Areas Of Jurisdiction Research Articles

Feasibility Study of Vietnam Fire and Disaster Prevention Agency Improvement Project through ODA Project I

By matching domestic ODA projects for specific implementation in accordance with the 2020 Fire and Disaster Prevention Agency Facility Infrastructure Master Plan and 2030 Vision, a social safety net construction project in Vietnam, its business feasibility was analyzed. Vietnam is undergoing rapid change and urbanization. As a result, demand in the firefighting sector is expected to increase rapidly. Because there are no domestic manufacturers of firefighting vehicles in Vietnam, the demand is largely satisfied through imports; however, the firefighting vehicles and additional devices provided through this ODA project should greatly contribute to the promotion of domestic exports. To represent the environmental factors that can cause fires in 58 provinces, the selection of project areas to support firefighting vehicles is based on population, jurisdictional area, population density, age of firefighting vehicles, number of firefighting targets, and number of firefighting vehicles in the past four years; the trend of reinforcement of firefighting vehicles and regional characteristics is determined. Twelve provinces in Vietnam were selected in the same way as the selected areas to support firefighting vehicles. This ODA project is expected to provide an opportunity to improve the legal and institutional aspects of the firefighting and disaster prevention field in Vietnam by applying domestic advanced firefighting force deployment standards.

Pozycja ustrojowa notariusza na gruncie pierwszego polskiego Prawa o notariacie z dnia 27 października 1933 r. Część druga

<p>The article addresses the notary’s systemic position under the first Polish Law on Notaries of 27 October 1933. The analysis of the position of the notary carried out in part one of this article pointed to serious difficulties in the precise defining of this position, both among the scholars in the field and the judicature. To precisely define the systemic position of the notary, part two has provided an analysis of the provisions of the Law on Notaries regarding the professional self-government of notaries, supervision over notaries and their activities, disciplinary liability and compensatory liability of the notary, and the rules of preparation for the profession of notary. The analysis of the Law on Notaries of 1933 presented in the first and second part of this article, leads to the conclusion that the notary’s position included in its legal position a combination of features of a public officer and a liberal profession. The legislature, using in Article 1 the term “public functionary”, and not “state official”, and giving notaries in Article 23 of the Law on Notaries the legal protection enjoyed by state officials, wanted to clearly emphasize the existing differences between them while at the same time underlining their close relationship to the state. The adoption of such a definition made it possible to grant notaries a wide range of powers. At the same time, it provided the basis to establish a professional self-government and entrust its bodies with significant powers in the area of disciplinary jurisdiction. The dualistic approach to the position of the notary was also reflected in the separate rules of training for the profession and in the special rules of notary’s liability for damages. The state, by entrusting notaries with activities related to non-contentious judiciary, secured for itself an exclusive influence on the staffing of notary positions and covered the system of notaries by a strict supervision exercised by the Minister of Justice. The discussion presented in the article leads to a conclusion that the legislature approached the position of a notary in the Law on Notaries of 1933 in a special way, creating a combination of official and professional elements, which can be called a public function. In terms of the political and administrative system, regardless of the definition itself, the notary in practice performed the function of a person of public trust.</p>

Federalism and Long-Term Care in Canada: A New Approach.

The experience of the COVID-19 pandemic has fuelled demands for national threshold standards of quality for long-term care in Canada. The federal government, however, lacks jurisdiction for and experience with the provision of long-term care, which rests constitutionally with the provinces. A creative approach to providing new funding and effective regulatory standard setting would seize the potential of an area of jurisdiction shared by federal and provincial governments - old age security - to establish a long-term care insurance program administered by the federal government and jointly governed by federal and provincial governments.

