification for use were variable among treatments. Reported practice styles were occasionally in disagreement with evidence-based methods of canine IAD management. Current clinical management of IAD is not consistently in agreement with evidence-based recommendations. The results of this study underscore the continued need to evaluate veterinary prescribing practice trends compared to evidence-based recommendations and promote dissemination of new information.

Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Patients With Diabetes Mellitus in Saudi Arabia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Global studies have observed a disparity in the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among diabetic patients. To estimate the prevalence, types, and correlates of CAMuse among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1290 Saudis with type 2 DM aged ≥18 years. An electronic questionnaire was distributed through social media to collect data about patient demographics and DM-related characteristics, including age at DM diagnosis, DM duration, family history of DM, DM complications, DM medicine, and chronic diseases. The use of CAM and its type, cost, and duration; sources of CAM-related information; reason for using CAM; usefulness and side effects; CAM use in the future; and doctor consultation before CAM use were also evaluated. Among CAM non-users, the reason for not using CAM and future considerations of CAM were assessed. A total of 1290 patients were included (27.4%) aged 18-29 years; 726 (56.3%) were women; 554 (42.9%) had a bachelor's degree in education; and 457 (35.4%) were unemployed. The prevalence of CAM use was 528 (40.9%). The most commonly used types were bitter apple 503 (95.3%), cinnamon 341 (64.6%), and ginger 290 (55.1%). The most frequent sources of CAM-related information were friends, families, and neighbors 259 (49.2%), while the most frequent justifications for use were the need for another DM treatment and faith in its advantages. Only 106 (20.1%) of the patients who used CAM disclosed adverse effects; 373 (51.8%) said they would use it again, and 66.1% said they would recommend it to other patients. Only 145 (27.5%) consulted a doctor before using CAM. CAM was more commonly used by patients who were older, women, married, and taking hypoglycemic drugs; whose most recent HbA1c level was 7-10%; and who had dyslipidemia, chronic disease, and a family history of DM. The prevalence of CAM use is high among the Saudi population. Analyzing CAM use is essential in clinical interactions with Saudis with DM. The managing healthcare professionals must educate patients with DM on how to use CAM more effectively and safely.

WTP3.5 Is there microbiological justification for use of intraoperative antibiotics during cholecystectomy?

Abstract Background Antibiotics are commonly given during cholecystectomy, especially when bile is spilt with little evidence that antibiotics are required when washout of contamination was achieved. Therefore, we sought to assess if microbes in bile were associated with post operative complications and what predicted their presence. Methods Bile samples were taken during cholecystectomy and were sent to culture and sensitivity. Data were collected on indication for operation, use of antibiotics, description of gallbladder bile and post-operative outcomes. Results Bile samples were analyses for 43 cholecystectomies, of which 16 (37%) were acute presentations. Bile was spilt intraoperatively in 18 cases (42%). Eleven (25%) samples grew microbes; the most common was Clostridium perfringens. There was a statistically significant association between microbiology findings with gender (p0.0612) and age (p0.0295), but there was no correlation between the presence of pathogens and those with acute presentation (2/16), those who had antibiotics preoperatively (3/16) those with a history of cholecystitis (4/18), or active cholecystitis (4/19) or a description of turbid fluid/pus (1/4). 23 (53%) patients received antibiotics pre, intra or post-operatively. No patients developed complications related to infection except for one patient who had a wound infection (antibiotics given pre-operative and no bile spilt). Conclusion There was no trend correlation between pre-operative factors in identifying patients with microbes in bile, nor spilling of bile or microbes associated with post operative complications except for age and sex. We hypothesis that antibiotics use in patients where the gallbladder is perforated intraoperatively has no impact on post operative complications. Larger sample sizes are required to confirm these findings.

