Areas Of Jurisdiction Research Articles

Reassessing State Responsibility for Indigenous Rights to Natural Resources Based on Justice Principle

Indigenous peoples' existence is intrinsically linked to their customary rights, with significant disputes arising over the formal recognition of these rights. However, conditional or partial legal recognition frequently disadvantages indigenous communities. The state has a responsibility to uphold the rights of indigenous peoples, necessitating regulations that effectively safeguard their land rights. This article examines the recognition and fulfilment of indigenous peoples’ rights to natural resources through legal analysis, conceptual frameworks, and case studies. The findings indicate that since 1998, there has been a governmental intent to formally recognize indigenous rights to natural resources, as reflected in various laws and regulations. However, the implementation of these rights has been challenging due to ambiguities in the 1945 Constitution and the related regulations. Effective fulfilment of Indigenous land rights must adhere to key principles, including recognition of jurisdictional areas, the right to self-determination, Indigenous consent, community involvement, and the provision of fair compensation

CONTOURS OF JURISDICTION UNDER INDIAN ARBITRATION ACT

The Arbitration Act, 1940 had no provision which allowed the Arbitral Tribunal to make a decision on its own jurisdiction like Section 16 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 the Arbitral Tribunal has been granted the power to make a ruling on its own jurisdiction. Section 16 (1) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act states that the Arbitral Tribunal may rule on its own jurisdiction, including ruling on any objection with respect to the existence or validity of the arbitration agreement. The legislative intent underlying the 1996 Act is to minimise judicial intervention in the arbitral process and nominate the arbitrator without wasting time, leaving all contentious issues to be decided by the arbitral tribunal itself Section 16 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act incorporates the principle of "Compétence-Compétence" or "Compétence de la recognized", is a doctrine that empowers an arbitral tribunal to rule on its own jurisdiction, including ruling on any objection with respect to the existence or validity of the arbitration agreement. It is closely related to rules regarding the allocation of jurisdictional competence between arbitral tribunals and national Courts and to rules concerning the nature and timing of judicial consideration of challenges to an arbitral tribunal’s jurisdiction. The doctrine empowers the arbitrators to decide on their own jurisdiction. The ruling passed in SBP & Co. vs. Patel Engineering Ltd. chipped away the importance of the Kompetenze-Kompetenze principle incorporated in Section 16 consequently, the 2015 Amendment inserted Section 11(6A) in order to restrict the powers of the courts to merely examining the existing of an arbitration agreement. The 2019 Amendment omitted Section 11(6A). now after coming of so many decisions regarding this matter the scope and area of jurisdiction of arbitral tribunal has opened many wings of debate and this chapter is an attempt to discuss all these dimensions

Pengaruh Kebijakan Penggunaan Izin Pinjam Pakai Kawasan Hutan Lindung Untuk Pertambangan Di Kabupaten Morowali

Indonesia, with its wealth of forest resources (SDH) and mineral resources including gold, silver, copper, oil, natural gas, and coal, faces challenges in managing excessive exploitation. Although coal mining significantly contributes to the economy, this activity has resulted in serious environmental impacts, especially in protected forest areas. The Indonesian government has issued various policies to control the use of forest areas by banning mining activities in protected forests. However, conflicts of interest between the mining and forestry sectors still frequently occur, particularly regarding the utilization of mineral and coal resources. There have been numerous conflicts over land rights affecting 4.4 million hectares in the last 30 years, involving disputes between Mining Jurisdiction Areas (WHP) and the forestry sector. In addressing these conflicts of interest, the government has restricted mining permits in the protected forest area of Morowali Regency. Several regulations, such as Forestry Law No. 41 of 1999, Government Regulation No. 71 of 2014 on the Protection and Management of Protected Forest Ecosystems, and Presidential Instruction No. 6 of 2017, provide a strong legal basis for prohibiting mining in protected forest areas. Nevertheless, the government faces limitations in monitoring and enforcing reclamation regulations in Morowali Regency. Some mining companies fail to properly conduct post-mining reclamation, resulting in negative impacts on the environment and surrounding communities. To address these limitations, efforts are needed to strengthen human resource capacity, allocate adequate budgets, foster cross-sectoral cooperation, utilize technology, involve community participation, and impose strict sanctions. Supervision of mining activities in Morowali Regency is carried out by the central government, provincial authorities, and local governments, involving law enforcement agencies. The government also develops an integrated information system to monitor mining activities in protected forest areas. Efforts to rehabilitate and restore degraded protected forests include tree replanting, maintenance, and economic training for communities. Thus, enhancing coordination between the mining and forestry sectors through synergy between the central and local governments, involving civil society and non-governmental organizations, is essential. The strict enforcement of reclamation regulations and awareness campaigns for mining companies can help ensure compliance with principles of sustainable resource management. In the context of economic development, the Indonesian government must continue to improve efforts to manage forest and mining resources. Synergy among related sectors, optimization of supervision, and environmental sustainability and community welfare should be the primary focus to achieve sustainable development.