Influence of Profile Characteristics of Village Agricultural Workers on Role Performance in Odisha

Aim: To study the personal, psychological, communication and professional characteristics of Village Agricultural workers (VAWs).
 Study Design: Analytical research design was adopted to use facts or information already available to make a critical evaluation
 Place and Duration of Study: Nine districts of Odisha were randomly selected from major three revenue administrative divisions Cuttack, Berhampur and Sambalpur between first week of December 2019 to first week of February 2020.
 Methodology: Village Agricultural Workers (VAWs) of Odisha state served as the population for the study. As many as 728 VAWs in the selected nine districts constituted the sampling frame. After the discussion with the experts and various limitations of the researcher, 40 per cent of the VAWs from the sampling frame were chosen for the study. Thus, the final sample size comprised of 292 (40% of 728) VAW respondents. The method of proportional allocation in stratified sampling procedure was adopted for the selection of respondents. VAWs from each selected district were selected randomly following proportional allocation. Based on the literature, a total of 14 characteristics were taken to document the profile of the Village Agricultural Workers (VAW) who were working in state agricultural department.
 Results: The results indicated that most of the Village Agricultural workers (VAWs) were middle aged (73.63%), male (66.44%) had formal education up to intermediate level (72.94%). Professional characteristics revealed that almost four-fifths (79.80%) have service experience of 6-14 years and had medium level (74.32%) of training exposure. Most (57.19%) of the VAWs had area of jurisdiction under 9 to 36 villages and majority (87.67%) visiting 3 to 4 times a week. Study found that 78.08 percent of VAWs had high orientation towards extension profession with majority (74.32%) of VAWs perceiving neutral organizational climate in agricultural offices and 64.38 percent are having medium level of organizational commitment. Psychological characteristics revealed that 66.78 percent of VAWs have medium level of self-confidence with moderate job satisfaction (64.38%) and moderate leadership ability (79.11%). Communication characteristics of VAWs shows moderate level of Communication competence of VAWs (64.38%). Role performance analysis shows that majority of VAWs has medium (70.55%) level of role performance.
 Conclusion: The analysis of these profile characteristics could be crucial in understanding efficiency of state department, agricultural offices and VAWs’ own individual career development. It could be crucial for policymakers in preparing appropriate interventions to enhance role performance of VAWS through training programs.

EXECUTION OF SENSITIZATION PROGRAMMES OF ADVENTIST RELIEF AGENCY ON FEMALE CIRCUMCISION IN NYAMIRA CONFERENCE OF SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTISTS IN NYAMIRA COUNTY, KENYA

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which sensitization programmes of Adventist Relief Agency on female circumcision have been executed in Nyamira Conference of the Seventh-day Adventists in Nyamira County, Kenya. This study adopted a theoretical framework based on social change, social control theories. This study adopted mixed methods approach which includes both quantitative and qualitative methods which encompassed concurrent triangulation. Concurrent triangulation enabled the researcher to adopt descriptive survey research design. The target population in this study was 7 Conference management staff, 3 ADRA programme implementation officers, 60 church pastors and 700 church lay leaders. The sample size consisted of 18 church pastors and 210 lay leaders which was 30% of the target population whereas all the 7 Nyamira Conference management staff members and the 3 ADRA programme implementation officials were purposively included in the study. The study used questionnaires and oral interviews to collect data from the respondents. A pilot study was conducted for reliability and validity of the research instruments. The instruments were piloted in the churches within Nyamira Conference whose pastors and lay leaders did not participate in the study utilizing simple random sampling to select respondents. To ensure reliability of the findings, the data was subjected to cronbanch alpha index. The Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.7878 was obtained and this implied that the research instruments were reliable and therefore the researcher adopted the research instruments. It was established that there were sensitization programmes on female circumcision in Nyamira County. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that there is need to support the sensitization programmes of Adventist Relief Agency on female circumcision in Nyamira Conference of the Seventh-day Adventists in Nyamira County. Based on the findings of this study it was recommended that the Nyamira Conference management of the Seventh Day Adventist church should strive to encourage and support the sensitization programmes by the Adventist Relief Agency on female circumcision in the area of jurisdiction. 
 
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POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE COURT OVER THE PROBATION OFFICER

The article presents the issue of the powers of the president of the court in relation to professional probation officers who form the probation officer service in the area of jurisdiction of the district court. Due to the special location of court guardianship at the level of a district court and a regional court, the author focuses on the powers of presidents of regional courts and presidents of district courts, arising directly from the Act on probation officers or directly related to it. The aim of the study was to collect, systematize and organize the powers of court presidents under the Act on probation officers in such a way that it was possible to indicate which of these powers belong to the president of the regional court, and which belong to the president of the district court. The variety and specificity of the tasks entrusted to probation officers, the related task-related working time and the statutory self-government of this professional group may cause doubts as to the bodies authorized to exercise powers in relation to this professional group. Taking into account the organizational distinctness of the probation service in terms of supervision entrusted to the district probation officer, the author indicates the powers that the presidents of the district and regional courts have in relation to probation officers.