Methodology of studying values and meanings of teacher education: hermeneutical approach

The hermeneutical approach as a traditional one for philosophy and philology, but quite new for educational science, can complement axiological approach in studying value-semantic aspects of teacher education. Pedagogic hermeneutics is a developing direction of humanitarian culture studies, based on comprehension of pedagogic reality’s objects, presented in form of a text and studied with help of a text, taking into account social and individual experience. At the same time, the text is interpreted in hermeneutics both literally and broadly, in the second case as a text can be taken any sign system, including pedagogic processes, systems, phenomena, relationships and other objects accessible to potential comprehension and interpretation by a researcher. This article provides justification for use of the hermeneutical approach as a methodology for studying values of teacher education. The author highlights a set of principles of pedagogic hermeneutics – the hermeneutic circle, information pre-understanding, dialogue understanding, text contextuality, superior understanding. Hermeneutical methods of studying the teacher education values which go back to philosophical or philological knowledge (terminological analysis, intellectual dialogue with the text’s author, diachronic analysis of the text, metaphorisation and demetaphorisation) concretise those principles. A mechanism of hermeneutical methodology, its driving forces, term base and main provisions of the hermeneutical approach in relation to studying teacher education are presented.

Evaluation of Administrative Support Services for Quality Assurance in Higher Education: Empirical Review

Administrative support is concerned with the provision of secretarial and administrative services to students, faculty, and other customers of educational institutions. In effect, any assistance provided by administrative staff to students and faculty that benefits the institution's overall well-being constitutes an administrative support service. Despite their complementary role in the teaching and learning process, it appears from the literature that administrative support services receive little attention when it comes to students’ evaluation of university services for quality assurance. This article reviews digitally available scholarly research on administrative support services in higher education. The purpose of the review was to justify the inclusion of administrative support in students' evaluations of university services for quality assurance. To do this, the study reviewed scholarly works on administrative support services in higher education. In all, 43 research articles were analyzed in terms of six criteria, namely 1) nature of administrative support in higher education 2) administrative support as service 3) customers of higher education administrative support 4) quality as necessity in administrative support 5) justification for quality assuring administrative support service 6)justification for use of students’ to evaluate administrative support services. The study found that administrative support and teaching services have a direct symbiotic relationship. Quality assurance of teaching services without the same being done for administrative support services does not provide a complete picture of the overall service quality and well-being of higher education. Again, the study found that a lot of resources go into the recruitment and maintenance of administrative staff. To ensure efficiency effectiveness and accountability of this staff, there is the need for frequent evaluation. The study recommends periodic student satisfaction surveys to ascertain students’ level of satisfaction with administrative support services.

A Typology of the Use of Intimate Partner Psychological Aggression in a Clinical Sample of Men

The development of profiles of individuals' use of intimate partner aggression based on similarities in traits allows for the customization of psychological treatment, which can increase successful therapeutic outcomes and enhance cost-effective practices. Among the existent typologies of partner aggression, none, to our knowledge, has focused on self-reported justification for the specific use of intimate partner psychological aggression (IPPA). Yet, IPPA functions within the context of their justifications. This study aimed to expand on the previously established typologies by proposing a new typology based on the justification for the use of IPPA. A sample of 456 men seeking therapeutic services for their couple’s relationship problems completed a series of questionnaires. A final five-profile solution was obtained using latent profile analyses (i.e., labeled low justification, internal justification, external justification, low malevolence, and high malevolence). The profiles were then compared on diverse IPPA-related variables, further differentiating each profile’s unique combination of characteristics. The profiles range from low to high IPPA severity and present unique patterns of justifications and relational and psychological functioning. A description of each profile and their implications is discussed in the study. Overall, the results emphasize the importance of evaluating justifications in addition to IPPA perpetration and conceptualizing psychological aggression within its context to offer more targeted therapeutic interventions.

A Typology of the Use of Intimate Partner Psychological Aggression in a Clinical Sample of Men

The development of profiles of individuals’ use of intimate partner aggression based on similarities in traits allows for the customization of psychological treatment, which can increase successful therapeutic outcomes and enhance cost-effective practices. Among the existent typologies of partner aggression, none, to our knowledge, has focused on self-reported justification for the specific use of intimate partner psychological aggression (IPPA). Yet, IPPA functions within the context of their justifications. This study aimed to expand on the previously established typologies by proposing a new typology based on the justification for the use of IPPA. A sample of 456 men seeking therapeutic services for their couple’s relationship problems completed a series of questionnaires. A final five-profile solution was obtained using latent profile analyses (i.e., labeled low justification, internal justification, external justification, low malevolence, and high malevolence). The profiles were then compared on diverse IPPA-related variables, further differentiating each profile’s unique combination of characteristics. The profiles range from low to high IPPA severity and present unique patterns of justifications and relational and psychological functioning. A description of each profile and their implications is discussed in the study. Overall, the results emphasize the importance of evaluating justifications in addition to IPPA perpetration and conceptualizing psychological aggression within its context to offer more targeted therapeutic interventions.

