June Bug Research Articles

Pests of energy willow and practices to control their number

Purpose. To determine the pest species composition in bioenergy willow plantations and develop practices to control their number.Methods. Field, accounting, statistical and analytical.Results. The main pests species composition of bioenergy willow plantation in different zones have been determined, namely in the zone of sufficient moisture at the Uladivka-Liulyntsi Research Breeding Station (ULRBS), in the zone of insufficient moisture at Veselyi Podil Research Breeding Station (VPRBS) and in the zone of unstable moisture at the Bila Tserkva Research Breeding Station (BTsRBS). Of the soil pests, the most harmful for sugar beet species were found May bug, June bug and marble bug, the number of which in different areas ranged from 0.1 to 0.4 (VPRBS) to 2.0 to 4.0 (ULRBS) per 1 m2. In addition to these harmful species, there were larvae of grasshoppers and Tenebrionidae, the number of which was 0.9 to 4.0 per 1 m2, as well as larvae of cereal chafer and caterpillars of winter owl moth. The density of the soil pests population somewhat exceeded the economic thresholds of harmfulness, which should be taken into account when establishing willow plantations and during the growing season. With regard to terrestrial species, the most dangerous for willow is brown willow beetle, willow aphid and apple black miner, the number of which was also not the same everywhere. Thus, the highest population density of the brown willow beetle (beetle/10 plants) was recorded in BTsRBS (3.0 to 36.0), in ULRBS (0.5 to 3.0) and VPRBS (0.2 to 3.6). The willow aphid was found in all zones at the settlement score of 1.0 to 1.5, while apple black miner was recorded only in spring in ULRBS and BTsRBS at the settlement score of 1.0. The control of the number of phytophages in willow plantation was carried out with the aid of insecticides through pre-planting soaking cuttings and spraying planted cuttings. Soaking of cuttings in solutions of systemic action insecticides contributes to a 12.9 ̶ 22.9% increase in the plant survival compared to soaking them in water. The use of insecticides for spraying cuttings during vegetation season provides a high efficiency (76.7–100.0%) of pest control.Conclusions. Energy willow is damaged by a number of soil and terrestrial pests, namely larvae of May bug, grasshopper, Tenebrionidas, cereal chafer, Carabidae (soil pests), and brown willow beetle, willow aphid and apple bark miner (terrestrial pests). The control of the number of these phytophages is carried out mainly with the aid of insecticides through pre-planting soaking cuttings or spraying planted cuttings.

Last Kiss The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby: An Edition of the Manuscript

Last Kiss The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby: An Edition of the Manuscript

What Is A June Bug?

What Is A June Bug?

Bats as Predominant Food Items of Nesting Barred Owls

Between April and June 2016, we observed a pair of Strix varia (Barred Owl) rearing 2 chicks in a wooded, streamside city park in Valdosta, GA, and we observed 1 instance of an adult feeding a bat to a fledgling. Thirteen of 20 owl pellets collected from the area contained 37 Myotis austroriparius (Southeastern Myotis). This species of bat was the most frequent and abundant food item during the chick-rearing period, especially before fledging and for at least 17 days after. Birds partially replaced bats in the diet during the middle of this period. Owls commonly ate crayfish and June bugs and less commonly ate fish and a variety of small vertebrates throughout the period. To our knowledge, this is the first report of bats comprising a major dietary item for Barred Owls, including food given to the chicks.

Still Life with Two Dead Peacocks and a Girl (after Rembrandt), and: Still Life after Antonio de Pereda’s The Knight’s Dream , and: Still Life after Juan Sánchez Cotán’s Quince, Cabbage, Melon and Cucumber , and: Still Life after Pieter Claesz’s Vanitas with Violin and Glass Ball , and: The Last Still Life, after Peter Paul Rubens’s The Head of

