June Of Next Year Research Articles

Milk production and milk composition of the Boutsko bred of ewes in Epirus

A flock of 244 hill sheep of the indigenous Boutsko breed of Epirus (NW of Greece), 1-6 years old, reared under a transhumance system was used to study their milk productivity for a period of 14 months (March - June of next year). In addition three groups of ewes, aged 3 to 4 years (group A with 10 ewes suckling a single male lamb, group Βwith 10 ewes suckling a single female lamb and group C with 10 ewes suckling twin lambs) were kept under the same conditions of nutrition and management with the rest of the above flock. They were studied for a 26-week lactation period (4-week suckling period. 22-week milking period) to assess the effect of sex and number of lambs suckled on milk yield, milk composition and body reserves. The results of the study have been summarized as follows: 1) Lactation period (suckling period=4 weeks, milking period=32 weeks) was very long (36 weeks). Throughout milking period milk production of the ewes was 93.7 Kg. Of this 82.3% was produced during the winter period and 17.7% during the summer period. Persistency of milk production was low. One month after weaning of lambs the milk yield of ewes was reduced by 49% and 44% of the level at weaning for singlesuckled and twin-suckled ewes, respectively. 2) Throughout lactation, milk yield and milk composition were not affected by sex of lambs suckled. However, milk yield of ewes was affected by the number of suckled lambs; twin-suckled ewes produced more milk during the suckling period ( + 15.7%, Ρ < 0.05) and milking period (+21.8%, Ρ < 0.05) than those of single-suckled ewes. Fat, protein and dry matter concentration of milk was lower (P<0.05) in twin-suckled ewes than in single-suckled ewes. Concentration of all milk constituents was affected by stage of lactation (P<0.05).

Morphological and reproductive characteristics of the Boutsko sheep of Epirus

A flock of 244 hill sheep of the indigenous Boutsko breed of Epirus (NW of Greece), 1-6 years old, kept under a transhumance system, was used to study their morphological and reproductive characteristics for a period of 14 months (March -June of next year). The results of the study could be summarized as follows: 1) The Boutsko sheep studied is a rather small indigenous hill breed (mature body weight of ewes=40,7±0,37 Kg and rams = 54,4±l,82 Kg) with hardness, longevity, early maturity and high adaptability to the harsh environmental conditions of being its most important characteristics. 2) The mating period begins relatively early (June) lasts until September, with ewes being mated first, followed by ewe hoggs and gimmers. 3) Pregnancy duration was 144,3 ±0,09 and 146,5± 0,07 days for the ewes bearing twin and single Iambs, respectively (P<0,001) and 144,0 and 145,9±0,12 days for the gimmers bearing twin and single lambs, respectively (P<0,05). Body condition score of animals at the end of pregnancy remained satisfactory (3.25 ±0,14). 4) Fertility of the animals was high. All females were mated and lambed. Lambing rate at birth and at weaning was 1,25 and 1,04, respectively.

Quantitative Research on the Relationship between Yield of Winter Wheat and Agroclimatological Resources—the Case Study from Yanzhou District, Shandong Province, China

Agroclimatological resources provide material and energy for agricultural production. This study is aimed to analyze the impact of selected climate factors change on wheat yield over the different growth period applied quantitatively method, by comparing two different time division modules of wheat growth cycle- monthly empirical-statistical multiple regression models ( From October to June of next year ) and growth stage empirical-statistical multiple regression models (Including sowing stage, seedling stage, tillering stage, overwintering period, regreening period, jointing stage, heading stage, maturity stage) analysis of relationship between agrometeorological data and growth stage records and winter wheat production in Yanzhou, Shandong Province of China. Correlation analysis(CA)was done for 35 years (from 1981 to 2015) between crop yield and corresponding weather parameters including daily mean temperature, sunshine duration, and average daily precipitation selected from 18 different meteorological factors. The results shows that the greatest impact on the winter wheat yield is the precipitation overwintering period in this area, each 1mm increase in daily mean rainfall was associated with 201.64 kg/hm2 lowered output. Moreover, the temperature and sunshine duration in heading period and maturity stage also exert significant influence on the output, every 1°C increase in daily mean temperature was associated with 199.85kg/hm2 adding output, every 1h increase in mean sunshine duration was associated with 130.68kg/hm2 reduced output. Comparing with the results of experiment which using months as step sizes and using farming as step sizes was in better agreement with the fluctuation in meteorological yield, offered a better explanation on the growth mechanism of wheat. Eventually the results indicated that 3 factors affects the yield during different growing periods of wheat in different extent and provided more specific reference to guide the agricultural production management in this area.