Treat yourself: Food delivery apps and the interplay between justification for use and food well‐being

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between justification for use and well‐being in respect to mobile food delivery apps (FDA). Adopting an interpretivist qualitative approach, the study offers contributions to the FDA and food well‐being literature by uncovering four groups of licensing effects that consumers use in justifying FDA use. Those licensing effects can have either positive or negative influence on consumers' well‐being depending on the degree to which consumers engage in self‐regulation, awareness, and conscious managing of their relationship with food. The study also unravels the importance of dealing with the tensions between FDA use and well‐being by shedding light on feelings of guilt and financial anxiety related to FDA use.

Justification of use of fixed retainers based on the analysis of size of the incisor and canine crowns

Anatomical features of the teeth should be accounted for dental treatment plans. The need for constant monitoring of changes in the dentition system determines the relevance of this research. The study aimed to establish the size of anterior teeth with the help of odontometry. We made bi-layer single stage impressions and cast diagnostic models of the anterior teeth of 50 male and 50 female participants aged 18–24 years. The absolute sizes of crowns of incisors and canines were established. To assess the reduction of lateral incisors, we calculated the interincisor index (Ii) of teeth 22 and 21; sexual dimorphism was determined using the Garn–Lewis formula. It was discovered that there are no differences in the mesiodistal widths of crowns of contralateral teeth on the right and left sides (p > 0.05). The mesiodistal width of crowns of anterior teeth decreases (significant changes) in the following order: maxillary central incisors → maxillary canines → mandibular canines and maxillary lateral incisors → mandibular lateral incisors → mandibular central incisors. The degree of reduction of lateral incisors is low (Ii = 74.9) and more prominent in males than in females. In the examined patients, the greatest mean length of crowns of anterior teeth is that of upper central incisors and lower canines, while upper canines are shorter in length and upper lateral incisors, lower central and lateral incisors have the shortest mean crown length. Males have longer (mean length) crowns of lower canines, upper incisors and canines than females, the difference being significant (p < 0.001). The parameters of the crowns determined in this study showed that they have sufficient height and mesiodistal width, which, together with the low degree of reduction of the lateral incisors, justifies the possibility of direct fabrication of orthodontic fixed retainers. The data can also be used at the stage of dental treatment planning.

Clinimetric Properties of Outcome Measures in Bronchiectasis.

Rationale: There is a lack of outcome measures with robust clinimetric properties in bronchiectasis. Objectives: To determine the clinimetric properties (reliability over 1 year during clinical stability and responsiveness over the course of antibiotics for pulmonary exacerbation) of objective and patient-reported outcome measures. Methods: This multicenter cohort study included adults with bronchiectasis from seven hospitals in the United Kingdom. Participants attended four visits, 4 months apart over 1 year while clinically stable and at the beginning and end of exacerbation and completed lung function (spirometry and multiple breath washout), provided a blood sample for C-reactive protein (CRP) measurement, and completed health-related quality of life (HRQoL) questionnaires (Quality of Life-Bronchiectasis, St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire, and EuroQoL 5-Dimensions 5-Levels). Results: Participants (n = 132) had a mean (standard deviation) age of 66 (11) years, and 64% were female. Lung function parameters (forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1], standard lung clearance index [LCI2.5]) were reliable over time [coefficient of variation (CV): <10%]). Regarding responsiveness, FEV1 demonstrated better properties than LCI2.5; therefore, a clear justification for the use of LCI2.5 in future trials is needed. CRP was less reliable (CV > 20%) over time than FEV1 and LCI2.5, and whereas CRP had a large mean change between the start and end of an exacerbation, this may have been driven by a small number of patients having a large change in CRP. Reliability of HRQoL questionnaires and questionnaire domains ranged from acceptable (CV: 20-30%) to good (CV: 10-20%), and HRQoL were responsive to treatment of exacerbations. Considering the specific questionnaire domain relevant to the intervention and its associated clinimetric properties is important. Additional statistics will support future power and/or sample size analysis. Conclusions: This information on the clinimetric properties of lung function parameters, CRP, and HRQoL parameters should be used to inform the choice of outcome measures used in future bronchiectasis trials.