Preliminary Exploration of the Construction of the Great Site Museum in Jingzhou

Jingzhou is the main part of the National Great Site Protection Zone in the Central China region of the Yangtze River Basin. In 2010, the National Cultural Heritage Administration and the Hubei Provincial People’s Government signed a joint agreement on the protection of the Great Site in Jingzhou, marking a milestone event in the protection of Chu culture heritage and cultural relics in Hubei. The major sites in the Jingzhou area are located within the Jinan Ecological Cultural Tourism Area, giving the construction and development of the site museum in Jingzhou’s Jinan Ecological Cultural Tourism Area a unique advantage. By analyzing the exhibition concepts, architectural concepts, interpretation concepts, and talent development concepts of the three major sites in the jurisdiction area, this paper explores some ideas for the construction of the Great Site Museum.

Innovation in the quest for compatibility: Interplay of jurisdiction and allocation in the South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation

This paper explores how the legal obligation that management measures for straddling stocks in the high seas and for areas under national jurisdiction must be ‘compatible’ is interpreted within the forum of Regional Fisheries Management Organisations, by considering the example of the ongoing conflict over allocation of jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi) managed by the South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO). To do so, the paper presents the innovative framework through which to realise compatibility set forth by the treaty instituting SPRFMO, the Convention on the Conservation and Management of High Seas Fishery Resources in the South Pacific Ocean, together with the practice implementing these provisions as seen in the annual SPRFMO jack mackerel management measure. This measure has evolved as coastal States Chile and Ecuador have consented over time to apply the measure in the areas under their national jurisdiction, and as it has been used to urge coastal State Peru to ensure measures under its area of jurisdiction are compatible with those in the SPRFMO measure. Methodologically, the paper draws from a mix of doctrinal analysis of international treaties alongside document analysis of SPRFMO Commission meeting reports, management measures, and reports of the SPRFMO Review Panel, enriched through interviews with persons with experience of the workings of SPRFMO. Ultimately, the paper grapples with the challenges in interpreting and applying the legal obligation of compatibility within the political context of allocation decisions by a Regional Fisheries Management Organisation such as SPRFMO.

Optimizing Regional Governance in Batam City Government-Business Entity Institutional Dualism

Introduction: The development of special areas of Batam began in the 1970s. With the support of special regulations made by the central government, Batam City becomes a competitive place for investment in Indonesia. Moreover Batam has geographical advantage because of its strategic location and adjacent to Malaysia and Singapore.Purposes of the Research: The research examines the legal framework governing the relationship between the Batam City Government and Batam Concession Agency, identifying overlap and potential conflicts, and promoting synergy with the Batam Business Entity.Methods of the Research: The study approach employed. Secondary data is used in this normative legal research strategy.Results of the Research: Research suggests that the legal structure between Batam City Government and Batam Concession Agency should promote cooperation and collaboration. In practice, overlapping jurisdiction areas might leave unclear and confusing duties and responsibilities for each entity. They were fulfilling each entity's duties. Overlapping zones can interfere with development and public services and cause institutional conflicts. The legal framework may require clarity or amendment to improve the interaction between the Batam City Government and the Batam Concession Agency. Optimize local government, for optimal local government, the law must assist the Batam City Government, and Batam Concession Agency cooperate. Batam City and Batam Concession Agency labor together cooperatively. Batam City and Batam Concession Agency collaborate.

