Junior Author Research Articles

Sparganum proliferum, a Sparganum Infected with a Virus?

Electron micrographs of material from the case of proliferating sparganosis reported by Stiles, 1908, from Manatee County, Florida, show what appear to be type-c virus particles abundantly budding from the walls of internal cavities, presumably excretory ducts. The particles are spherical, approximately 85 mu in diameter. No similar structures were seen in corresponding thin sections of normal spargana. It is suggested that Sparganum proliferum is a worm whose genetic blueprint and organization have been profoundly altered by infection with a virus which simultaneously stimulates exaggerated growth and loss of morphogenetic control, as well as endowing the worm with a greatly extended life span. Sparganum proliferum is a rare aberrant tapeworm larva known only from man. It is characterized by continuous branching and budding, the resulting progeny invading the entire limb or region involved, and appearing under the skin as acneform pustular nodules from which living worms may be expressed. All tissues are invaded except bone. The buds have the histological components of ordinary spargana, but their organization and symmetry are profoundly disturbed, and for want of a scolex they do not mature when fed to presumptive definitive hosts such as the dog and cat (Mueller, 1938). In 1966 the senior author suggested that this peculiar form might be explained on the basis of hyperparasitism of a sparganum by an agent which simultaneously causes exaggerated growth stimulation and breakdown of morphogenetic control, as in the case of certain tumor-producing viruses. The present paper tends to validate this conjecture. MATERIALS AND METHODS When the senior author first began work on sparganosis in the 1930's, the late Maurice C. Hall, of the NIH, presented him with a vial of material from Gates' case, in Manatee County, Florida, reported by Stiles (1908). Recently the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) requested confirmation of a suspected case of sparganosis in a man who had died of Hodgkins' disease. Since only tissue sections were available a specific diagnosis could not be made, although the organism appeared to be a sparganum. In the course of a telephone conversation the above-mentioned viral Received for publication 10 November 1973. * This research has been supported by a continuing Grant AI-01876 from the NIH. t State University of New York. Upstate Medical Center, Syracuse, New York 13210. t Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D. C. 20305. hypothesis was alluded to, along with the fact that material of Sparganum proliferum from the Florida case was available, although probably useless because it had been fixed and preserved since 1907 (Fig. 1). At this point the junior author stated that virus particles, if present, could be detected in fixed material even after a lapse of many years. Thus the present collaboration was born. Several pieces of Stiles' material were sent to the AFIP, and thin sections were examined by electron microscopy. Typical specimens of Spirometra mansonoides spargana were processed at the same time and served as controls for compari-

Improved Device For Injection of Pressurized Liquid Samples For GC Analysis

Sometime ago (1) in the former “Journal of Gas Chromatography,” one of us described the design, construction and use of a device for the injection of pressurized liquid samples into a gas chromatograph, with particular emphasis on applications to liquefied petroleum gas and natural gasoline analysis. In the discussion section of that article it was shown that it was difficult to maintain a definite sampler temperature because the sampler was directly attached to the heated sample inlet of the GC instrument, and it rapidly attained a temperature higher than ambient. A low temperature is necessary to keep the sample in the liquid state within the sampler and to avoid formation of bubbles. It was also mentioned that a further improvement would be the incorporation of a double wall coaxial with the chamber, and circulation of a cooling liquid during operation. As the need for temperature control became more pressing, the problem of building a circulating system was brought to the attention of the junior author who devised a way to circumvent a construction difficulty and finally arrived at a sampler incorporating the cooling system.

Chromosomes of the Yellow-Faced Pocket Gopher, Pappogeomys castanops, in Kansas

The yellow-faced pocket gopher was first discovered in Kansas in May, 1968, by the junior author (Birney, et al., 1971). The species' distribution was thus extended approximately 100 miles north and 125 miles east of previously known range limits. Their irregular, low, dirt mounds in upland grass-sod habitat contributed to their inconspicuousness in the state. Reports of chromosomes of Pappogeomys in Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Mexico, have only recently appeared (Berry and Baker, 1972; Laguarda-Figueras, et al., 1971). This note presents the first description of Pappogeomys chromosomes from Kansas, at the northeastern margin of their