1015. Real World Use of Dalbavancin and Oritavancin for Optimized Outpatient Antimicrobial Therapy in Patients Inappropriate for Standard Therapy

Abstract Background Dalbavancin and oritavancin are long acting lipoglycopeptide antibiotics (LaLGP) approved for treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) caused by susceptible gram-positive organisms. These antibiotics have shown promise in treatment of non-FDA approved gram-positive infections including bacteremia, endocarditis, pneumonia, and osteomyelitis. The aim of this review was to determine indication, length of therapy, treatment failures, and adverse drug events (ADE) in patients receiving LaLGP at our institution. Methods Retrospective study of adult patients that received LaLGP within an integrated health system consisting of 3 hospitals and 2 outpatient infusion centers, between July 2016 and February 2022. Data collection included dosing regimen specifics for both LaLGP and non-LaLGP, indication and justification for LaLGP use, culture results, labs, ADE, incidence of readmission and Emergency (ED)/Urgent Care presentation, and treatment failure defined as readmission or return to the ED/Urgent care within 90 days of therapy completion. Results 36 patients received LaLGP during the study period. A majority of patients received LaLGP for an indication other than ABSSSI (64%)(Table 1). Four patients were lost to follow-up but included in analysis of indication and justification for LaLGP use. Staphylococcus aureus (30% MRSA, 26% MSSA) was the most commonly identified pathogen in patients who received LaLGP for non-ABSSSI indications. Justification for use of LaLGP over standard therapy is shown in Table 2. The median duration of standard therapy prior to transitioning to LaLGP was 7 days. Table 3 shows agent selection, number of doses, and outcomes for ABSSSI indications vs non-ABSSSI indications. ABSSSI patients received a maximum of 2 doses; non-ABSSSI indications received 1-8 doses. Re-admission rates were higher in the ABSSSI group compared to non-ABSSSI while ED/Urgent care presentations were higher in non-ABSSSI indications. Conclusion LaLGP is a viable option for therapy completion after improvement is seen while on standard therapy in patients where daily outpatient antimicrobial therapy is not feasible. While LaLGP is currently only approved for ABSSSI, they appear to be safe and effective for other indications. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.

Justification of use of fixed retainers based on the analysis of size of the incisor and canine crowns

Pri planirovanii stomatologicheskogo lecheniya neobkhodimo uchityvat' anatomicheskiye osobennosti zubov. Neobkhodimost' postoyannogo nablyudeniya za izmenchivost'yu zubochelyustnoy sistemy trebuyet aktual'nosti dannoy raboty. Tsel'yu raboty byla otsenka razmerov koronok frontal'noy gruppy zubov s pomoshch'yu odontometrii. Polucheny dvukhsloynyye odnoetapnyye ottiski i otlity diagnosticheskiye modeli perednego uchastka chelyusti u 50 muzhchin i 50 zhenshchin v vozraste 18‒24 let. Opredeleny absolyutnyye znacheniya razmerov koronok reztsov i klykov. Dlya otsenki reduktsii lateral'nykh reztsov vychislen mezhreztsovyy indeks (Ii) po zubam 22 i 21, polovoy dimorfizm opredelen po formule Garna-L'yuisa. Ustanovleno, chto razlichiye meziodistal'nykh razmerov koronok legkikh zubov pravoy i levoy storony dykhaniya (r &gt; 0,05). Meziodistal'nyye razmery koronok registriruyut v ryadu: verkhniye tsentral'nyye reztsy → verkhniye klyki → nizhniye klyki i verkhniye lateral'nyye reztsy → nizhniye lateral'nyye reztsy → nizhniye tsentral'nyye reztsy. Povyshennaya vyrazhennost' reduktsii lateral'nykh reztsov nizka (Ii = 74,9) i boleye vyrazhennaya u muzhchin, chem u zhenshchin. U podlezhashchikh patsiyentov sredi perednikh zubov naibol'shaya vysota koronki svoystvenna verkhnim tsentral'nym reztsam i nizhnim klykam, men'shaya ― verkhnim klykam, a naimen'shaya ― verkhnim lateral'nym reztsam, nizhnim tsentral'nym i lateral'nym reztsam. U muzhchin vysota koronok razvivayetsya klykov, verkhnikh reztsov i klykov registriruyetsya (r &lt; 0,001) bol'she, chem u zhenshchin. Poluchennyye parametry koronok svidetel'stvuyut ob ikh dostatochnoy vysote i meziodistal'nykh razmerakh, chto v raschete s priblizitel'nymi vyrazhennostyami reduktsii lateral'nykh reztsov obosnovyvayet vozmozhnost' izgotovleniya nes"yemnykh reteynerov pryamym metodom. Dannyye byli ispol'zovany dlya planirovaniya stomatologicheskogo lecheniya.