Assessing the municipal service quality of residential neighborhoods based on SERVQUAL, AHP and Citizen’s Score Card: A case study of Dhaka North City Corporation area, Bangladesh

Rapid urban population growth stimulates the challenges of city government authorities in providing the municipal services adequately considering the citizen’s demand. While the gap persists between the service provision and citizen’s perception on it, the quality of life of cities may deteriorate due to psychological dissatisfaction of dwellers with urban services. Hence the evaluation of the urban service quality from the citizen’s perspective and accordingly addressing the gap is necessary for sustainable urban management. This study shows a common framework incorporating SERVQUAL, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Citizen’s Score Card to define the quality of municipal services spatially and functionally based on the satisfaction of citizens. The items under the dimensions of SERVQUAL and the weightages of each dimension were set through literature review and expert opinion. Dhaka, the only megacity of Bangladesh is experiencing an impetuous growth towards its northern portion and Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC) is the responsible authority to supply the municipal facilities within this area. Nine residential neighborhoods having homogeneous characteristics in terms of population density, residential land use, built up area and income level within the jurisdictional area of DNCC were selected to collect the data. The data were collected through household questionnaire survey using stratified random sampling technique where people responded for each SERVQUAL questions and scored the facilities provided by the DNCC. The result shows citizens are moderately satisfied (63.3%) with municipal services aggregately. To meet the demand of dwellers, the city government authority should be more functional, reliable and participatory and be equipped with qualified manpower and facilities. Despite the locational characteristics are uniform among the case areas, Ward 3, Ward 4 and Ward 31 are in unprivileged state in terms of municipal services. The facilities of public toilet, parking and disaster management activities performed by DNCC are commonly in unsatisfactory state in all areas that require special attention from the authority. Based on the findings, it could be stated that where the city government authority is roughly unsusceptible to meet the demand of the existing population, the enormous population growth within urban areas could affect the life quality poorly. Therefore this paper would fetch a course where the deficiency on urban services would be evaluated under a common arena considering the psychological aspect of citizen, thereby priority interventions could be ascertained for enhancing the life quality of urban areas.

European-wide policymaking at the urban level: a qualitative study.

BackgroundInter-urban area (UA) health inequalities can be as dramatic as those between high and low-income countries. Policies need to focus on the determinants of health specific to UAs to effect change. This study therefore aimed to determine the degree to which policymakers from different countries could make autonomous health and wellbeing policy decisions for their urban jurisdiction area.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional, qualitative interview study with policymakers recruited from eight European countries (N = 37).ResultsThe reported autonomy among policymakers varied considerably between countries, from little or no autonomy and strict adherence to national directives (e.g. Slovak Republic) to a high degree of autonomy and ability to interpret national guidelines to local context (e.g. Norway). The main perceived barriers to implementation of local policies were political, and the importance of regular and effective communication with stakeholders, especially politicians, was emphasized. Having qualified health professionals in positions of influence within the UA was cited as a strong driver of the public health (PH) agenda at the UA level.ConclusionLocal-level policy development and implementation depends strongly on the degree of autonomy and independence of policymakers, which in turn depends on the organization, structure and financial budget allocation of PH services. While high levels of centralization in small, relatively homogenous countries may enhance efficient use of resources, larger, more diverse countries may benefit from devolution to smaller geographical regions.

Protecting Coastal Reclamation Area in Johor, Malaysia Through the Provision of Planning Documents

In Malaysia, the extension of coastal land relieves the pressure of demands for housing, commercial and industries despite the issues concerning development projects, including the inconsistency of provisions in statutory and non-statutory planning documents, jurisdiction area of Local Planning Authority and the role of Planning Authority. This study aims at investigating the application of statutory and non-statutory planning documents for coastal land reclamation projects through a local plan and a Comprehensive Development Plan. It employs a case study method using the Forest City in Johor as the study area. Expert Interviews provided primary data whilst secondary data encompassed various development plans, legal documents and policies related to coastal reclamation and planning. Results revealed the lack of provision for coastal reclamation area development plans notwithstanding the important roles of the Planning Authority. The study, therefore, suggests a revision of legislation and a review of development plans for the reclamation area.

