Juridical Science Research Articles

Topical Issues of Counteracting the Threats to National Security

Introduction. One of the primary important objects for ensuring the national security of any state, as an independent and self-sustained subject of the system of global policy coordinates, is its sovereignty. The sovereignty is the fundamental category in formulating the principles of the national constitutional and international law. Ensuring the sovereignty is one of the most important functions and tasks of the modern Russian state. The article analyses the state policy and its legal basis for ensuring the national security, it focuses on the threats and crises in both the international and national security systems. The research is relevant due to studying the selective approach of some states to fulfilling their obligations to adhere to the commonly recognised principles of the international relations. It is emphasised, that although formally observed, the principle of national sovereignty of the states is constantly violated when referred to the weaker states according to the medieval “right of the strong”. The topical issues of counteracting the threats to national security are investigated. Attention is focused on the need to develop the measures aimed at timely and efficient prevention thereof. The aim of the study is to analyse the concept of “sovereignty”, identify the external and internal threats to the sovereignty of Russia and develop recommendations on the strategic national priorities. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted using the general and specific methods of scientific cognition, in particular, the dialectical method, content analysis of the normative legal acts, juridical comparativistics, as well as systemic, structural-functional, logical and other methods. Results. Within the research such concepts as “sovereignty”, “national interests of the Russian Federation and strategic national priorities” have been analysed. The assessment of the current state of the world order is given, as well as the directions and trends of its reform are studied. The external and internal threats to the sovereignty of Russia have been identified and strategic goals in the field of ensuring the national security have been outlined. Discussion and Conclusion. Based on the results of the conducted research, it was proved that the qualitative change of the methodological and conceptual foundations of the national and international security is required. To counteract the different national security threats, it is necessary to adhere to the national priorities, goals and the developed strategy. The present paper deems to be important for the Russian juridical science, as well as for the subjects of lawmaking and law enforcement.

Philosopher of Law N.N. Alekseev about Values in Law

Introduction. The contribution of the famous Russian philosopher and legal scholar N. N. Alekseev to the doctrine of the values in law is studied based on his monograph “Fundamentals of the Philosophy of Law”. It is emphasised that, even though the interest (especially in recent years) to the theoretical heritage of N. N. Alekseev has increased, the analysis of the methodology of his approach to understanding the legal axiology in combination with the scientific, metaphysical and religious definitions is still required. N. N. Alekseev's philosophy of law plays a significant role in strengthening the legal values in Russia and affirming the legal culture, legitimacy and legal order. The aim of present research is to analyse N. N. Alekseev's philosophical and legal concepts concerning the values in law, to determine the methodology of his approach to understanding the legal axiology in combination with the scientific, metaphysical and religious views and to prove the prognostic importance of his original concept. Materials and Methods. The research material comprised the results of the analysis of the theoretical provisions of N. N. Alekseev, more specifically the analysis of the chapter of the book “Fundamentals of the Philosophy of Law” dealing with the problems of legal values. The dialectical method of cognition was the main method used for the research, along with the general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis and the legalistic method. By implementing the historical approach to the evaluation of the materials, the authors adhered to the comprehensiveness and objectivity of the analysis. The authors strived to demonstrate both the holistic logic of N. N. Alekseev’s philosophy of law and his understanding of the legal axiology in combination with the scientific, metaphysical and religious definitions. Results. In the present work, the authors have analysed the mindset of the Russian philosopher and legal scholar N. N. Alekseev, whose views concerning the values in law were neglected in the national juridical science during most of the twentieth century. The ethical and legal concepts of N. N. Alekseev and the critical attitudes to this issue presented in the theoretical works of the various scientists have been reflected upon. Special attention has been given to the profound adherence of N. N. Alekseev to the idea of immanent interrelation of the main problems of law with the value aspects. The article defines the prognostic importance of the original concept formulated by the philosopher and legal scholar. Discussion and Conclusion. The analysis of the methodology of N. N. Alekseev's philosophical and legal mindset is important for the Russian juridical science. Many of the ideas contained in his works have already had a strong impact and continue to affect the research of the modern philosophers and legal scholars concerning the topic of the legal axiology. The ahead of his time prescient conclusions of N. N. Alekseev about the role of value factors in the future development of the Russian state are of considerable interest in the context of the further development of Russia as a law-governed state.