On the migration course of geese wintering at Lake Izunuma

The total number of wild geese migrating to Japan in recent years is estimated as about 6, 000-7, 000 and about two-thirds of them used to winter at Lake Izunuma, situated in the northern part of Miyagi Prefecture, Honshu.In January 1973. our bird census at Lake Izunuma revealed a flock of 3, 000 White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons), 230 Bean Geese (Anser fabalis) and 3 Aleutian Canada Geese (Branta canadensis leucopareia (Brandt)). The majority of them had started from there to northward flight late in February. The junior author and Akio Watanabe observed early in March on paddy field at Hachirogata, about 2, 000 White-fronted Geese, 155 Bean Geese and 2 Aleutian Canada Geese. Hachirogata is located at the north-western part of Akita Prefecture, Tohoku district of Honshu, having an area of 22, 000 ha, and had been known as wildfowl resort since ancient days. Fifteen years ago, Hachirogata became reclaimed by drainage and now changed into large paddy fields.Our attention was directed to the appearance of Aleutian Canada Geese at Hachirogata. Since, the Aleutian Canada Goose is a rare bird, we concluded that the flocks of wild geese accompanied by 3 Aleutian Canada Geese had migrated from Lake Izunuma to Hachirogata on the way of north ward migration.Next year in 1974 we noticed the same phenomena, as listed below:Observed at Lake Izunuma Jan. Mar. 1974 (Most abundant number) White-fronted Goose … 4, 493 birds Bean Goose … 307 Aleutian Canada Goose … 2 Lesser Snow Goose … 1 Observed at Hachirogata Mar. Apr. 1974 (Most abundant number) … 3, 600 birds … 550 … 2 … 1The Lesser Snow Goose (Anser caerulescens caerulescens (L.)) is also a rare bird and one wintering individual of this bird was recorded at Lake Izunuma during winter of 1974. It disappeared from Lake Izunuma on 24th of March and found at Hachirogata on 28th of the same month.The straight distance from Lake Izunuma to Hachirogata is about 170km and between the two places there are Oh-u mountain range and Mt. Kurikoma (1, 628m above the sea). In order to veryfy our presumption that wild geese fly along this straight line crossing over Oh-u mountain range to Hachirogata, we tried to obtain the informations by questionnaire to the villagers, farmers and hunters living beneath this flyway, whether they had seen wild geese passing high overhead on their way. We have collected 20 evidences that have witnessed passing wild geese within a period from autumn 1973 to spring 1974, and 29 persons answered that they had sighted during last sixty years passing flocks of wild geese high up in the sky.The migration course of wild geese has been hitherto supposed to be: (1) from Hokkaido southwards to Honshu, (2) across the Japan Sea to coastal prefectures in Japan, (3) along the Korean Peninsula to western Japan. Among them the first route, namely from Hokkaido to Honshu, is divided into two ways at Tohoku district (North-East District of Honshu), one way of which goes southward along the Pacific Ocean coast, and the other along Japan Sea coast, thus the the two ways run parallel and never meeting each other.But, we have added a crossing flyway from Pacific coast resort at Lake Izunuma to Hachirogata on Japan Sea coast, passing over Oh-u mountain range lying between them.

DETERMINANTS OF PAY AND PAY SATISFACTION1

Personnel PsychologyVolume 26, Issue 4 p. 503-520 DETERMINANTS OF PAY AND PAY SATISFACTION1 W. W. RONAN, W. W. RONAN Georgia Institute of TechnologySearch for more papers by this authorG. J. ORGANT, G. J. ORGANT Montgomery County Public Schools Supporting Services Division MarylandSearch for more papers by this author W. W. RONAN, W. W. RONAN Georgia Institute of TechnologySearch for more papers by this authorG. J. ORGANT, G. J. ORGANT Montgomery County Public Schools Supporting Services Division MarylandSearch for more papers by this author First published: December 1973 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1973.tb01153.xCitations: 24 1 This study represents, in part, the junior author's MS thesis submitted to the School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1969. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume26, Issue4December 1973Pages 503-520 RelatedInformation

A New Crawfish of the Genus Cambarellus from Texas, with New Texas Distributional Records for the Genus (Decapoda, Astacidae)