일본 동경도의 개별적 노동분쟁 해결 시스템에 대한 실증적 연구

Individual labor disputes have been rapidly increasing recently in Japan. The Tokyo Labour Relations Commission, however, handles only collective labor disputes and not individual labor disputes unlike most Labour Relations Commission of another Local Government. The reason is known to be due to the practice that individual labor disputes have been resolved in different ways like the Labor Counseling Center(hereinafter referred to as LCC) within Tokyo Metropolitan Government(hereinafter referred to as Tokyo).<BR> Here an author intends to introduce the functions and operation status of the LCC in Tokyo Metropolitan Government.<BR> Conclusions are as follows:<BR> First, in the case of Tokyo, six permanent LCCs are operated, and each LCC has a jurisdictional area of Tokyo to provide labor counseling, seminar program, circle activity by workers etc. Of course, Tokyo citizens can use any of these LCCs regardless of their address.<BR> Second, labor counseling hours are operated flexibly. In general, labor counseling at the LCC is from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on weekdays. The counseling center, however, is also open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Saturday. Furthermore some counseling centers have labor counseling until 8 p.m. on certain days of the week.<BR> Third, the quality of the consultation is high. The labor counseling center also provides expert counseling for the mental health of workers. On the other hand, counseling with a lawyer is provided on difficult and complicated labor disputes.<BR> Forth, most of the labor counseling applications are made by telephone, and in terms of the size of the workplace, there are more applications for labor counseling by workers at small or large workplaces than workers at medium-sized workplaces.<BR> Fifth, the contents of labor counseling show that there are many consultations on important working conditions, such as retirement, dismissal, and wages. Next is the sequence of consultations on human relationships, such as harassment, sexual harassment, pregnancy, childbirth, childcare, etc. in the workplace, and consultations on social insurance (pension, industrial accident, and employment insurance) related to social safety nets.<BR> Finally, there is consideration for labor counseling for the socially disadvantaged, such as non-regular workers and foreign workers, that is, separate counseling sessions for non-regular workers on certain days of November every year, and supports English and Chinese.

Unions of the mind: the UK as a subjective state

Those seeking to understand attitudes to decentralization focus on attitudes to constitutional change or to the ideal level of government to control particular areas of jurisdiction. Within this is a wider approach to understanding subjective dimensions of multi-level states and the different communities of interest or polities that exist within them. Drawing on data from successive rounds of the Future of England (including parallel surveys in Scotland and Wales), this article develops a conceptual framework through which to understand political unions as well as a multi-dimensional measure through which to evaluate the location of unions from a scale that runs from subjective unionism to subjective autonomism. It outlines the various unions of the mind, including an identity union, a union of economic solidarity, of social solidarity and of fairness (or legitimacy) and then proceeds to map these within the UK. It then evaluates what impact each of these has on attitudes to the wider state, including attitudes to its continued survival. The article draws primarily on individual-level survey data collected by the authors but refers also to campaigns for constitutional change in unions and relates this to what we know about how individuals conceive of the states in which they live.

Differential Clustering Analysis of Power Grid Green Development Based on Hierarchical Cluster Method

Under the call of ecological civilization construction, the internal provincial evaluation of power companies has also been gradually advanced. Taking into account the vast territory of my country, the large-scale power system, and the complex structure, power grids at all levels have differences in areas such as jurisdiction area, climatic conditions, power grid scale, and technical level. Under this premise, if a reasonable index system and evaluation method are not formulated, and a unified evaluation index system is adopted for each region, it may not be possible to achieve a relatively fair evaluation of the regional power grid. Under this condition, it is difficult to exert the guidance of the evaluation method on the green development of the power grid. In this paper, taking into account the differences that exist between all levels of power grids in our country, the hierarchical cluster method is used to cluster them.