Problems and Prospects of Administrative Prejudice in the Criminal Law of Russia

Introduction. The emergence and then increase during the current decade of the number of corpus delicti with administrative prejudice in the acting Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Code, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) proves the good result achieved by the legislators in implementation of this legal construct of the Special part of the Code, as well as the efficiency of this tool in fulfilling the current policy of our state referring to the criminal law. Every year a number of such kind of corpus delicti in the Code is only increasing, which indicates the correctness of the policy taken by the legislators more than ten years ago on integrating it into the Code. The aim of the study is to identify the features and problems in the legislative design of the corpus delicti with the administrative prejudice in the Russian criminal law and to propose ways to optimize the corpus delicti of particularly this kind of offences.Materials and Methods. The methodological basis of the research are the provisions of the national criminal law, for which the corpus delicti with administrative prejudice are foreseen, studied both in historical and present day aspects, criminal laws of the near-abroad countries, as well as the scientific works of the researchers studying this topic. The following methodological tools have been used during the research: the general scientific, as well as some specific scientific methods, i.e., dialectical, system analysis, legalistic, comparative legal and other methods.Results. The historical and present day aspects of the administrative prejudice application in design of corpus delicti, the features of design of the corpus delicti with administrative prejudice and various variants of prejudice integrated by the legislators in the acting criminal law of the Russian Federation have been analysed. The legislative examples of the administrative prejudice application in some of the Criminal Codes of the CIS countries have been provided. The authors’ own standpoint regarding the presence of the corpus delicti with administrative prejudice in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation has been expressed. The authors’ conclusions and suggestions on optimisation and expansion of such norms in the acting criminal law of the Russian Federation have been made. The tendency for the further increase of the number of corpus delicti with administrative prejudice in the acting Criminal Code of the Russian Federation has been supported.Discussion and Conclusion. The conducted research is considered important for the Russian juridical science due to the classification of the prejudices presented by the authors, which implies the availability of "classical" (simple) and "double" (complex) administrative prejudice in the corpus delicti. The amendments proposed by the authors to a number of provisions of the Special part of the Code, in particular, to Articles 180, 213, 330 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation about including the administrative prejudice, as a mandatory feature of the objective side of the above corpus delicti, are recommended to be used in further research of the corpus delicti with administrative prejudice

Transformation of the Institutional System of Legal Relationship Regulation in the Context of Modern State Governance

Introduction. In the context of the national law development, the institutional regulation doesn’t prove to be enough efficient due to a number of factors: the excessive institutionalization of laws, norms and requirements by the subjects of state governance, the use of the outdated methods and regulatory mechanisms, the disintegration of the regulatory institutions, etc. In the frame of the modern scientific research, the solution of these issues is possible only in case of transformation of the legal regulation system towards the rational state governance, provision of technological support and overcoming the excessive rules. Thus, the present work aims to analyse the up-to-date concepts of the institutional regulation system taking into account its basic elements, functions and principles, which will help to detect the gaps and reasons underlying the poor efficiency of the governing process.Materials and Methods. The requirements of the current stage of the state governance development have become the materials for the research. The research methodology includes a set of general scientific and specific scientific methods: legal, dialectical, logical, institutional, system-structuring, as well as comparative legal and legalistic methods aimed at the detailed study of the regulatory processes, their substantive stages, principles and functions.Results. The analysis of the institutional regulation system activity is formed by many interacting factors, including openness of the regulatory processes, participation of the public, open discussions, unbiased assessment of the regulatory impact and expediency of the state intervention. The conducted research has made it possible to distinguish the various functions and principles of the institutional regulation, which are significant for the current stage of the state governance development. The requirements for the legal regulation system have also been defined, including the qualitative analysis of the legislation, implementation of the "smart regulation" concept, participation of the specialists of the allied sciences in the regulatory process, implementation of the modern research findings, methods and innovative technologies, as well as moderate and rational control over the efficiency of the regulatory institutions functioning.Discussion and Conclusion. The institutional governance is subject to many hierarchical factors and excessive control of the authorities. As to the practical recommendations, the following solutions seem to be the most rational: smart delegation of powers, coordination and systematisation of all regulatory stages and elements within the process of the new legal principles and mechanisms implementation supported by the participants’ proactivity and by the space for the up-to-date solutions. The present research proves to be significant for the Russian juridical science, as it implies the systematisation, enhancement and transformation of the fundamental legal principles

