Justice Evaluations Research Articles

Crime victims’ evaluations of procedural justice and police performance in relation to cooperation: a qualitative study in the Netherlands

ABSTRACTPrevious research suggests that perceived negative treatment by police officers may have consequences for victims’ willingness to share information with the police. This might explain why particularly repeat victims are less likely to cooperate with the police. The current study explores why this would be true by conducting in-depth interviews with 32 crime victims who had recently reported their victimisation of property crime or violent crime to the police. Results indicate that victims of both types of crime had similar thoughts on what was deemed fair treatment. Victims who were deeply touched by the crime and/or the offender thought it was also important that the police took a clear-stance against the crime. While rapid case handling seemed to be more important for property crime victims than police officers’ investigative actions and the outcome, victims of violent crime expected the police to find the offender to make it clear to the offender that such (law-breaking) behaviour was not tolerated. When victims of violent crime felt that the police had failed in this task, they would feel abandoned by the police. This feeling had not only negative consequences for these victims’ willingness to cooperate, but could even lead to feelings of vigilantism, particularly among victims of violent crime who knew their offender. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.

On Taking from Others: History and Sensibility in Archaeologists’ Arguments for Treasure Trove Legislations

The Indian Treasure Trove Act of 1878 is understood as a landmark legislative victory in the preservation of South Asian material pasts. This paper presents a detailed archival history recounting how archaeologists themselves were crucial to the promulgation of the Act and the authors of its specific provisions. It demonstrates how arguments for the reform of royal prerogative into an instrument for the discipline were born in mid-nineteenth-century British debates, where archaeologists’ attempts for a similar statutory change in property laws had been frustrated. Centuries-long tensions in common law definitions and their governance of treasure are demonstrated to be crucial to how we may better understand the new ‘policy’ of the colonial law and its operation. To do so, the paper reviews select cases and presents an evaluation of the archaeological justice of the rule of this law. It asks why our critical historiography has remained insensible to the victims of this law — archaeology’s counter-publics — who have been routinely incarcerated and punished in the name of the greater archaeological common good. Through these examinations, the paper reflects upon the enduring sensibilities and commitments that are involved in continuing to take treasures from others.

스포츠센터 성과평가 공정성이 조직신뢰와 조직몰입에 미치는 영향

스포츠센터 성과평가 공정성이 조직신뢰와 조직몰입에 미치는 영향

Good Questions: Building Evaluation Evidence in a Competitive Policy Environment

Criminal justice evaluations are funded and executed in a policy environment increasingly characterized by intense competition that creates a premium on studies utilizing experimental methods. Randomization, however, is not a universally suitable method for answering all questions of criminal justice policy and practice. Experimental designs are particularly ill-suited for addressing key analytical challenges and exploiting important opportunities in justice, including discontinuity effects, interventions that depend on the perceptions and beliefs of individuals, and models of general policy change. Experiments are also rarely able to reliably measure and isolate the effects of very complex justice interventions. Policymakers and practitioners in the justice sector should consider evaluation research as a portfolio of strategic investments in knowledge development. Randomized controlled trials are merely one asset in a broader investment strategy.

The Critically Reflective Evaluator: Adult Education's Contributions to Evaluation for Social Justice

AbstractIn this chapter, we suggest that current conversations about evaluative thinking would be enriched by the addition of insights from critical adult education rooted in critically reflective practice and critical theory. From our perspective situated in the praxis of adult education, we first review a sampling of literature on critical theory and critical reflection in evaluation, framed in terms of how evaluation theorists conceptualize the role of values and valuing in evaluation and how they envision the role of evaluation in society. Then, we explore some conceptual and practical overlaps between evaluative thinking, critical thinking, and critically reflective practice. Finally, we elucidate some implications of critical evaluative thinking for social justice evaluation, touching also on what implications this work might have even for those evaluators who do not perceive linkages and overlap between evaluative thinking and social justice. In doing so, we highlight new directions for the foundational training and continuing professional development of evaluation practitioners and scholars based on an examination of oneself and of one's paradigmatic assumptions through constant critical reflection, investigation, and action.