In pursuit of inter-specialty consensus on excited delirium syndrome: a scoping literature review.

Excited delirium syndrome (ExDS) is a controversial and disputed diagnosis involving altered mentation, agitation, and, frequently, substance abuse. Recently, it has become a common pre-hospital diagnosis, serving as justification for use of force, restraint, and/or medication administration.To conduct a scoping review across three databases to describe the most frequently reported diagnostic criteria for ExDS, as well as to explore its use as a diagnosis for deaths of individuals in the custody of law enforcement.In 2021, three literature databases were searched: Ovid Medline, PsycInfo, and Scopus. Studies were included if they were peer-reviewed, English articles describing (1) ExDS symptoms, (2) substance intoxication with at least 2 ExDS symptoms present, or (3) centering on deaths occurring in the custody of law enforcement and attributed to ExDS. Key study data were extracted and the current literature was described qualitatively. Analysis took place between March and December 2021. A total of 97 studies were identified through initial abstract and secondary full-text review, with noted discrepancies in the definition of ExDS itself.After review, differences in ExDS diagnosis among organizations were explored, along with subsequent clinical impact, particularly in the pre-hospital setting. Resulting impact on patients, particularly those of minoritized ethnic and racial groups, was also noted. Prone aggressive restraint, in particular, is noted as an established risk factor for fatalities in ExDS cases. At this time, ExDS should not be utilized as a diagnosis; major medical organizations have an urgent responsibility to convene to formalize consensus-based diagnostic criteria or to propose alternate management guidelines for agitated and altered persons.

Understanding nurses' justification of restraint in a neurosurgical setting: A qualitative interview study.

Despite its negative impact on patients and nurses, the use of restraint in somatic health care continues in many settings. Understanding the reasons and justifications for the use of restraint among nurses is crucial in order to manage this challenge. To understand nurses' justifications for restraint use in neurosurgical care. A qualitative, descriptive design was used. Data were analysed with inductive qualitative content analysis. Semi-structured interviews with 15 nurses working in three neurosurgical departments in Sweden. Approved by The Regional Ethics Committee, Stockholm, Sweden. The analysis resulted in three categories. The category Patient factors influencing restraint use describes patient factors that trigger restraint, such as a diminished decision-making competence, restlessness, and need for invasive devices. The category Specific reasons for justifying restraint describes reasons for restraining patients, such as restraint being used for the sake of the patient or for the sake of others. The category General reasoning in justifying restraint describes how nurses reason when using restraint, and the decision to use restraint was often based on a consequentialist approach where the nurses' weighed the pros and cons of different alternatives. Nurses with experience of restraint use were engaged in a constant process of justifying and balancing different options and actions. Restraint was considered legitimate if the benefit exceeded the suffering, but decisions on which restraint measures to use and when to use them depended on the values of the individual nurse. How nurses reason when justifying restraint, why they use restraint, and who they use restraint on must be considered when creating programs and guidelines to reduce the use of restraint and to ensure that when it is used it is used carefully, appropriately, and with respect.