Kelsen-Schmitt Tartışması Aracılığıyla Devlet-Hukuk İlişkisini Yeniden Düşünmek: Eleştirel Bir Giriş

This article examines the law-state relationship in the modern state by comparing the ideas of Carl Schmitt and Hans Kelsen. In this context, firstly, what modern law is and where its differences emerge from will be discussed. Then, the article examines Hans Kelsen's conceptualization of 'Grundnorm', which created the constitution(s) in the modern state(s), as a source of legitimacy in the modern state. The law-state relationship that Kelsen builds on the basis of his 'Pure Theory of Law' is compared to the situation in which Carl Schmitt considers law as the 'decision' of the sovereign. Although Kelsen has accepted law as thing-in-itself and intensified his efforts to build an objective science, the juridical science presents a legitimacy in factual order; even if it was not Kelsen’s goal. Kelsen, however, neglects what is political and failed to examine the appearance of factual order or law in practical social order and their relationship. On the other hand, Schmitt did not much get closer to Kelsen’s approach- building the law with Grundnorm- with his emphasis on sovereignty as the constituent will and unique source of legitimacy. Over what is political and political unity, Schmitt’s approach is based on factual order by defining the law over extraordinary “decision” of the sovereign which is identical with the society/people. The approach to understand the modern state in this article both attaches importance to the Kelsen’s emphasis on the juridical science and attaches equivalent value to the notion of sovereignty which Schmitt rightfully developed. In the last part, this article argues that the law-state relationship in the modern state emerged with both Grundnorm and 'sovereignty', that is, in the partnership of both.

Review of the textbook “Special Administrative Law” under the editorship of Bernd Wieser, Yaroslav Lazur, Tetyana Karabin, and Oleksandr Bilash

The review concerns the textbook “Special administrative law”, published by the author’s team of the Uzhhorod National University (Ukraine) and the University of Graz (Austria). This is the first textbook on Ukrainian Special administrative law. The review indicates that Special administrative law serves as a fairly new term for Ukrainian juridical science. But this is not just about a transformation in terminology; it is about the establishment of a completely new idea of administrative law. The Special Administrative Law is an approach to the final and irreversible rejection of the Soviet heritage in the content of the national administrative-legal doctrine and its irrevocable orientation to the best European practices.

Political Approach in Legal Science and the Doctrine of Gaps in Law

Among various scientific approaches used by modern jurisprudence, a special place is occupied by political approach or, more precisely, political-legal approach. The specificity of the indicated approach is that it suggests a specific view of law as means of realizing the actual needs and interests of society and the state. Consideration of the indicated approach gives opportunity to treat many actual and controversial problems of juridical science, including the problem of gaps in law, in a new way. The purpose of the study is to demonstrate the uniqueness of the political approach (the politics of law) by the example of the doctrine of gaps in law. The research methodology is presented by general and special legal means of cognition, special attention is paid to the argumentation of the distinctive features of the political approach. The central idea of the study is that the concepts of the gap and the lack of a gap in law, due to different initial theoretical attitudes, do not compete so much as complement each other, offering different interpretations of legal issues. From the point of view of the theory of positive law, which defines law as a system of norms (what is law), there are no gaps in law, and from the point of view of the policy of law, which sees law as a means of satisfying certain social needs and interests (what should law be), there are gaps in law. These approaches should not be opposed. It is necessary to proceed from the assumption that the issue of the lack of a right can be solved in different ways. In the doctrine of gaps in law, along with the cognitive function of legal science, its practical-transformative function is especially pronounced. This circumstance makes it possible to interpret this doctrine as an element (sphere of scientific interests) of the policy of law.

Legal regulation of the international financial centers – comparative analysis of international and Кazakhstani experience

International financial centers (IFCs) became a driving force and an integral part of the modern global economics. Due to their vital importance in the attraction of the international investors, states are very interested in creating and developing their cities as an international financial center. Many researches have been conducted to analyze the IFCs and the factors contributing to its effectiveness, however, most of the studies have been made by the financial and economical scholars. So, the novelty of the given research is that it is done within the framework of juridical science, considering the aspects of legal regulation of the financial centers and those historical and modern legal methods which have been used to develop cities as financial centers. Our research suggests that there is a direct link between success of the city as a financial center and its effective legal regulation. So, our objective was to identify historical stages of the development of IFCs and distinguish its own unique method of legal regularization on the global scale as well as within Kazakhstan. Keywords: AIFC, RFCA, DIFC, special economic zone, special financial zone, legal regulation, constitutional regulation, patternless legal regulation, special legal regime.