Imperial Diversity, Fractured Sovereignty, and Legal Universals: Hans Kelsen and Eugen Ehrlich in their Habsburg Context

This essay places Eugen Ehrlich and Hans Kelsen afresh in their common context, the late Habsburg Empire. It reframes Ehrlich's legal sociology and Kelsen's pure theory of law as co-original and connected responses to the problem of legal universals under conditions of fractured sovereignty and imperial diversity. At first glance, Kelsen and Ehrlich seem antipodes, an impression apparently confirmed by their prickly exchange in the 1910s: while Kelsen made universality reside in the formal features and sequences of imputation that held the normative order together, Ehrlich claimed that every normative system which purported to be meta-social and meta-cultural merely camouflaged its local conditions of emergence. Once resituated in their Habsburg environment, these strategies can be read as articulations of a broader set of common proclivities. Ehrlich's and Kelsen's proficiency in the empire's techniques of plurality management enabled them to demystify the state and to dismantle the nation: both perceived the state as a juristic construction, hence they unmasked its alleged social, cultural, and ontological unity as a delusion. The same held true for the nation: Ehrlich challenged its supremacy by showing that social relationships—“associations”—cut across national divides, while Kelsen delegitimized the nation's status as a rights-bearing collective and blurred the distinction between citizens and alien residents, working toward the civic enfranchisement of the latter. This dovetailed with Ehrlich's and Kelsen's unmaking of the distinction between private and public law: the false belief in the latter's superiority over the former served to license arbitrary rule. Both jurists deterritorialized state sovereignty by highlighting the brittleness of spatial dominion and the artificiality of political boundaries: Ehrlich and Kelsen discovered a gamut of sovereign authorities with overlapping spatial areas of jurisdiction that coexisted within the Habsburg polity. This in turn permitted them to effectively transcend the distinction between domestic and international law: while, according to Ehrlich, the state fizzled out on the local level, Kelsen redescribed it from a global perspective, turning it into a mere subordinate organ of world law. Ehrlich's legal pluralism and Kelsen's pure theory were the two most successful juristic legacies of the Habsburg polity whose imprint they bore. Both creatively reworked Habsburg constitutional reality into templates of legal order that survived the empire's demise.

A Descriptive Study on Causes of Death in Hospitalized Patients in an Acute General Hospital of Southern Italy during the Lockdown due to Covid-19 Outbreak

(1) Background: All deaths that occurred in a hospital of Southern Italy (“San Giuseppe Moscati” Hospital of Avellino) with medium jurisdiction (up to 425,000 citizens approximately) in the period from 9 March to 4 May 2020 were analyzed. The primary endpoint of the study was to analyze the causes of death in the period study. Secondary endpoints included: (1) the assessment of overall mortality in the emergency period compared with the same period of the past years (2018–2019) in the jurisdiction area; (2) the assessment of the amounts of deaths with positive and negative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs; (3) the frequency of clinical and radiological features consistent with Covid-19 infection in negative RT-PCR cases. (2) Methods: Patients’ information and laboratory data were collected through the computerized medical record system (My Hospital, Italy) used for the clinical management of all referring patients. Epidemiological, clinical, and radiological data were reviewed along with the results of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs. (3) Results: From 9 March to 4 May 2020, 140 deaths (87 males, 53 females) from all causes occurred in total at “San Giuseppe Moscati” Hospital, of which 32 deaths were Covid-19 related. (4) Conclusions: The excess of mortality could be higher than the one reported in the official epidemiological surveys. False negative cases can have a distorting effect on the assessment of the real mortality rate and the excess mortality. Furthermore, many who died from Covid-19 were likely never tested or they had false negative RT-PCR results. Other victims probably died from causes indirectly related to Covid-19.

Cross-regional Radiation Effect of Environmental Protection Interview on Enterprises’ Green Innovation