Optimizing Regional Governance in Batam City Government-Business Entity Institutional Dualism

Introduction: The development of special areas of Batam began in the 1970s. With the support of special regulations made by the central government, Batam City becomes a competitive place for investment in Indonesia. Moreover Batam has geographical advantage because of its strategic location and adjacent to Malaysia and Singapore.Purposes of the Research: The research examines the legal framework governing the relationship between the Batam City Government and Batam Concession Agency, identifying overlap and potential conflicts, and promoting synergy with the Batam Business Entity.Methods of the Research: The study approach employed. Secondary data is used in this normative legal research strategy.Results of the Research: Research suggests that the legal structure between Batam City Government and Batam Concession Agency should promote cooperation and collaboration. In practice, overlapping jurisdiction areas might leave unclear and confusing duties and responsibilities for each entity. They were fulfilling each entity's duties. Overlapping zones can interfere with development and public services and cause institutional conflicts. The legal framework may require clarity or amendment to improve the interaction between the Batam City Government and the Batam Concession Agency. Optimize local government, for optimal local government, the law must assist the Batam City Government, and Batam Concession Agency cooperate. Batam City and Batam Concession Agency labor together cooperatively. Batam City and Batam Concession Agency collaborate.

New insights on the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of Chinese marine environmental quality and its driving factors from 2003 to 2021

As land and sea integration continues to accelerate, it will inevitably have an effect on the marine ecological environment. However, the study on spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of Chinese marine environmental quality and its driving factors was lacking. This paper employs Regression Analysis, Spearman Correlation Analysis, Canonical Correlation Analysis, Boston Consulting Group Matrix and Environmental Kuznets Curve to examine the spatial–temporal distribution characteristics and correlation factors of Chinese jurisdictional sea areas environmental quality. The environmental quality of the waters under China's jurisdiction improved on average from 2003 to 2021, the area of sea with excellent water quality increased by 7.21 × 104 km2. The spatial distribution showed “South superior, North inferior” trend. The accumulated red tide area is 2.01 × 105 km2, and the green tide has the average maximum area of distribution is 3.13 × 104 km2. The marine dumping area's volume of waste has a three stages of slow rise (2003–2007), steady (2008–2014) and rapid rise (2015–2021). The average percentage of seawater bathing areas with good water quality is 82.10 %. Urban Environmental Infrastructure Investment and Urban Drainage Construction Investments are positively correlated with excellent water quality and negatively correlated with light-sewage water quality. The typical correlation for the group “Environmental Quality/Environmental Governance” is 0.911, and the strongest correlation is between excellent water quality and urban drainage construction investment. The typical correlation coefficient for the “Environmental Quality/Socioeconomic” group is 0.960, and the strongest correlation is between excellent water quality and per capita GDP. The Gross Ocean Product, Per Capita GDP, Proportion of Non-agricultural Industries, Year-end Resident Population, and excellent water quality are positively correlated whereas light-sewage water quality is negatively correlated. Liaoning, Tianjin, Shandong and Guangdong shift from high-pollution-low-investment to low-pollution-low-investment model. Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian and Hainan maintain high-pollution-low-investment model, Hainan maintains high-pollution-high-investment model. Jiangsu maintains low-pollution-low-investment model. Hebei and Guangxi shift from low-pollution-low-investment to low-pollution-high-investment model. Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Shandong, Guangxi and Shanghai show inverted “N” shape, Jiangsu shows positive “N” shape, Zhejiang and Fujian show monotonic decline shape, Guangdong and Hainan show positive “U” shape. The results could provide valuable suggestions for coastal provinces to accomplish economic development and environmental improvement, which to prevent the old way of “pollution first and treatment later”.

Controversies and amendment proposals on the China Coast Guard Law

The China Coast Guard Law (CCGL) is legislation around the China Coast Guard (CCG). Its purpose is to regulate and guarantee the fulfilment of the CCG’s duties, addressing the lack of systematic regulation of the CCG’s rights protection and law enforcement. The CCG possesses administrative, military, and judicial attributes. Its function is to safeguard China’s legitimate maritime rights and interests, promote the construction of a regional harmonious and symbiotic maritime order, and contribute to the establishment of a global just and civilized maritime order. The formulation and implementation of the CCGL have faced challenges. Disputes over its application have mainly centred on four aspects: the definition of jurisdictional marine areas, types of law enforcement, immunity for warships and government ships, and the use of force. The enactment of the CCGL strictly adhered to China’s legislative procedures, and the content of its provisions aligns with the requirements of international law. However, there are deficiencies in the CCGL, necessitating the refinement of rules on the use of force, clarification of criteria for determining infringement by foreign warships and government ships, distinction between the principles of law enforcement in different maritime areas, and the establishment of a mechanism for the settlement of disputes over maritime law enforcement and maintenance of rights.