Paradigm crisis of modern Russian juridical science: Loss of normative unity

In this article the authors analyze the theoretical and methodological bases of modern Russian juridical science as a part of study theoretical principles of humanities as science. The article presents an attempt to apply the concept of T. Kuhn’s scientifical paradigm to the study of the current state of juridical science, norms, and principles of the scientific community of scholars in law. The crisis in science is primarily reflected in the absence of the above-mentioned theoretical and methodological unity at the scientific community. To confirm this idea, the authors studied the content of objects of research and the methodology of graduate thesis in law in 2019. Based on the results of their own research, the authors found that in most graduate theses, the object is formulated using the expression “social relations”. It is borrowed from the theoretical foundations of juridical science of the Soviet period and is completely unrelated to the analysis of class relations, representing a stable and meaningless language stamp. Graduate theses in law have an excessive tendency to use sociological surveys conducted at a low scientific level. There is also a situation of “methodological chaos” — the absence of a core of proper juridical methods, which calls into question the specifics of juridical science. The authors come to the conclusion about the “crisis of reproducibility” of the results of juridical research, as well as the prevailing trend of reducing the methodology to the methodics. Most scholars in their graduate thesis follow an empirical path, basing their conclusions not on a priori paradigmatic assumptions, but on situational experimental data. A negative consequence of the paradigm crisis of modern Russian juridical science is the institutionalization of non-normativity and the process of reproduction of scientific anomie. A negative valuenormative convention is being formed in the paradigm crisis.

Doctor of Juridical Science: Advice to Prospective and Current Candidates

Doctor of Juridical Science: Advice to Prospective and Current Candidates

FORMALIZATION OF TAXING COMPETENCE RULES IN BRAZILIAN TAX LAW

The main objective of this work is to critically analyze the (mis)concept and the proposals of formalization of the taxing competence rules some Brazilian Tax Law scholars have postulated. The diagnostic of the paper, based on important contributions of Law Theory scholars, who have evidenced it is not possible to conceive those norms as typical prescriptive rules, is that such misconception is, in fact, only a symptom of a more serious problem, related to the widespread use of a very restrictive concept of “norm” on Brazilian Tax Law Science. It blurs the distinction between fundamental concepts of Juridical Science, such as "right", "duty", "power", “competence”, "permission", "obligation", "prohibition", "onus" and "sanction", hampering the development of a more consistent theory of Brazilian Tax Law.

Warrantless search and seizure by SARS: a constitutional invasion of taxpayers’ privacy? – Part Two

Sec. 63 of the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011 (TAA) grants officials of the South African Revenue Service (SARS) access to taxpayers’ private and confidential information by, first, searching a taxpayer’s person and premises without a warrant and, secondly, permitting the seizure of taxpayers’ possessions and communications. Part One of this article (see Journal for Juridical Science 2021(1)) argued that the TAA is a “law of general application” as envisaged by the so-called “limitation clause” contained in sec. 36(1) of the Constitution, 1996 and that, in terms of the threshold stage of analysis prescribed by this provision, the exercise of the powers conferred by sec. 63(1) and (4) limits a taxpayer’s constitutional right to privacy as entrenched in sec. 14 of the Constitution. In this Part Two of the article, it will be hypothesised that, although the search and seizure powers in sec. 63(1) and (4) of the TAA are not models of drafting with absolute clarity, they ought, in terms of the second stage of enquiry that is triggered by the findings in Part One, nevertheless to pass muster under sec. 36(1) of the Constitution, because of the justifiability of the limitation imposed on the right to privacy by these provisions.

Does the Modern General Theory of State and Law Remain a Fundamental, Methodological Juridical Science?

This scientific article is devoted to the general theory of state and law as a fundamental, methodological legal science at all stages of its development. The article substantiates the position according to which its belittling both at the theoretical and at the practical levels is unreasonable.