Discovery of Cambarellus texanus, from the Gulf coastal plain of southeastern Texas, helps clarify relationships within the genus. New distributional records for the three species previously known from Texas include 15 new county records. Two females of the species described below have been in the collections at Tulane University (TU P-649) since 1941, but they were conjecturally identified as Cambarellus puer. Penn and Hobbs (Texas J. Sci. 10: 452-483, 1958) listed an erroneous locality for C. puer based on these specimens, collected in Matagorda County, 4 mi S of Bay City. The new species was first recognized as such by the junior author, who collected it in Jackson and Matagorda Counties in 1966. Adequate material for study was not obtained until 1972, when the senior author found it in two additional counties. Discovery of this crawfish, a relative of Cambarellus ninae and an associate of C. puer over part of its range, helps define the relationship between the latter two species, which formerly was held in question (Hobbs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 63: 89-96, 1950). Reports on the distribution of Cambarellus in Texas have been few (Hobbs, Amer. Midl. Nat. 34: 466-474, 1945; Hobbs, 1950; Penn and Hobbs, 1958). The localities reported here, based on collections made by the authors, constitute major extensions of the known ranges of the three species previously recorded from Texas. Cambarellus texanus new species Cambarellus puer.-Penn and Hobbs, 1958, p. 475, fig. 67 (in part).

Kallymenia pertusa (Rhodophyceae, Cryptonemiales) from the Gulf of California

Abstract Setchell and Gardner described Kallymenia pertusa from a collection of drift seaweeds made in the Gulf of California. No further collections of this taxon have been made since that time, and the generic status has remained in doubt because only sterile plants had been found. Recent collections from the northern Gulf of California were made by the junior author and have yielded specimens of this species. Our studies of this material (which include a cystocarpic plant) reveal it to belong to the genus Kallymenia. Descriptions of the vegetative structure and female reproductive system are given along with a comparison with the type specimen and other perforate species in this genus.

A Numerical Phenetic Study of the Quill Mites of the Family Syringophilidae (Acari)

A numerical phenetic study, based on 43 OTU's (species) and 83 characters, was carried out on this potentially large but homogeneous group of mites. The MCD values computed from the standardized data matrix were analyzed by cluster analysis and graph (nearest-neighbor) analysis. Successive subdivisions of the Syringophilidae were determined from analysis of the phenogram, graph diagrams, and distributions of the MCD values. The family is divisible into 2 major groups, the Syringophilinae and Picobiinae, new subfamily. The Syringophilinae is comprised of two major generic groups, the Syringophilopsis-group and the Syringophiloidus-group. The latter includes 2 complexes of genera centered about Niglarobia and Syringophiloidus, respectively. The indeterminate relationships of certain genera, especially Syringophilus, is discussed. Principal components analysis of the OTU's appeared to portray relationships rather poorly. The quill mites of the family Syringophilidae are a potentially large but homogeneous group of bird parasites. The mites inhabit the hollow of the calmus of various feathers and have been found on representatives of 16 orders of birds. A preliminary revision of the family (Kethley, 1970) arrayed the 29 recognizable described species in 17 genera. In addition, specimens of at least 200 new species are on loan to or in the collection of the junior author. The tactics of Syringophiloidus minor (Berlese) have been described by Kethley (1971) and, extrapolating from those observations and his experience with patterns of taxonomic discovery in the group, we may predict an eventual known fauna of 5,000 or more species of these mites. Although the number of species discovered is very small relative to the number yet to be found, we regard a numerical phenetic study as an essential step in the advancement of the knowledge of the Syringophilidae. Such studies have been suggested as inappropriate for poorly known groups by Michener (1963) but we believe that the strictly comparative approach demanded in numerical phenetic methods is precisely what is needed for all mite taxa. It is the purpose of this paper to provide quantitative estimates of affinity among members of the Syringophilidae. These estimates should (1) provide a sound basis and direction for future taxonomic work with the family; (2) provide a basis for comparison of taxa and their properties with ecologically Received for publication 22 December 1972. defined groups within the family; and (3) provide a basis for comparison of the classification of quill mites with the classifications of their avian hosts. In this paper we use the ideas and terminology of numerical phenetics without special explanation and definition. For a general introduction to these approaches, the reader is referred to Sokal and Sneath (1963), Blackith and Reyment (1971), or Jardine and Sibson (1971); an introduction oriented toward parasite taxonomy is given by Moss and Webster (1970). Prior numerical phenetic studies of mites have been carried out by Funk (1963, 1964, 1968), Herrin (1969), Manischewitz (1971), Moss (1967, 1968), Petrova (1967), Sheals (1965, 1969), and Wasmer (1971). MATERIALS AND METHODS The 43 OTU's used in this study are listed in Table I with their codes and host names. The choice of specimens was an attempt to provide a wide coverage of the diversity of the family within the limits of the quality of available material. Twenty-nine undescribed species were included and 6 of these were judged, prior to the study, to represent new genera. Because only adult females are known for many taxa, we have restricted our study to that instar and sex. Intensive examination of the chosen material permitted the recognition of 83 characters; the partitioning of these is given in Table II. A complete list of the characters is available upon request from the junior author. There were no missing data for any of the OTU's. The basic (character X OTU) data matrix was transformed by standardization. Similarity (or, conversely, difference) was computed as product-