Research on the Deployment of Professional Rescue Ships for Maritime Traffic Safety under Limited Conditions

This paper focuses on optimizing the deployment plan for standby points of professional rescue vessels based on the data of maritime incidents in the Beihai area of China. The primary objective is to achieve multi-level and multiple coverage of the jurisdictional waters of the Beihai Rescue Bureau. Models including the coverage quality of the jurisdictional waters, the coverage quality in high-risk areas, the maximum coverage of jurisdictional areas, and the maximum coverage of high-risk areas are constructed and solved using 0–1 integer programming. The optimal plan for eight standby points and their corresponding deployment plans for rescue vessels are obtained. A comparison with the current site selection plan of the Beihai Rescue Bureau validates the superiority of the proposed deployment plan for rescue vessel standby points in this paper.

Four Treaties in One: The Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Agreement

Combine and conquer. That was the strategy of those seeking to develop an international regime to address marine biological diversity found in areas beyond national jurisdiction—areas that constitute half of the world's surface and a much greater proportion of its habitable volume. States had quite different visions for the regime. On the one hand, the European Union and other developed countries such as Australia and New Zealand wanted a conservation-oriented regime providing for the establishment of marine protected areas and setting rules for environmental impact assessments; on the other hand, developing countries wanted a resource-oriented regime that would allow them to get what they consider their fair share of the benefits of marine genetic resources and would assist them with capacity building and technology transfer. Only by combining these disparate topics in a single package was agreement possible.

Deciphering the health profile of police personnel in the Jaipur Commissionerate

Background: Since its founding, the police force has required its employees to operate in hazardous and stressful conditions, and today's force is exposed to physically demanding tasks, irregular working hours, high levels of stress, and encounters with dangerous situations. Dealing with some of society's most difficult social problems. It is a line of work in which employees may be exposed to traumatic situations in which their health and well-being are directly jeopardised. Unhealthy lifestyles and demanding work conditions predispose the police force to a variety of non-communicable as well as communicable diseases. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted between May 2018 and November 2020 on a representative sample of 4263 across various ranks and units posted in the jurisdiction area of the Jaipur commissionerate. Results: The age group of the study was from 35 to 60 years of age, with a mean age of 50 years. Out of the total sample, the response rate was 96%. The average height and weight were 173.09 cm and 77.48 kg, respectively. The basal metabolic index (BMI) was 25.9 on average. Conclusions: By improving the overall well-being of police officers, not only can their quality of life be enhanced, but their effectiveness in ensuring public safety and maintaining law and order can also be optimised.

Population-Based Study of the Incidence and Mortality Rate of Acute Aortic Dissection.

Acute aortic dissection (AAD) has high morbidity and a high fatality rate for a cardiovascular disease. Recent studies suggested that the incidence of AAD is increasing. However, the actual incidence and mortality rates of AAD are not well known. This study investigated the current epidemiology of AAD within the Yatsushiro medical jurisdictional area. A population-based review of patients with AAD was performed in a geographically well-defined area. Data were collected retrospectively from January 2011 to December 2020 for a total of 196 patients with AAD (Stanford Type A, n=126 [64.3%]; Stanford Type B, n=70 [35.7%]). The mean patient age was 74.3 years, and 55.6% (109/196) were women. The crude and age-standardized incidence rates of AAD in our medical jurisdictional area were 13.6 and 11.4 per 100,000 inhabitants per year, respectively. The crude and age-standardized 30-day mortality rates of AAD were 4.9 and 4.0 per 100,000 inhabitants per year, respectively. There were upward tendencies for both the incidence and 30-day mortality rate of AAD with age, with both being significantly higher in patients aged ≥85 years (P<0.001). This population-based study detected a higher incidence of AAD than previous studies, but reported a lower incidence of AAD in men than in women. Increasing age was associated with an increased incidence and mortality rate of AAD.

The use of linked administrative data in Australian randomised controlled trials: A scoping review.