The implementation of the environmental protection interview policy effectively drives the environmental governance behavior of the local governments interviewed. Whether the environmental protection interview policy can cross the administrative divisions and have an impact on the green innovation of enterprises in the neighboring areas of the government to be interviewed is worthy of further discussion. Based on the social interaction theory and the yardstick competition theory, this paper matches the environmental protection interview data of prefecture-level cities and the green patent data of manufacturing listed companies, and takes the promulgation and implementation of the Interim Measures for Interview of Ministry of Environmental Protection in 2014 as the starting point to observe the samples for 6 consecutive years, focusing on the cross-regional radiation effect of environmental protection interview policy on enterprises’ green innovation and the effect under the condition of different property rights system and regional environmental protection level. The results show that: Environmental protection interview has a significant cross-regional radiation effect on the green innovation of enterprises. Local government interviews at the municipal level can encourage enterprises in neighboring government areas to carry out green innovation. After further distinguishing the quality of green innovation, we find that this incentive effect mainly affects substantive green innovation, but has no significant impact on strategic green innovation. Moreover, the radiation effect is still significant after excluding the interference of provincial environmental protection policy. The regional environmental protection level has a significant impact on the cross-regional radiation effect. The lower the environmental protection level, the stronger the promotion effect of environmental protection interview on the green innovation of enterprises in the jurisdiction area. In addition, the radiation effect of environmental protection interview follows different property rights system logic: Compared with private enterprises, state-owned enterprises have more “policy response rigidity”, that is to say, environmental protection interview has a more significant cross-regional radiation effect on the green innovation of state-owned enterprises. From the perspective of green innovation, this paper reveals the cross-regional radiation effect of environmental protection interview policy, thus expanding the research boundary of environmental protection interview policy effect. At the same time, the research conclusion of this paper is helpful to deeply understand the key motivation of enterprise green innovation from the perspective of social interaction and yardstick competition, and can provide important enlightenment for the green development of Chinese enterprises.

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MULTI CRITERIA DECISION MAKING IN HANDLING CRIMINAL ACTIONS OF MARINE VIOLATION IN ALKI II AREA

One of the Main Duties of the Indonesian Navy (TNI AL) is to enforce the law and maintain security in the marine area of ​​national jurisdiction in accordance with the provisions of national law and international law which are then manifested in Marine Security Operations (Opskamla) The Indonesian Navy Base is one of the Opskamla components. which functions to project the strength of the Indonesian Navy to the area of ​​operation and provide ongoing administrative and logistical support to ensure the operational continuity of the elements of the Navy, carry out capacity building and conduct limited maritime security operations in the context of enforcing sovereignty and law at sea and carrying out coordination, regulation base defense. In the alternative selection of the Indonesian Navy Base in the Koarmada II work area, this study uses a combination of AHP and Topsis methods, the hierarchical structure modeling in the AHP method is influenced by the criteria and sub criteria, while for Topsis it is used as a ranking of the best alternative TNI AL bases as the initial position for Operation activities Marine Security The results obtained from the alternative weighting of the Indonesian Navy bases in sequence are the Banjarmasin Navy Base with a weight value of 0.959 more priority to be selected as a base for handling criminal offenses at sea, then the Nunukan Navy Base weight value 0.643 Palu weight value 0.589, Kendari weight value 0.333 Sangata has a weight value of 0.301, Kota Baru has a weight value of 0.265 and finally Toli-Toli has a weight value of 0.237.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords : Opskamla, Naval Base, Selection of bases, Indonesian Archipelago Sea Lanes (ALKI II), Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Topsis.

Evaluating the social and ecological effectiveness of partially protected marine areas.

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a primary tool for the stewardship, conservation, and restoration of marine ecosystems, yet 69% of global MPAs are only partially protected (i.e., are open to some form of fishing). Although fully protected areas have well‐documented outcomes, including increased fish diversity and biomass, the effectiveness of partially protected areas is contested. Partially protected areas may provide benefits in some contexts and may be warranted for social reasons, yet social outcomes often depend on MPAs achieving their ecological goals to distinguish them from open areas and justify the cost of protection. We assessed the social perceptions and ecological effectiveness of 18 partially protected areas and 19 fully protected areas compared with 19 open areas along 7000 km of coast of southern Australia. We used mixed methods, gathering data via semistructured interviews, site surveys, and Reef Life (underwater visual census) surveys. We analyzed qualitative data in accordance with grounded theory and quantitative data with multivariate and univariate linear mixed‐effects models. We found no social or ecological benefits for partially protected areas relative to open areas in our study. Partially protected areas had no more fish, invertebrates, or algae than open areas; were poorly understood by coastal users; were not more attractive than open areas; and were not perceived to have better marine life than open areas. These findings provide an important counterpoint to some large‐scale meta‐analyses that conclude partially protected areas can be ecologically effective but that draw this conclusion based on narrower measures. We argue that partially protected areas act as red herrings in marine conservation because they create an illusion of protection and consume scarce conservation resources yet provide little or no social or ecological gain over open areas. Fully protected areas, by contrast, have more fish species and biomass and are well understood, supported, and valued by the public. They are perceived to have better marine life and be improving over time in keeping with actual ecological results. Conservation outcomes can be improved by upgrading partially protected areas to higher levels of protection including conversion to fully protected areas.