Horizontal Unfairness and Retrospective Sensemaking

In this article, I aim at problematizing the implied idea of causality in cognitive evaluations of horizontal justice events. I will draw on theories about retrospective sensemaking and its cognitive foundation in counterfactual belief formation. Issues related to horizontal or intraunit unfairness emerge in situations in which the actions of one employee influence the outcome of another due to relational interdependence. The authors of theories about horizontal unfairness have continued the traditional distinction between the three facets of justice, procedural, distributive, and interactional. However, might employee A blame employee B because she (B) obtained qualitative (e.g., non-monetary appraisal) or quantitative (e.g., monetary compensation) recognition even though the latter did not, directly at least, bring about the event. The problem here is one of causality which asks the question, Can A be blamed by B for bringing about the event of outcome difference? While blame in evaluations of vertical justice certainly presumes causal agency, it might be questioned whether the same goes for horizontal unfairness. Counterfactual belief formation enables a step into the cognitive and retrospective nature of evaluations of horizontal justice events centered on the counterfactual belief “had the unfavorable event X not occurred, another and more favorable event X1 would have occurred.” This is related to the distance between the actual X and the potential event state X), in the sense that the closer the two appear, the more convincing becomes A’s belief to himself. The underlying causality of rewarding processes, however, states that some third party introduces the recognition, for example, a manager, and, therefore, B did not bring about the reward event, the third party did. It seems, then, that to understand this, we should take into consideration: 1) the formation of counterfactual beliefs and 2) the causality of blame. The article concludes that, due to the underlying causality of rewarding processes, one might solely consider one facet of horizontal justice, interactional horizontal justice. However, tapping into the phenomenological dimension of morality might allow one also to address the moral nature of distributive and procedural facets of horizontal justice as the experience of the psychosocial fabric of social reality related with feeling either “as if” one is being treated unfairly or “as if” one is treating others unfairly.

Socially Just Triple-Wins? A Framework for Evaluating the Social Justice Implications of Climate Compatible Development

Climate compatible development (CCD) aims to help people improve their lives in the face of climate threats without exacerbating these threats for current and future generations. It is proving an attractive concept to both academics and practitioners. However, the social justice implications of CCD have not yet been comprehensively explored and an absence of adequate evaluation frameworks has led to multiple, legitimate cross-scalar social justice claims being marginalised. This article develops a framework to guide holistic social justice evaluation of CCD initiatives across levels and scales. Underpinning this framework is a social justice approach that embraces particularism, pluralism and procedural justice. Drawing on existing research, the framework is used to explore the implications of the Clean Development Mechanism for recognition, participation and distribution in the Least Developed Countries. Findings show that achieving social justice through CCD is not a given; rather, the social justice implications of CCD differ within and between levels and scales. We conclude by suggesting ways in which our framework can be applied to augment knowledge on CCD. Understanding the processes through which social justices and injustices are created is integral to considerations of whether and how CCD should be used to underpin a new development landscape.

The Effect of Work-Family Conflict of Married Workers on Proactive Career Behaviors: Moderation Effects of Evaluation Justice & Gender

The Effect of Work-Family Conflict of Married Workers on Proactive Career Behaviors: Moderation Effects of Evaluation Justice & Gender

Disease and Health Inequalities Attributable to Air Pollutant Exposure in Detroit, Michigan.

The environmental burden of disease is the mortality and morbidity attributable to exposures of air pollution and other stressors. The inequality metrics used in cumulative impact and environmental justice studies can be incorporated into environmental burden studies to better understand the health disparities of ambient air pollutant exposures. This study examines the diseases and health disparities attributable to air pollutants for the Detroit urban area. We apportion this burden to various groups of emission sources and pollutants, and show how the burden is distributed among demographic and socioeconomic subgroups. The analysis uses spatially-resolved estimates of exposures, baseline health rates, age-stratified populations, and demographic characteristics that serve as proxies for increased vulnerability, e.g., race/ethnicity and income. Based on current levels, exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are responsible for more than 10,000 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per year, causing an annual monetized health impact of $6.5 billion. This burden is mainly driven by PM2.5 and O3 exposures, which cause 660 premature deaths each year among the 945,000 individuals in the study area. NO2 exposures, largely from traffic, are important for respiratory outcomes among older adults and children with asthma, e.g., 46% of air-pollution related asthma hospitalizations are due to NO2 exposures. Based on quantitative inequality metrics, the greatest inequality of health burdens results from industrial and traffic emissions. These metrics also show disproportionate burdens among Hispanic/Latino populations due to industrial emissions, and among low income populations due to traffic emissions. Attributable health burdens are a function of exposures, susceptibility and vulnerability (e.g., baseline incidence rates), and population density. Because of these dependencies, inequality metrics should be calculated using the attributable health burden when feasible to avoid potentially underestimating inequality. Quantitative health impact and inequality analyses can inform health and environmental justice evaluations, providing important information to decision makers for prioritizing strategies to address exposures at the local level.