Realisme Hukum: Peradilan Adat dalam Perspektif Keadilan Sosial

Aspects of positivism with its normative approach are often taught in various law schools as a single perspective. The study of law can be based on legal realism. Nevertheless, there is still a debate about legal realism's working pattern and contribution to juridical science. This study that introduced legal realism worked with socio-legal method based on the literature review. It aimed to elaborate on the concept of legal-realism as an epistemology of the socio-legal school, which leads to the conception of customary law and legal anthropology. With a naturalistic approach and supported by theories of customary law and legal anthropology. This study showed that legal realism as a school in philosophy and juridical studies based on empirical studies need to be developed. It referred to legal realism conceptualized in Scandinavia and America that was suitable to Indonesia's legal context, especially customary law as the law that lives in society. Therefore, the law that lives in society is strengthened through verdict and law enforcement officers as symbols of the state. It suggested that legal realism is also taught in law schools at universities, so that legal academics have diverse points of view, both in the legal discipline and as a research method.
 KEYWORDS: Customary Law, Socio-Legal, Social Justice, Legal Realism.

In Quest of Sense. The Way Towards an Aesthetics of Law through Law and Humanities

In the context of an epistemological revolution that subverts traditional juridical science, and that places “feeling” at the center of the reflection on the homo juridicus, Aesthetics opens a path to a more complex elaboration of sense that guides human behavior. The general goal of this article is to contribute to the development of an Aesthetics of Law that uses Law and Humanities as a methodology addressed primarily to jurists to experience sense. More specifically, my first aim is to clarify the concepts of sense and form that interest us, by holding together both the rational qualities and the affective and sensory feelings of human intelligence that influence the experience of living. Moreover, I intend to highlight the link between Ethics and Aesthetics and between feeling and law, to approach legal norm as an aesthetic object, as a form open to the quest for sense, where the quest for sense is a search for justice and the common good. Finally, I propose an exercise of Law and Humanities, imagining two encounters experienced in front of the Annunciation by Beato Angelico and the Annunciation of Mary by Rainer Maria Rilke, respectively, to show how jurists can cultivate their sensibilities through contact with artworks.

Intro page and Guest Editor's note: The right to development in Africa and natural resources ownership

This special edition of the Journal for Juridical Science is the outcome of the Third International Conference on the Right to Development that took place at the University of the Free State in September 2019, hosted by the Free State Centre for Human Rights, in collaboration with the Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria, and the Thabo Mbeki African Leadership Institute, University of South Africa. The selected articles present some exciting viewpoints for reflection on the very important, but often overlooked subject of the right to development and the requirement of natural resources ownership for its realisation.

Modern understanding of legal policy

This article is dedicated to the theoretical understanding of the problem of ambiguity of the concept of “legal policy” as a complicated phenomenon that has a substantial number of attributes, which connect it with multiple occurrences within the legal sphere of social life and outside it; as well as overcoming such ambiguity through analyzing the diversity of characteristics of legal policy presented in the definitions of modern authors , and formation of the unified definition on their basis that would serve as methodological framework for the research of legal policy in all branches of juridical science. Research methodology includes the general scientific methods, such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, classification, and systemic approach. The author analyzes different points of view of the Russian scholars on formation of the concept of legal policy; describes their specific features; makes an attempt of their systematization. The conclusion is made on the presence of two different types of approaches towards determination of the content of legal policy. The author highlights most substantial characteristic suitable for both approaches, and offers an original version of a unified definition of legal policy of the state.