Still Life with Two Dead Peacocks and a Girl (after Rembrandt), and: Still Life after Antonio de Pereda’s The Knight’s Dream, and: Still Life after Juan Sánchez Cotán’s Quince, Cabbage, Melon and Cucumber, and: Still Life after Pieter Claesz’s Vanitas with Violin and Glass Ball, and: The Last Still Life, after Peter Paul Rubens’s The Head of Medusa Diane Seuss (bio) Still Life with Two Dead Peacocks and a Girl (after Rembrandt) She comes out of the dark seeking pie, but instead finds two dead peacocks.One is strung up by its feet. The other lies on its side in a poolof its own blood. The girl is burdened with curly bangs. A too-small cap.She wanted pie, not these beautiful birds. Not a small, dusky applefrom a basket of dusky apples. Reach in. Choose a dusky apple.She sleepwalked to this window, her body led by its hunger for pie.Instead this dead beauty, gratuitous. Scalloped green feathers. Gold breast.Iridescent-eyed plumage, supine on the table. Two gaudy crowns.She rests her elbows on the stone windowsill. Why not pluck a feather?Why lean against the gold house of the rich and stare at the bird’s dead eye?The girl must pull the heavy bird into the night and run off with it.Build a fire on the riverbank. Tear away the beautiful feathers.Suck scorched tough dark meat off of hollow bones. Look at her, ready to reach.She’d hoped for pie. Meringue beaded gold. Art, useless as tits on a boar. [End Page 11] Still Life after Antonio de Pereda’s The Knight’s Dream You dream, like we do, of cash. Cash and clocks and beads. Like us, of masks. Skullsand masks and treasure and guns. You dream of the curved world. Of ruling it.Like us, do you wake to an unruly field? Do you stroke, from insideyour trailer, the thoraxes of June bugs pressed against the window screen?Do you do with your old sadness what the thunderhead does with its rain?Knight, there’s plenty to be sad about. What if you’re not really a knight?What if you’re only a knight in your dream? You wake to no glitteringwaistcoat and breeches, no black velvet hat, just a shirt and ill-fittingpants, tight in the crotch or loose in the crotch, from the church donation room.Nothing to defend but a couple of acres of blighted field corn.No one feels sorry for you. Too much like feeling sorry for ourselves.Not even that angel you dreamed up, a long-haired boy with barn-owlwings whose missive is, he hallucinated you. You are his feverdream. The clock’s dream, coin’s dream. The skull gnaws on the bad idea of you. [End Page 12] Still Life after Juan Sánchez Cotán’s Quince, Cabbage, Melon and Cucumber Anything can be a marionette. A quince, a cabbage, a melon, a cucumber,suspended against a black background, illumined by a curiouswhite light. In this little show, the quince plays a full gold moon. The cabbageis the antagonist, curled outer leaves fingering the charcoal void.Cucumber’s the peasant, nubby belly to the ground like a frog.That leaves melon, center stage, rough wedge hacked out of her buttery side.Each object holds its space, drawing the eye from quince to cabbage, melonto cucumber, in a left-to-right downward-sloping curve. Four bodieshang in the box of darkness like planets, each in its private orbit.It’s a quiet drama about nothing at all. No touch, no brushingup against each other, no oxygen, no rot, so that each shape, eachcharacter, is pure, clean in its loyalty to its own fierce standard.Even the wounded melon exudes serenity. Somewhere, juice runsdown a hairy chin, but that is well beyond the border of the box. [End Page 13] Still Life after Pieter Claesz’s Vanitas with Violin and Glass Ball Vanitas vanitatum omnia vanitas. Ecclesiastes 1:2; 12:8 We’re cleaning out the houses of the dead...

June Bugs

The Winter 2013-14 issue of Ploughshares. Ploughshares is an award-winning journal of new writing. Two out of each year’s three issues are guest-edited by prominent writers who explore different personal visions, aesthetics, and literary circles, with the Winter issue staff-edited. Dedicated to Seamus Heaney (1939-2013), a former guest editor, this issue of Ploughshares features a short remembrance of the Irish master by the poet Joyce Peseroff. The prose has a particularly international flavor, from Andrew Foster Altschul’s story “Embarazada,” about a fraught relationship between a Peruvian waitress and an American tourist, to “498,” about a soldier caught in the brutality of the Spanish Civil War. Robert Anthony Seigel’s Plan B essay describes his years as a tour guide for Japanese visitors to New York, and Jennifer Acker celebrates the work of the Australian writer Shirley Hazzard. The Winter issue also features poetry by Kevin Young, Linda Bamber, Michael Mlekoday, and Carl Dennis, among many others; a newly discovered poem by Alan Dugan; and the winners of the Emerging Writer’s Contest.