Effect of straw return mode on soil aggregation and aggregate carbon content in an annual maize-wheat double cropping system

Crop residue is a commonly used organic soil amendment in summer maize (June–October)–winter wheat (October–June of next year) rotation systems. However, the effects of different straw return modes on soil aggregation and soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in different water-stable aggregates have not been extensively investigated in these cropping systems. The objective of this study was to quantify the long-term (7 yr) impact of C input on the SOC content of four soil aggregate size classes (large macroaggregates; small macroaggregates; microaggregates, silt plus clay fraction) and in explicit SOC fractions (free light fraction, free LF; intra-aggregate particulate organic matter, iPOM; mineral-associated matter, mSOM) within the top 40cm of soil in a wheat–maize double cropping system in Northwest China. Four treatments were examined: (i) no return (control); (ii) return of wheat straw only (WR); (iii) return of maize straw only (MR); and (iV) return of both maize and wheat straw (MR-WR). Over the experimental period, the change in SOC under the four treatments ranged from −0.96 to 5.83Mgha−1 and a significant linear relationship between SOC change and cumulative C input (R2=0.9882, P<0.05) was observed. Relative to the control, the proportion of large and small macroaggregates in the 0–20cm soil layer increased the most in MR-WR (32% and 24%), followed by MR (22% and 13%), and WR (11% and 10%). Straw return significantly increased the SOC content in each soil aggregate size class relative to no straw return. The order of SOC fractions with respect to SOC content was mSOM>fine iPOM>coarse iPOM>free LF. Straw return significantly increased the C stock in iPOM and mSOM relative to the control. Coarse iPOM was the most sensitive indicator of C change and mSOM was the main form of SOC under long-term straw return. A significant linear relationship existed between cumulative C input and the mass proportion of macroaggregates as well as the C content of SOC fractions (or aggregate fractions). Soil depth had a significant influence on almost all measurements, with greater values observed in the 0–20cm layer than in the 20–40cm layer. Overall, return of both maize and wheat straw was the best strategy for improving soil structure, soil organic carbon, and crop yield. However, straw return from one crop was sufficient to maintain initial SOC levels, and conserved straw could be used for cellulosic feedstocks.

沖縄島沿岸におけるハマフエフキの着底と成長に伴う移動

Settlement and migration of the early life stage spangled emperor were studied in the Hanechi region off the northern part of Okinawa island from 1984 to 1991, by means of underwater observations with SCUBA, samplings of juveniles gathered by lamp and with seine, and also release and recapture experiments of hatchery-reared juveniles.Juveniles just after settlement, about 17mm in fork length (FL), were first observed in seagrass beds shallower than 3m depth in May and increased in number through July. After August they gradually moved out of the seagrass beds and disappeared after November. Samplings with fish-lamp and seine revealed that a peak of juvenile settlement took place in June, although a few individuals just before settlement were caught as late as in October. The reared juveniles, which were tagged and released in November when they were 5-6 months old and 104mm in mean FL, stayed within 3km of the release point until June of next year, and expanded their distribution range to the outer edges of the coral reef facing the open sea, which was 7km distant from the release point, in October.

New NAIC ionospheric facility planned near Arecibo

The National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC) is building a High Frequency Ionospheric Modification Facility near Arecibo, Puerto Rico. When completed in June of next year, the facility will be able to deliver an effective power of 160 million W to the area of the ionosphere under study. This will be accomplished by an array of antennas covering more than 8 ha that will focus power from four 200,000‐W transmitters.The new HF facility will replace an ionospheric heating apparatus now mounted occasionally on the main Arecibo telescope. The other device operates at lower power, requiring other experiments to stop while it is in operation.

ミッドウェー・ハワイ諸島周辺とマーシャル・ファンニング諸島周辺に於けるメバチの漁況と体長の周期変化,両周期変化間及び両漁場間の関係

1) Fishing condition (rate-of-catch) in sub-areas, A, B and C (Fig. 1) changes periodically; in sub-areas A and B good fishing season is from December to February while in sub-area C nice fishing period lasts from December up to June of next year. 2) Fork-length composition (fork-length frequency) in sub-areas A, B, C and D changes periodically (Fig. 3). In sub-areas A and B, young stage fish occupy most of the frequency from December to March in odd years, small-sized fish do so from December to March in even year, and large-sized fish do so from April to November. In sub-areas C and D, medium-sized fish are dominant from July to December and so are large-sized fish from January to June in the body-length formation. 3) Most part of the frequency is occupied by young stage or small-sized fish in period of nice fishing and by large-sized fish in period of poor fishing in sub-areas A and B. Majority of the frequency is occupied by large-sized fish in period of good fishing in subarea C and by medium-sized fish in period of poor fishing. 4) It is presumed that fish group that has been spawned and has grown in sub-areas C and D is recruited to young stage or small-sized fish groups in sub-areas A and B, young stage or small-sized fish groups in sub-areas A and B are recruited to medium-sized fish group in subareas C and D, and large-sized fish groups in sub-areas A and B and in those C and D interchange with each other.