Austral Hepaticae. I. Pigafettoa Mass.

Austral Hepaticae. I. Pigafettoa Mass.

On Sculpture and Architecture

Traditionally, the central role of sculpture has involved placement on public sites, although during the 20th century the trend has been for sculptors to make works for display in a neutral gallery environment. Interest, however, has been growing to again place sculpture in urban areas not restricted to private use, such as thoroughfares, public buildings, parks and squares [1]. Sculpture can offset excessively impersonal modem architecture by adding a human sense of scale and points of emotional significance. Perhaps it is more certain that public sites need the sculptor rather than that he needs such sites. A sculptor who takes on such a commission is faced with problems that do not arise in gallery work. His sculpture as an aesthetic object must compete visually with utilitarian objects. He may have to contend with ideas proposed by a patron or by an architect. He must make decisions arising from a specific location regarding scale, materials, viewing space and placement [2, 3]. Two of the senior author's sculptures of the 1960's that are placed at public sites illustrate some of these considerations. 'Locking Piece' (1963/4), sited by the river Thames near the Tate Gallery in London, was a gift to the Nation. John Barton, of Farmer and Dark, Chartered Architects, after discussions with the senior author (hereinafter referred to by the personal pronoun) planned the environment of the sculpture and the firm designed both the garden surrounding the sculpture and the nearby Riverwalk House. In a letter to the junior author, Barton discussed the design of the freestanding cooling tower of Riverwalk House, which can be seen on the right in Fig. 1. Because of proximity and similarities

SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION WITH HIGH-SODIUM WATERS

1Journal Series No. 276, New Mexico State Agricultural Experiment Station, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88001. The senior author is with the Agronomy Department, New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station, Las Cruces, New Mexico; the first junior author is with the USDA Soil Conservation Service; and the second junior author is with the Agronomy Department, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, respectively.

Effect of the menstrual cycle on mood and sexual arousability∗

The menstrual cycle is presumed to exert a powerful influence on the behavior of women. Dalton (1964) studied the effects of the menstrual cycle on female behavior and reported that 49% of acute medical and surgical hospital admissions occurred, the highest incidence of psychiatric admissions occurred, and that more suicide attempts are made on the four premenstrual and four menstrual days than during comparable periods of time in other parts of the month. He also found that 45% of the female industrial employees who report sick do so on the four premenstrual and four menstrual days. Sixty-two per cent of the crimes of violence committed by female prison inmates were committed in the premenstrual week according to Parker (1960). In a study of psychiatric admission rates, Janowsky (1969) reported findings indicating an aggravation of manic, catatonic, and schizophrenic symptoms during the premenstrual-menstrual phases of mental patients. Many women present variations in mood over the menstrual cycle with the most noticeable effects occurring during the premenstrual period (Parker, 1960). Many women become depressed or irritable. Accompanying physical symptoms are headache, backache, nausea, and edema. In some women these mood and physical changes are so extreme that gynecologists refer to the condition as premenstrual tension or the premenstrual tension syndrome (Parker, 1960). Apparently it is the psychological more often than the physical symptom that is the presenting complaint (Perr, 1958). Most women menstruate (Mazer and Israel, 1951). In view of the prevalence of the condition and the extreme physical and psychological effects reported, it is surprising that relatively few investigations of the phenomenon have been reported. * This report is based on an Honors Thesis submitted by the senior author in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Arts degree with Honors at Cornell College. The research was conducted with the supervision of the junior author.