Evaluation of Container Ornamental Species Tolerance to Three p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase-inhibiting Herbicides

Selective weed control in ornamental plant production can be difficult as many herbicides can cause unacceptable injury. Research was conducted to evaluate the tolerance of several ornamental species to applications of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibiting herbicides for the control of problematic weeds in ornamental production. Mestotrione (0.09, 0.18, and 0.36 lb/acre), tembotrione (0.08, 0.16, and 0.32 lb/acre), and topramezone (0.016, 0.032, and 0.064 lb/acre) were applied alone postemergence (POST) in comparison with the photosystem II-inhibiting herbicide, bentazon (0.5 lb/acre). All herbicide treatments, with the exception of the two highest rates of tembotrione, caused less than 8% injury to ‘Noble Upright’ japanese holly (Ilex crenata) and ‘Compactus’ burning bush (Euonymus alatus). Similarly, no herbicide treatment caused greater than 12% injury to ‘Girard’s Rose’ azalea (Azalea). Conversely, all herbicides injured flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) 10% to 23%. Mesotrione- and tembotrione-injured ‘Radrazz’ rose (Rosa) 18% to 55%, compared with only 5% to 18% with topramezone. ‘Siloam June Bug’ daylily (Hemerocallis) injury with topramezone and tembotrione was less than 10%. Topramezone was the only herbicide evaluated that provided at least 93% control of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) with all application rates by 4 weeks after treatment (WAT). Redroot pigweed was controlled 67% to 100% with mesotrione and tembotrione by 4 WAT, but this activity was variable among application rates. Spotted spurge (Chamaesyce maculata) was only adequately controlled by mesotrione applications at 0.18 and 0.36 lb/acre, whereas chamberbitter (Phyllanthus urinaria) was not controlled sufficiently with any herbicide evaluated in these studies. Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) was suppressed 72% to 87% with mesotrione applications at 0.18 lb/acre or higher and with bentazon at 0.5 lb/acre by 4 WAT. All other herbicide treatments provided less than 58% control of yellow nutsedge. In the second study, ‘Patriot’ hosta (Hosta), ‘Green Sheen’ pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis), autumn fern (Dryopteris erythrosora), ‘Little Princess’ spirea (Spiraea japonica), ‘Green Giant’ arborvitae (Thuja plicata), and ‘Rosea’ weigela (Weigela florida) displayed no response to topramezone when applied at 0.024 and 0.095 lb/acre. Since 10 ornamental species in our studies exhibited less than 10% herbicidal response with all rates of at least one HPPD-inhibiting herbicide then it is possible that these herbicides may provide selective POST weed control in ornamental production systems.

The Wright Lawsuit

While the flights of the Wnght brothers over a century ago have enshnned their names m aeronautical history, only slightly less important are the lawsuits brought forth by the brothers m defense of thetr mvention. From 1906 to 1917 the Wnght brothers mamtatned a successful stranglehold on the development and production of the airplane m the United States. This paper exammes that history, the ensumg litigation, and the impact that the Wnght brothers actions had upon the readiness of the U.S. m World War I. The Wright Lawsuit The Wnght brothers were granted a patent by the U.S. Patent Office m 1906 for a flymg machme (U.S. Patent No. 821,393, 1906). Thts patent was based on the application they had submitted m 1903 that had mcluded a detailed descnption and drawmgs oftherr control system as applied to a glider (Crouch, 1981). Therr application described wmg warpmg, as well as the entire system that allowed the arrcraft to be controlled m forward flight (Wnght & Wnght, 2011 ). The Wnghts had also stated m therr application that a feature like ailerons could provtde lateral control (U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission, 2005). Obtatntng a patent meant that no one could copy the Wnghts' design without therr pemnss1on and without paymgthem a royalty. However, the success of the Wnghts' design, bolstered by Chanute's subsequent publication of therr achievements, proved impossible for other arrcraft designers to ignore. Furthermore, the concept of lateral control was so baste to any arrcraft design that, without it, no arrcraft could have flown successfully (Heppenheimer, 2003). Wright and Wright v. the World: A Primer After the success of the June Bug, the members of Alexander Graham Bell's Aenal Expenment Association designed and built its final arrplane, the Silver Dart. It was the first Amencan arrcraft built by a team other than the Wnght brothers that performed well enough to be considered a practical arrcraft(Goddard, 2003). Bell told the members that they had not trespassed on the Wnght patent. JAAER, Fall 2013 In the midst of these discussions, Curtiss received a telegram from Augustus Hemng suggesting that the two form a partnership to build airplanes (Shulman, 2002). Curtiss unveiled the Aeronautical Society machme, which he called the Golden Flyer, on June 16, 1909 flymg it from Moms Park m the Bronx. To further differentiate his arrplane designs and the Wnghts', he mounted ailerons between the wmgs of the biplane. On July 17, he flew the Golden Flyer for 25 miles and captured the Scientific Amencan Trophy for the second year m a row (Shulman, 2002). Thts exceeded the Wnghfs patience and Wilbur filed a patent-mfrmgement suit agamst Curtiss on August 16 and another on August 19 seekmg to prevent the Aeronautical Society from flymg the Golden Flyer (Banner, 2008). Curtiss' subsequent success at Rheims did little to assuage Wilbur's anger (Brady, 2000). The Wrights' Position: A Propositional Fallacy Because of the expenences and values gamed from therr clergyman father, the brothers could be best described as hyper-vigilant towards those whom they perceived as less ethically bound and therefore likely to steal therr mvention (Howard, 1988). This mmdset led to the selection of the isolation of Kitty Hawk, the silver pamt of the arrcraft, and the retreat to Dayton all founded m a belief that the press and public scrutiny would result ma loss of control oftherr design (Brady, 2000). Orville warned Curtiss on July 20, 1908, We do not mtend to give permission to use the patented features of our machines for exhtbitions or m a commercial way. [ ... ] If it is your desire to enter the