Process-based model in adolescence. Analyzing police legitimacy and juvenile delinquency within a legal socialization framework

The empirical evidence on the process-based model of self-regulation shows that procedural justice evaluations and the perceived legitimacy of authorities impact law-abiding behavior. However, few studies analyze this theory from the perspective of adolescent legal socialization. The present study aims to examine the process-based model and other socializing agents such as family, school and peers that may have an effect on it. The sample comprised 2041 youths residing in Spain, aged between 13 and 18 years. The data form part of the Third International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD-3). Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to predict police legitimacy and juvenile delinquency. The results reveal that police legitimacy perceptions are not only influenced by procedural justice, but also by parental monitoring, school attachment, and delinquent peers. Moreover, perceptions of police legitimacy, parental monitoring, and delinquent peers predict juvenile delinquency. These findings complement and add new explanatory factors to the process-based model.

Relative Standards and Distributive Justice: How Social Comparison Orientations Moderate the Link between Relative Earnings and Justice Perceptions

Theories of distributive justice claim perceptions of justice have a comparative basis. They suggest the degree to which individuals perceive their earnings as just or unjust depends on the degree to which their earnings differ from those of similar others. Drawing on recent research on social comparisons, we argue social comparison orientations—the general tendency of individuals to compare themselves with others—moderate the link between relative earnings and justice perceptions. The empirical analysis is based on large-scale survey data for 3,744 German employees. Structural equation analyses confirm the relevance of social comparison orientations for the justice evaluation process. Individuals who earn less than similar others tend to perceive their earnings as more unjust if they also report an orientation toward social comparison. In contrast, relative earnings are less important for justice perceptions if individuals do not compare themselves with others. Our findings may explain why people in similar situations often differ substantially in their justice perceptions.

CONSUMER’S EVALUATION ABOUT SERVICE RECOVERY: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL COMPARISON

ABSTRACT Purpose: This theoretical essay aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of distributive justice in situations of service recovery. More specifically, we seek to investigate distributive justice evaluations based on social comparisons. Originality/value: This article seeks to fill a gap in the existing knowledge to discuss the social comparison theory applied to the service recovery context. Design/methodology/approach: After a literature review, we present three research propositions about comparisons between consumers in terms of compensation received after complaining about a service and their effects on the evaluation of distributive justice, taking into account the perceived similarity between consumers and the time elapsed between the complaint handling and the comparison. Findings: Even though social comparisons are increasingly frequent, they have been neglected in the service marketing literature. It is possible for consumers to compare the compensation received after a complaint with the compensation given to another consumer and, perceiving upward differences, have negative reactions to the company.

Opportunity beliefs and class differences in subjective status injustice during the Great Recession in Iceland

Sociologists theorize that opportunity beliefs shape whether individuals see their status in society as just or unjust – a topic that is broadly relevant to research linking social structure to emotions and behaviors. Two prominent theories, however, entail competing propositions. The dominant ideology thesis suggests that believing in opportunity barriers increases subjective status injustice, especially for lower class individuals. In contrast, relative deprivation theory implies that believing in restricted opportunities deters upward comparison among the lower classes, potentially reducing class differences in subjective status injustice. Relationships between class position, opportunity beliefs, and subjective status injustice were studied using survey data gathered during the Great Recession in Iceland. The findings indicate that beliefs in opportunity barriers are widespread, yet few see their social status as unjust. Moreover, only opportunity barriers stemming from political ties and gender increase subjective status injustice, especially so in the case of political ties among lower class individuals. It is likely that this latter sentiment was made particularly significant during the recession by an intense moral discourse condemning nepotism and cronyism. Because these two opportunity constraints are widely condemned in Iceland, we suggest that only opportunity barriers defined as social problems in a given society are salient enough to influence status justice evaluations.