The demand for simplified data collection within trials to increase efficiency and reduce costs has led to broader interest in repurposing routinely collected administrative data for use in clinical trials research. The aim of this scoping review is to describe how and why administrative data have been used in Australian randomised controlled trial conduct and analyses, specifically the advantages and limitations of their use as well as barriers and enablers to accessing administrative data for use alongside randomised controlled trials. Databases were searched to November 2022. Randomised controlled trials were included if they accessed one or more Australian administrative data sets, where some or all trial participants were enrolled in Australia, and where the article was published between January 2000 and November 2022. Titles and abstracts were independently screened by two reviewers, and the full texts of selected studies were assessed against the eligibility criteria by two independent reviewers. Data were extracted from included articles by two reviewers using a data extraction tool. Forty-one articles from 36 randomised controlled trials were included. Trial characteristics, including the sample size, disease area, population, and intervention, were varied; however, randomised controlled trials most commonly linked to government reimbursed claims data sets, hospital admissions data sets and birth/death registries, and the most common reason for linkage was to ascertain disease outcomes or survival status, and to track health service use. The majority of randomised controlled trials were able to achieve linkage in over 90% of trial participants; however, consent and participant withdrawals were common limitations to participant linkage. Reported advantages were the reliability and accuracy of the data, the ease of long term follow-up, and the use of established data linkage units. Common reported limitations were locating participants who had moved outside the jurisdictional area, missing data where consent was not provided, and unavailability of certain healthcare data. As linked administrative data are not intended for research purposes, detailed knowledge of the data sets is required by researchers, and the time delay in receiving the data is viewed as a barrier to its use. The lack of access to primary care data sets is viewed as a barrier to administrative data use; however, work to expand the number of healthcare data sets that can be linked has made it easier for researchers to access and use these data, which may have implications on how randomised controlled trials will be run in future.

Generating Contextual Variables From Web-Based Data for Health Research: Tutorial on Web Scraping, Text Mining, and Spatial Overlay Analysis.

Contextual variables that capture the characteristics of delimited geographic or jurisdictional areas are vital for health and social research. However, obtaining data sets with contextual-level data can be challenging in the absence of monitoring systems or public census data. We describe and implement an 8-step method that combines web scraping, text mining, and spatial overlay analysis (WeTMS) to transform extensive text data from government websites into analyzable data sets containing contextual data for jurisdictional areas. This tutorial describes the method and provides resources for its application by health and social researchers. We used this method to create data sets of health assets aimed at enhancing older adults' social connections (eg, activities and resources such as walking groups and senior clubs) across the 374 health jurisdictions in Catalonia from 2015 to 2022. These assets are registered on a web-based government platform by local stakeholders from various health and nonhealth organizations as part of a national public health program. Steps 1 to 3 involved defining the variables of interest, identifying data sources, and using Python to extract information from 50,000 websites linked to the platform. Steps 4 to 6 comprised preprocessing the scraped text, defining new variables to classify health assets based on social connection constructs, analyzing word frequencies in titles and descriptions of the assets, creating topic-specific dictionaries, implementing a rule-based classifier in R, and verifying the results. Steps 7 and 8 integrate the spatial overlay analysis to determine the geographic location of each asset. We conducted a descriptive analysis of the data sets to report the characteristics of the assets identified and the patterns of asset registrations across areas. We identified and extracted data from 17,305 websites describing health assets. The titles and descriptions of the activities and resources contained 12,560 and 7301 unique words, respectively. After applying our classifier and spatial analysis algorithm, we generated 2 data sets containing 9546 health assets (5022 activities and 4524 resources) with the potential to enhance social connections among older adults. Stakeholders from 318 health jurisdictions registered identified assets on the platform between July 2015 and December 2022. The agreement rate between the classification algorithm and verified data sets ranged from 62.02% to 99.47% across variables. Leisure and skill development activities were the most prevalent (1844/5022, 36.72%). Leisure and cultural associations, such as social clubs for older adults, were the most common resources (878/4524, 19.41%). Health asset registration varied across areas, ranging between 0 and 263 activities and 0 and 265 resources. The sequential use of WeTMS offers a robust method for generating data sets containing contextual-level variables from internet text data. This study can guide health and social researchers in efficiently generating ready-to-analyze data sets containing contextual variables.