Andreja Papārdes dzeja 20. gadsimta sākuma laikmeta un latviešu dzejas kontekstā

Andrejs Papārde’s real name is Miķelis Valters (1874–1968), he was born and raised in Liepāja in a family of dock workers. Valters is a versatile personality – a Doctor of Juridical Science, a social worker, a politician and a diplomat with outstanding accomplishments in Latvian history. Valters was also an art theorist and poet. He signed his literary works with a pseudonym Andrejs Papārde. In literature, Papārde announces himself in the 1890s with works of short prose and reflections, later also with poetry. In book shape, his poetry is published after the 1905 Russian Revolution. He has three collections of poems published. The first collection of poems “Tantris” was published in 1908 in Helsingfors. The collection consists of little poems in short verses, without titles, but listed with roman numerals from one to eighty-nine. The poems are written in free verse, without rhymes, and they are characterized by allegoric expression and symbolic characters. The poetry is allegorically symbolic, with no specific place and time. The inflecting sound of verses is dominated by a pessimistic and depressive feel. The common gloomy atmosphere of the poems in the collections is formed by the imagery of pessimistic expressions, the dominance of the black colour and a severely dramatic sense of the world of the main character. The scenes with depressive characters capture the horror of a global apocalypse as well as the fear of an individual threat. The atmosphere of misery and hopelessness is created by grim stylistics and negative semantic characters. The very few characters of positive expression cannot dispel the overall dreary and sorrowful mood. Andrejs Papārde’s second poem collection “Ēnas uz akmeņiem” comes out in 1910 in Riga. The collection consists of seventy poems numbered with Arabic numerals. Interestingly, the pages are not numbered, thus only the number of a poem can be indicated in the references. All of the poems are of small scale, ranging from five to twelve lines, most of them are poems of six to eight short lines. All of the poems from the collection are without titles, written in free verse and without rhymes. The form of the poems is almost compressed to a maximum. The free verse and the intelligent dimension of the poems allow perceiving Papārde’s poetry similarly to Japanese haiku or tanka. Verses filled with depressive feelings in a way persist in his second collection of poems, however this time in not so unvaryingly dull manner and not so fatally obedient. More often, but not entirely levelled, optimistic tunes are played. The night continues to reign, there is still a lot of black colour, but more often there are mentionings of mornings. Notably, for expressing optimistic feelings, verbs are used in the future tense. Papārde’s second poem collection “Ēnas zem akmeņiem” ends on an optimistic tune, but that is certainly not a naive optimism of non-existing problems. Papārde’s third poem collection “Mūžība” subtitled “Mana dziesma” was published in 1914 in Helsingfors. Unlike in the previous collections, in this one, all of the poems have titles, and they are no longer numbered. The author consistently keeps writing in a rhymeless free verse. Almost like with inertia, there is still skepticism and disappointment. But there is much more confidence than before, the willingness to withstand difficulties, hard times, and there is hope for the tomorrow, for the “Easter morning”, for a new day. In this poem collection, Papārde and the main character slowly turn into an ambassador of light and an admirer of the sun, thus joining the many sun worshipers and the light announcers in Latvian literature. The character system close to romanticism, individual sovereign subjectivity, intimate sounding verses, dynamic use of abstractions and symbols are all associated with the 20th-century romanticism, or in other words, the neo-romanticism. The dominance of the pessimistic atmosphere differentiates this poetry as a depressive neo-romanticism or so-called catastrophic romanticism poetry.

Paths and prospects of maintaining public order on the local level: search for consensus (philosophical-legal aspect)

The problems related to development of public order and legal order are fundamental in the theory of law and largely carry a polemical character. Juridical science gives detailed attention to revelation of the essence and categorical analysis of this institution. The theoretical-legal substantiation of its functionality in the conditions of advancement of local self-governance is developed to a much lesser degree. This article analyzes the views of researchers on the representational nature of public order, determines its place within the system of local self-governance, expounds the significance in part of new approaches, including the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The authors prove that public order is ensured by sustainable functionality of regulatory mechanisms that involve social structures. The role of the forming civil society is also significant in this regard. The articlegives assessment the state of public order, and demonstrates that it represents a dynamically developing state legal institution. The conclusion is substantiated that the need for protection of public order stems from its consistent social value for society as a whole. This contains the possibilities for controlling anarchy, mitigation of egoistic intentions of individuals, and retention of manageability by the state. Control of negative phenomena in the process of social development is capable of ensuring society from internal collapse.

Features of legal support for the operation of small atypical Ukrainian coal mines under contractual conditions of a public-private partnership

Authors of the paper express their gratitude to V.K. Mamutov, Doctor of Juridical Science, Corresponding Member of the NAS of Ukraine, the Honoured Lawyer of Ukraine, Director of Institute of Economic and Legal Research of NAS of Ukraine, and V.A. Ustymenko for scientific and advisory, and organizational assistance in the process of preparation of materials and pursuance of the relevant studies. Moreover, the authors express thanks to reviewers and editors for their valuable comments and recommendations concerning the improvement of the paper structure.