When brand anthropomorphism alters perceptions of justice: The moderating role of self-construal

This research investigates the interplay between brand anthropomorphism and self-construal on evaluations of distributive and procedural justice. We show that consumers with independent self-construal, who value equitable exchanges in their relationships with others, react more negatively to instances of distributive injustice when a brand is anthropomorphized (vs. non-anthropomorphized). In contrast, we find that consumers with interdependent self-construal, who focus on the needs of others, react less negatively to situations of distributive injustice when a brand is anthropomorphized (vs. non-anthropomorphized). However, because fair procedures signal acceptance by others, we show that interdependents evaluate procedural injustice particularly negatively in the instances of brand anthropomorphism. We offer in-depth insights into the interplay between brand anthropomorphism and self-construal in situations where distributive and procedural types of justice interact with each other. Finally, this research provides critical managerial evidence showing that marketers can strategically embed cues within their marketing communications that activate either an independent or an interdependent self-construal in order to manage consumer reactions to perceived marketplace injustice when a brand is anthropomorphized (vs. non-anthropomorphized).

Legal Attitudes of Immigrant Detainees

A substantial body of research shows that people's legal attitudes can have wide-ranging behavioral consequences. In this article, I use original survey data to examine long-term immigrant detainees’ legal attitudes. I find that the majority of detainees express a felt obligation to obey the law, and do so at a significantly higher rate than other U.S. sample populations. I also find that the detainees’ perceived obligation to obey U.S. immigration authorities is significantly related to their evaluations of procedural justice, as measured by their assessments of fair treatment while in detention. This finding remains robust controlling for a variety of instrumental and detainee background factors, including the detainees’ experiences with the legal system and legal authorities in their countries of origin. Finally, I find that vicarious procedural justice evaluations based on detainees’ assessments of how others are treated are as important to detainees’ perceived obligation to obey U.S. immigration authorities as their personal experiences of fair or unfair treatment. I discuss the broader implications of these findings and their contributions to research on procedural justice and legal compliance, and research on legal attitudes of noncitizens.

The market as a mechanism for conflict resolution: the case of Ecuador

Efficacy, efficiency, and effectiveness are pillars in the field of law primarily referred to when the discussion focuses on access and the service of providing justice. As discussed by Landero (2014)1, conflict resolutions by means of alternative mechanisms, such as mediation, under the institutional framework, constitute guaran-tees to be respected in processes for which the provision may affect the rights of individuals. This has been well pointed out in Article 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights (2001)2, which regulates judicial guarantees and Article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Also, as intrinsic values of the legal system, the efficacy, efficiency and effectiveness have been extensively studied by doctrine contributions from Calsami-glia (1987)3, Paz-Ares and Valencia (1995)4, Mercuro and Medema (1998)5, Zywicki and Stringham (2010)6. However, presenting them operatively in a way that is related to how the evaluation mecha-nism is applied in order to have a better picture of the resolution of conflicts outside of court such as those confined within the field of childhood and adolescence through the market represents a novel contribution. In other words, it is a contribution that will assess the regressive performance (judged) compared to what is obtained by private instruments (mediation centers).
 The evaluation of alternative justice, specifically mediation for a diagnosis of the performance of this justice, and to contrast it with the trial, allows for mistakes and successes in the develop-ment of service justice in relation to the mechanisms for the reso-lution of conflicts outside of court in cases of childhood and adolescence as a starting point for subsequent evaluations. The guidelines state, specifically with regard to effective mediation, mediation initiatives that are improvised and uncoordinated by states but are launched with the best of intentions, do not contrib-ute to the objective of raising institutional barriers that limit the spontaneous appearance of a culture of peace and non-aggression for which the processes must have strong technical and financial support. In light of this, Marquez (2012)7 evaluated mediation in court, employing the “criteria” that he called; Efficacy, Efficiency and Effectiveness. Although the methodology that was introduced was similar to that of this document, Marquez (2012) defends the role of the state by arguing that it does not conceptualize the crite-ria, and definitions given for the right to mediation should not focus on the issues of resolving conflicts outside of court in cases of childhood and adolescence.