Pattern of Journalists’ Reportage of Security Issues in Anambra State, Nigeria, in 2023

Security in Anambra State in the Southeast geopolitical zone is a priority issue. This is because the free movement of people doing business and pursuing their goals, the prosperity and happiness of citizens, the freedom to go about achieving ones purposes is dependent on a secure State. Journalists on the other hand have a duty under their surveillance and correlation functions to provide news and information on the state of security within their areas of jurisdiction. It thus becomes imperative to evaluate the pattern of media reportage of security issues in Anambra State from the perspective of the journalists themslves. The objectives of the study were to; determine if security issues are well reported by the media in Awka, Anambra State, examine the slant of media reportage of security issues in terms of favour to some group, determine the basic challenges faced by the media in reportage of security issues and find out the level of cooperation between security agencies and journalists in the media reportage of security Issues.The study is anchored on Social Responsibility Theory and Framing Theory. It adopted a survey research approach and drew a sample size of 162 respondents based on census sampling. Questionnaire was the instrument for data collection. Major findings from the study reveal that journalists in Awka report security issues fairly well, that majority of the journalists do not slant their news, that fear was the basic among the challenges faced by the journalists in the reportage of security issues and that journalists in Awka do not have free access to the PPRO or DPO and other security agents in the State. Among others, the study recommended that media organisations, the security formations and the State government should pay careful attention to journalists in this sensitive and hazardous line of duty, that seminars and workshops involving journalists and security agents should also be organized from time to time in order to foster unity among journalists and security agents and government should also empower security agencies and journalists with requisite resources and motivation to do more in securing lives and property.

The Limits of the EU's Power in the Context of Sanctions Imposed to Türkiye in the Eastern Mediterranean

Since the beginning of the 2010s, Türkiye has been subjected to efforts of exclusion from the deepening energy collaborations in the Eastern Mediterranean. In 2020, Turkish Parliament approved a bill authorizing the deployment of troops to support Libya in countering various threats to its stability and integrity. These threats included terrorist organizations, irregular migration that had an impact on the entire region, illegal armed groups, and human trafficking. Additionally, Türkiye took steps to disrupt the anti-Türkiye axis in the region by signing a maritime delimitation agreement with Libya to establish clear boundaries for maritime jurisdictional areas. With this move, Türkiye positioned itself as a game changer in the Eastern Mediterranean. Greece and the Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus (GCASC), who are uncomfortable with Türkiye's steps in line with its rightful interests, have made concerted efforts to involve the EU in the issues related to the Eastern Mediterranean region, acting in favor of their own unilateral interests. The EU, eventually, has decided to impose sanctions on Türkiye, particularly as a result of discussions in the European Parliament. The biased and unfair attitude of the EU, coupled with its implementation of sanctions, will have significant political costs on Türkiye-EU relations. In this context, an evaluation is being made regarding the effectiveness of the EU's stance and applied sanctions, considering the EU’s perspective and its claim to be an actor in the region within the context of the current balance of power.

THE NORTH AMERICAN CIVILIZING PROJECT FOR THE BRAZILIAN HINTERLAND

This article aims to analyze the North American Presbyterian missionary action in the inside of Brazil that had three axes of action: religion, education and health. And education would serve as a vehicle for the implementation of its proposal. The theoretical-methodological framework is based on the concepts of representation and practices (CHARTIER, 1990), school culture (JULIA, 2001) and civilization (ELIAS, 1994). The missionary station planned and founded in 1906 by William Alfred Waddell, in the city of Wagner (Bahia), intended to dominate and civilize its surroundings. Created by the Central Mission of Brazil, in accordance with North American Presbyterian educational standards, the Ponte Nova Institute played a governamental role in formulating the action policy of that missionary organization. The rural secondary education institution aimed to train teachers for its schools and men who would be evangelists and future ministers of their churches, transforming them into agents of a new civilizing proposal. The school offered an integral education, that is, the intellectual, moral and spiritual formation of God-fearing men and women, well instructed and disciplined, lovers of freedom. In addition to being true Christians, they would be citizens participating in the civil and political life of their country, builders of a democratic, modern and progressive society, similar to North American society. For one hundred years – 1871 to 1917 – missionaries linked to the Central Mission of Brazil, departing from Bahia, organized churches, schools and hospitals in their area of jurisdiction.