FLORISTIC AND CYTOTAXONOMIC NOTES ON THE FLORA OF THE MALTESE ISLANDS

In the spring of 1968 and 1969 the two senior authors visited the Maltese Islands of Malta and Gozo and collected and photographed plants. The entire herbarium collection amounts to about 350 numbers. The first set is deposited in the herbarium of the State University of Utrecht; duplicates were sent chiefly to the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh. Critical determination of the material yielded some results which may be interesting from a floristictaxonomic viewpoint and are therefore reported below. Beside herbarium material fruits and seeds were collected; the samples that germinated were investigated cytotaxonomically by the two junior authors. The results are also presented in the following. The first truly comprehensive account of the flora of the Maltese Islands is by Sommier & Caruana Gatto (1912-1915); it includes also the lower cryptogams. The older literature is also reviewed there. It is fairly complete and, for its time, taxonomically reasonably up to date. Then the Maltese botanist J. Borġ published his “Descriptive flora of the Maltese Islands” (1927), dealing only with vascular plants. This flora, on the other hand, was taxonomically antiquated even when it was published, reflecting the state of knowledge of plant taxonomy of some decades earlier, and therefore nomenclaturally also very much out of date. Since that time Malta has had very little attention in the botanical literature. Some notes or brief paragraphs are devoted to its flora in such general books as Adamovic’s “Die pflanzengeographische Stellung und Gliederung Italiens” (1933) and Rikli’s “Das Pflanzenkleid der Mittelmeerlander” (2nd ed. 1943-48). In 1960 Lanfranco published his “Guide to the flora of Malta with 300 illustrations”. The plants included in it are a rather arbitrary selection from Borġ’s flora, whose nomenclature is also uncritically followed. A modern flora, with keys, is lacking.

A neotype and 2 topotypes for Bola chaptis Hamilton, 1822 (Pisces, Sciaenidae)

Hamilton (1822) described and figured Bola chaptis from the River Ganges, but left no type material. Trewavas & Talwar (1972, p. 11) have described a species that they believe identical with B. chaptis and placed it in the genus Bahaba Herre. Since their specimens came from Burma they did not propose a neotype from among them. During the course of a taxonomic study of the family Sciaenidae, 3 well‐preserved specimens in the collections of the Zoological Survey of India were recognized by us as the same species. They were collected by the junior author at Chinsura in the Hooghly estuary during September 1954. This discovery supports the decision of Trewavas and Talwar to use Hamilton's name and after consultation with Dr Trewavas we have decided to select one of these specimens as neotype of Bahaba chaptis (Hamilton).

Breeding of Redshank (Tringa totanus) on Northern Coast of Hokkaido, Japan

Redshank (Tringa totanus) has hitherto been known as an irregular transient in Japan. In the summer of 1971, one of the authors found a gathering of some fifty birds at the Notsuke Peninsula on northern coast of Hokkaido and collected 3 males, The observation of behavior of these birds suggested their breeding there. Subsequently, downy young just hatched were found and photographed by the junior author in June 1972.Apart from the vicinities of Lakes Khanka and Baikal, this locality is probably the only known breeding ground of the Redshank in northeastern Asia east of Kansu, China, and Mongolia. The habitat and status of the breeding ground is described. The breeding population is estimated at 50 to 100 pairs. The breeding season is from the end of May to the middle of July.

Fadenia: A New Genus of Chenopodiaceae from Tropical Africa

Among numerous interesting plants recently collected in Kenya and sent to Kew by Mr. R. B. Faden was a member of the Chenopodiaceae in which Mr. Faden acutely expressed particular interest. At his request it was given special attention, and after due investigation the junior author (Townsend) decided that it represented not merely a new species to tropical Africa, as Mr. Faden had suspected, but in fact a new genus of the Suaedoideae. A portion of the material was sent to the senior author, who immediately concurred with this opinion, postulating Sevada Moq. as being the genus with the closest affinity. The new genus is here dedicated to the collector, the specific epithet referring to the longitudinally winged mature perianths which superficially resemble those of certain species of Zygophyllum.