Environmental justice in the epidemiological surveillance system of residents in Italian National Priority Contaminated Sites (SENTIERI Project)

descriptive evaluation of distributional justice in the epidemiological surveillance system of populations residing in Italian National priority Contaminated Sites (NPCSs) of SENTIERI project. Analysis of the feasibility of monitoring different Environmental Justice dimensions in SENTIERI. descriptive study and ecological meta-analysis. SETTING AN PARTICIPANTS: residents in 298 municipalities included in 44 NPCSs in SENTIERI. Description of their level of deprivation and mortality analysis by deprivation level in the first period evaluated in SENTIERI, years 1995-2002. an index of multiple deprivation at municipality level DI-SENTIERI, built using 4 indicators based on variables from the Italian 2001 Census, was used to describe deprivation in communities living in NPCSs. The risk of mortality for all causes and all tumors in the pool of NPCSs municipalities by deprivation level was assessed using meta-Standardized Mortality Ratios (meta-SMRs). sixty percent of municipalities (No. 179) in NPCSs belong to the two more deprived quintiles. The socioeconomic disadvantage of communities resident in NPCS has a North-South gradient: the proportion of municipalities belonging to the two more deprived quintiles is 29% in the North, 68% in the Centre, 92% in the South. Meta-SMRs for all causes in less deprived municipalities were 98 (90%CI 95-100) in men e 101 (90%CI 97-104) in women, the values for all cancers were 99 (90%CI 94-103) in men and 100 (90%CI 95-105) in women. The corresponding estimates in more deprived municipalities were, respectively in men and women, 103 (90%CI 101- 104) and 102 (90%CI 100-104) for all causes, 104 (90%CI 102-106) and 102 (90%CI 100-104) for all cancers. residents in NPCSs are exposed to environmental stressors and are generally more deprived. The socioeconomic disadvantage is mostly affecting Central and Southern Italy populations. Furthermore, in these deprived communities the risk of mortality for all diseases and all cancers is higher. Populations living in NPCSs are affected by distributional injustice. To monitor the different dimensions of Environmental Justice, the DI-SENTIERI should be developed and other socioeconomic indicators implemented.

社会的公正と国に対する態度の絆仮説 : 多水準公正評価、分配的および手続的公正

社会的公正と国に対する態度の絆仮説 : 多水準公正評価、分配的および手続的公正

The Effects of Stability and Presentation Order of Rewards on Justice Evaluations.

Justice research has evolved by elucidating the factors that affect justice evaluations, as well as their consequences. Unfortunately, few researchers have paid attention to the pattern of rewards over time as a predictor of justice evaluations. There are two main objectives of this research. First, it aims to test the effect of reward stability on justice evaluations. Based on justice theory and prospect theory, we assume that an under-reward at one time cannot be fully offset by an equivalent over-reward at another time. Therefore, in unstable reward systems the asymmetry of the effect of unjust rewards with opposite directions will produce a lower level of justice evaluations over time. The second objective of this research is to show the moderating effect of the presentation order (primacy vs. recency) of unstable rewards on justice evaluations. The results from a controlled experiment with five conditions, which presents the instability of rewards in different orders, confirm both the negative effect of unstable rewards and the stronger effect of primacy on justice evaluations.

Job insecurity and discretionary behaviors: Social exchange perspective versus group value model.

This study examines the relationship between job insecurity and discretionary behaviors, that is, organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) and counterproductive work behaviors (CWB), with the purpose to extend knowledge on the theoretical explanations for these outcomes. Considering the employment relationship with the organization, two different perspectives are suggested and compared in a multiple mediator model, in order to understand the reasons for discretionary behaviors. We draw upon social exchange theory as the basis of psychological contract perceptions and we rely on the group value model to explain organizational justice evaluations. A total of 570 blue-collar workers in Italy participated in our survey. The results show that job insecurity is indirectly related to OCB and CWB through psychological contract breach and organizational injustice. Both mediational mechanisms have equivalent strength in explaining the relationships, namely, they are complementary processes in accounting for both behaviors. These findings suggest that employees' behaviors in job insecure contexts are driven not only by concerns related to the exchange of resources with the organization, but also by evaluations about their value as important members of the group.