Strengthening IPR Protection and Innovation

Though much of the theoretical economics literature have assumed a positive relationship between intellectual property rights (IPR) protection and innovation, there has been no empirical evidence that clearly supports such a relationship. In particular, this relationship may also depend on the measures of innovation. Exploiting the establishment of Chinese specialized IP courts across regions over time as a shock to the IPR protection, we empirically investigate how IPR protection impacts innovation. Measuring innovation by both input and output, we find that establishing an IP court reduces the number of patents filed by public firms located in the IP court's jurisdictional area by about 10%, while increasing those firms' R&D spending (scaled by firm assets) by 6%. These seemingly contradictory findings suggest that the relationship between strengthening IPR protection and firm innovation is a subtle one: it increases firms' incentives to innovate on one hand, while reducing their incentives to rely on the patent system to protect their innovation on the other hand. The finding that stronger IPR protection leads to a lower number of patents also points to a litigation cost channel in which firms reduce their patent filings concerning of the litigation risks brought by those patents. Overall, our findings suggest that IPR protection changes firms' innovation incentives and their interaction with the patent system.

The Contribution of EU Law to the Regulation of Online Speech

Internet regulation in the European Union (EU) is receiving significant attention and criticism in the United States. The European Court of Justice’s (ECJ) judgment in the case Glawischnig-Piesczek v. Facebook Ireland, in which the ECJ found a take-down order against Facebook for defamatory content with global effect permissible under EU law, was closely scrutinized in the United States. These transsystemic debates are valuable but need to be conducted with a thorough understanding of the relevant legal framework and its internal logic. This note aims to provide the context to properly assess the role the ECJ and EU law play in the regulation of online speech. The note argues that the alleged shortcomings of the Glawischnig- Piesczek case are actually the result of a convincing interpretation of the applicable EU law while respecting the prerogatives of the member states in the areas of speech regulation, jurisdiction, and comity. Most of the issues that commentators wanted the ECJ to decide were beyond its reach in this case. The paper argues that EU law’s contribution in the field of online speech regulation should be regarded as a realization of the dangers of illegal online content, resulting in an effective protection of the interests harmed. This implies the rejection of a “whack-a-mole” approach towards illegal online content in favor of more effective ways to protect against the harm caused by illegal online speech. At the same time, the case highlights the necessity to establish a workable theory of jurisdiction and comity in the digital age.

The Presence of the Bishop of Liège, the Bishop of Utrecht, and the Archbishop of Cologne in Texandria (c. 1000-1150)

In 1992, Bas Aarts proposed that the bishop of Utrecht could have exercised public authority in the pagus Texandria in the twelfth century. Most of the more recent historical literature neglects his arguments and focuses on the power of the bishop of Liège in this region. In this article, we support Aarts’s hypothesis. The bishop of Liège owned some property in the interior of Texandria, illustrating his interest in this region as being part of his diocese. However, there is no indication that the bishop of Liège had secular public authority anywhere in Texandria before the mid-twelfth century. Kupper shows that Bishops Notger of Liège (972-1008) and Baldrick II (1008-1018) contributed much to strengthen the secular authority of the bishop in other parts of the diocese. It is quite possible that these bishops had similar aspirations for Texandria. We point at the possibility that the bishop failed to acquire secular power or counts’ rights in Texandria because these rights were already in the hands of someone else. Around 1200, in the former area of Texandria, a large area of public jurisdiction existed, called the Eninge of the Kempen. There are reasons to believe that we are dealing with the successor of a former county in Texandria. Sources suggest that in the twelfth century, the bishop of Utrecht had authority here. Perhaps he acquired these rights from Count Ansfried junior, who became bishop of Utrecht in 995.