Prospects for the use of hepatotropic LOLA therapy in veterinary practice

Relevance. There are enough works devoted to the LOLA therapy in treatment ofhepatopathy of various origins, however, these works are devoted to research in medicine or in laboratory studies of animals.Methods. For inclusion in the experiment, screening studies of the blood plasma of horses for the level of gamma-glutamyltransferase were carried out. The inclusion criteria was the value of the activity of glutamyltransferase in blood serum more than 22 U/l (upper limit of the reference interval). As a result of screening studies, 20 animals for inclusion in the experiment were identified, which were divided into two parity groups. The second group received L-ornithine L-aspartate as hepatotropic therapy at a dosage of 0.05 g/kg of body weight orally (in the form of a powder, previously dissolved in water) once a day for 28 days.Results. On the 7th day of the experiment, the GGT level decreased by an average of 5.63% compared to the control, on the 14th day — by 12.45%, on the 21st day — by 15.95%, at the end of the experiment — by 20.09%. Beginning on day 14 of therapy the amount of GGT in the experimental group reached reference values.Clinical trial data support l the thesis that LOLA has hepatoprotective properties in cases of hepatopathy of various origins, which is proved by a decrease in the level of GGT in the blood serum. Larger studies with a variety of designs, as well as comparison with other organ-specific measures, are needed to confirm these initial results. Thus, the use of LOLA hepatotropic therapy in liver diseases receives a new justification for use in veterinary medicine.

Growing together: An analysis of measurement transparency across 15 years of player motivation questionnaires

There are many questionnaires to assess player motivation, originating from a diverse range of disciplines. Each discipline differs in their usage and reporting of questionnaires, but there has been no attempt to standardise their application. No standard approach leads to a lack of transparency in usage reporting, which affects the ability of the field to synthesise. This has made it unclear whether player motivation research is a unified community, or a collection of individuals with a similar goal. Therefore, the current work assesses the transparency of reporting practices of player motivation questionnaires published within the last 15 years. 18 questionnaires were identified via a scoping review, then papers citing these questionnaires were analysed for their transparency of reporting practices (n=238); first via a content analysis of justifications for use, then followed by an analysis of transparency against eight criteria created for this work. Overall, reporting transparency is lacking, driven by little priority for presenting items alongside text. Many papers use questionnaires because they are theory-based or have measured specific variables in previous works, but explicit justification is rare. The work concludes with a transparency checklist based on the eight criteria used, which authors can use to standardise the field and allow for more cohesive research synthesis.

헌법재판소의 국제인권규범 활용에 대한 검토

Since the World War, international cooperation has been made to preserve the peace and interests of the human community, and representative results include the creation of international organizations and the establishment of international human rights treaties and norms(conventions). In particular, as the issue of human rights protection is recognized as a significant governmental matter, each country is striving to find a means to secure the legal effectiveness of international human rights norms within the country. However, given that the contents of international human rights norms are generally similar to the contents of the constitutional basic rights of the countries that accepted them, it has been discussed that it is necessary to incorporate international human rights norms into the Constitution and recognize the same effect as the Constitution (or constitutional basic rights). However, there is a counterargument that the constitutionalization of international human rights norms cannot be evaluated as desirable because it could undermine the foundation of the national legal system and people’s sovereignty. In addition, it may be questioned whether the constitutionalization of international human rights norms must be premised in securing the legal effectiveness of international human rights norms and their usefulness in constitutional adjudication. This article, focusing on the actual cases of the Constitutional Court of Korea, reviewed what legal and systematic status the Constitutional Court has recognized in international human rights norms and how they have been used in actual adjudication. According to this review, it seems the Constitutional Court sometimes directly used international human rights norms as constitutional norms(standard of review), but a close analysis of related decisions shows that the Court does not use international human rights norms as a direct criterion for constitutional adjudication and uses them as supplementary material for interpreting constitutional basic rights and principles. In particular, the Constitutional Court shows a pragmatical attitude of using it as a supplementary material for constitutional interpretation without judging the legal status of international human rights norms. The Constitutional Court's strategy of using international human rights norms as significant material for constitutional adjudication without shaking the legal system is a dynamic constitutional interpretation process that can localize the universal content of international human rights norms while maintaining the public autonomy of members of the legal community. Through this, international human rights norms will be able to secure a balance of universality and locality, legitimacy and effectiveness, abstraction and specificity, moral legitimacy and democratic-political legitimacy. However, the Constitutional Court is generally considered passive in using international human rights norms in constitutional interpretation, and, in reality, only a few international human rights norms are used, and furthermore, there is no in-depth argument for justification of use of international human rights norms in cases, so it is confirmed that international human rights norms are used superficially and decoratively. In order to improve this, it is necessary to consider preparing a system or practice that actively refers to and properly considers international human rights norms in constitutional adjudication. Above all, it is necessary to fully review related international human rights norms and discussions in the process of constitutional interpretation and establish a faithful method of argumentation of connection and integration that ultimately converts discussions of international human rights norms into constitutional discourse.