How Different Land Systems Lead to Discrepancy of Rural Population–Land Relationships: Case Study of Heilongjiang Province, China

There are two types of land systems in China: collective-owned and state-owned. Under both systems, differences in land ownership have led to different land-use and management systems, resulting in urban–rural dual structures under the jurisdiction of local governments and urban–rural unitary structures in reclamation areas of the state-owned land system. This has significantly changed the relationship between the rural population and land, which has been intensified by rapid urbanization and industrialization. Therefore, based on the rural population and remote sensing data, this study uses the Tapio decoupling model to determine the relationships between the rural population and residential land under different land systems. The main results indicate that the evolution of the rural population and residential land area under different land systems presents an obvious inverse relationship. From 1995 to 2020, under the jurisdiction of the local government, the land area and population of rural dwellers declined, with the decline in population being faster than that in residential areas. At the same time, the spatial agglomeration of residential areas from the middle to the south of the province expanded. In contrast, the population and residential land area showed significant reverse changes in state-owned domains. Rural residential land area declined, and the rural population increased, most notably in the eastern region. Furthermore, strong negative decoupling between the rural population and rural residential land was observed in areas under local government jurisdiction (accounting for 89.61%), meaning that the population declined while the living area increased, which is not conducive to increasing intensive land-use and productivity. Simultaneously, in state-owned domains, only 33.33% of the rural population and residential land areas presented the above-mentioned negative decoupling, with the remaining 66.67% being coordinated. After 2010, due to the socio-economic gap, the proportion of coordination in local government jurisdiction areas continued to decrease, whereas coordination in reclamation areas remained stable. Therefore, the data suggest that a single land allocation and governance regime across urban and rural domains under the state-owned land system is more helpful in enabling populations and efficient land-use. This suggests that, in the future, it will be helpful to consider promoting the effective integration of urban and rural land markets, optimizing the allocation of urban and rural land resources, and enhancing the reform of the rural land system in order to realize synergistic interactions between the urban and rural populations and construction land in Heilongjiang Province.

The Size of Tax Jurisdiction and Tax Density

Theoretical background: Theory of public finance theory quite widely recognized that the purest indicator of government size is to observe the determinants and trend of level of public spending. It could be easy translates into the statement that following demand of government for money, first satisfied by taxes, enables to conclude, in particular, that the ratio of tax revenues to gross domestic product is the most appropriate indicator of the fiscal efficiency of the tax system. Purpose of the article: The very aim of paper is to determine, on the basis of constructed original taxation density rate, the diversification of the spatial economics of local revenues from taxation of land and developments. The supplementary goal comes from the identification of attributes of tax jurisdiction size shaping density of taxation. In particular, it is undertaken to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference in the rudimentary statistics of the correlation between the size of tax jurisdiction and intensity of land and development taxation measured by brand new index: tax density. Research methods: The research methods, apart from the query and analysis of the literature on the subject, are descriptive statistics of the population of 2,477 communes in Poland in terms of taxation density and the strength of the correlation between taxation density and attributes of tax jurisdiction defined by its size in both fiscal perspective (total tax revenues, tax revenues per capita) and demographic indexes (population, population density). The area of tax jurisdiction is correspondingly discussed. There is also employed OLS method for study correlation between tax density and indexes of tax jurisdiction size. The data are for the fiscal year of 2021. Main findings: Taxation density is, on average, the highest in urban communes, which results from a significant share of land and improvements subject to property tax. In urban communes, the share of real estate tax is on average 98.91% of total revenues from taxation of land and improvements. While in rural communes, where the lowest average level density of taxation has been recorded, the share in question is on average 73.73%. Examination of taxation density statistics for each of three subpopulations of communes (urban ones, urban-rural ones, and rural ones) indicates that in each case statistics of the distribution of tax density is attributed by positive skew and has sharper peak around the mean, but kurtosis is the highest for rural communes. It has been observed that the shapes of the distribution of total tax revenues, tax revenues per capita and population density are most similar to the shape of the distribution of taxation density in rural communes. The crucial conclusion is that the most significance for tax density growth is the increase of population in accordance with population density. The greater tax jurisdiction measured by population the greater intensity of fiscal exploitation of land occurs. Empirics of tax density for Polish communes fails to observe diseconomies of scale according to population density. There is a very parallel structure of elasticity of tax density for different features of tax jurisdiction, excluding for urban tax jurisdiction two attributes: tax revenues per capita (no statistical significant evidence of elasticity) and area (in contrast to another types of communes elasticity is positive).