Self-disclosure and interpersonal trust: an exploratory study.

The Rotter Interpersonal Trust Scale and a Self-disclosure Questionnaire developed by the junior author were administered to two samples of college students. In the first sample ( N = 54) self-disclosure to a specific target person was related to Interpersonal Trust; in the second sample ( N = 52) it was attempted to tap a more generalized concept of revealingness and to relate it to Interpersonal Trust. Failure to demonstrate the hypothesized relationships is discussed with reference to unsatisfactory conceptualization of the major concepts and their relation to one another, and possible weaknesses in the measurement procedures.

Thindia, a New Genus of the Sarcoscyphineae (Pezizales)

SUMMARY A new species, Thindia cupressi, occurring on the dead foliage of Cupressus in India, is the basis of a monotypic new genus of the operculate discomycetes. The yellow-orange to orange apothecia are provided with brown setae and resemble those of Scutellinia or Cheilymenia (Pezizineae), but microanatomical and cytological characters show that this 4spored fungus belongs instead to the Sarcoscyphineae. Possible relationships to Pithya and Pseudopithyella (Sarcoscypheae) and to Desnazierella (Sarcosomateae) are noted. A small operculate discomycete with a yellow-orange to orange apothecium beset with brown setae on its outer surface, occurring on the foliage of Cupressus torulosa Don, is apparently not referable to any existing genus or species. The first collection known to us was made by Mr. Pritam Singh in 1957, in the Mussoorie Hills in India. Apparently no dried specimens were retained, and the rather scanty material in formalin-alcohol now to be found in the Botany Department collection at Chandigarh is not satisfactory as type material. The fungus was picked up a second time, in the same Mussoorie Hills, by Dr. L. R. Batra in 1960. Four additional collections of the species, some of which are ample, have more recently been made by the junior author in both the Nainital Hills and the Mussoorie Hills, Uttar Pradesh, India. To the naked eye, the small apothecia recall immediately the genera Scutellinia (Cooke) Lambotte and Cheilymenia Boudier, both of which are now referred to the suborder Pezizineae, tribe Scutellinieae, and also have setose apothecia with abundant carotenoid pigments. The gross similarity to these genera is apparent in FIG. 1. In microanatom

Lasiotocus trachinoti sp. n. (Digenea: Monorchiidae) from the Pompano, Trachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus), along the East Coast of Florida

The monorchiid trematode Lasiotocus trachinoti sp. n. is described from the intestine and pyloric ceca of young Trachinotus carolinus. It is most like L. mulli of Bartoli and Prevot, 1966, but differs from it primarily by being smaller and having cirrus spines more evenly dispersed. Numerous young pompano, Trachinotus carolinus, were examined for parasites by the junior author during a study by Iversen and Berry (1969). Sixty of 64 fish, 22 to 126 mm long, collected from three beaches on the Atlantic coast of Florida, were infected with between two and over 400 specimens of a new monorchiid trematode. There was no statistical relationship between the rate of infection and length of fish, locality, or length of time (up to 17 days) kept in aquaria. The worms were fixed in hot A.F.A. and stained with Van Cleave's hematoxylin. Figures were drawn with the aid of a camera lucida and measurements are given in microns. Lasiotocus trachinoti sp. n.

Fertilization of Established Trees

Prior to this study the two senior authors, as plant pathologists, had recommended fertilization as a preventive or corrective control measure for several tree diseases. It was recognized, however, that the procedures for fertilizing established trees had not been thoroughly subjected to scientific evaluation; more experimental data were needed. While cooperating with the junior author at the Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois, on plant disease studies in 1962 the senior authors learned of an experimental area in the Arboretum which contained uniform, established trees in 100-tree blocks with tree spacing intervals optimum for fertilizer trials. In this area a cooperative study was initiated with the Morton Arboretum. Following the early successful attempts at measuring growth response to fertilizer applications in 1963 and 1964 at the Morton Arboretum, the senior authors expanded the study with trials at four additional sites in Illinois through 1968.