Food of Big Brown Bats (Eptesicus fuscus) from a Colony at Morrow, Georgia

Based on analysis of fecal pellets, June bugs, Scarabaeidae, were the most abundant food of a colony of big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus, from Morrow, GA, forming 36.9% of the food overall. They were eaten heavily early in spring and less so in late summer and fall. Ground beetles, Carabidae, were the second most abundant food item (12.1% of the diet overall). Beetles, collec- tively, made up 57.7% of the sample, followed by hymenopterans (10.7%; composed primarily of Formicidae), dipterans (10.5%), homopterans (8.8%), and hemipterans (5.0%). Lepidopterans made up 2.8% of the diet.

Morgan's Things

FEATURED AUTHOR—ROBERT MORGAN Morgan's Things____________________ Fred Chappell ONE OF THE HALLMARKS OF ROBERT MORGAN'S poetry is an insistence upon the power of the object, the usually homely, usually palpable thing that implies and embodies both a personal and a cultural history. Representative poems bear such titles as "June Bug," "Radio," "Bellrope," "Water Tanks," "Church Dust," and so forth. William Carlos Williams' famous dictum, "No ideas but in things," takes a different turn in Morgan's thought. His things conjure up a universe of ideas as well as of observations, memories, and longings. The seeming simplicity of a single object can burgeon into complex manifolds of idea. "Rearview Mirror" is a prime example; only ten lines long, it suggests volumes of cosmological theory. Morgan often employs objects in his fiction in the same way that he does in his poetry, but the effects are sometimes different and can be equally complex. In poems like "Manure Pile," the object is studied with a close, fixed gaze, judiciously described, until mental associations come flocking to it like honeybees to a rodent carcass and it begins to seethe and throb with possibilities and implications. In most cases, the objects in his verse unfold themselves, revealing recesses of fresh but orderly surprise. But in the fiction, and particularly in the short fiction, the object may be used to stabilize the narrative, to bind it to theme, to serve as leitmotif for character and structure, and to link to other stories, drawing them into affinitive thematic compass. The best short-story volume for study ofMorgan's objects is The Balm of Gilead Tree (Gnomon Press, 1999), not only because it includes selections from the earlier collections (The Blue Valleys, 1989; The Mountains Won't Remember Us, 1992), but also because of the structural design of the book. The Balm ofGilead Tree provides an episodic, roughly chronological, and strongly thematic history ofthe southernAppalachian region. The different historical periods, with the characteristic episodes, are customarily differentiated by particular objects. The history begins in the sixteenth century with the incursion of Hernando de Soto into the wilderness of the Cherokees as he searches for riches, and it continues through the eighteenth and nineteenth 19 centuries as the mountains open to the outer world with the construction of roads and bridges and the region is transformed by the frightening changes brought about by the Civil War. In the twentieth century come the two world wars and the crushing encroachment of industrialism. These huge historic movements and gradual revolutions of rural life are enacted in brief stories that are mostly tightly circumscribed and specifically localized. The common themes that run through all of them—greed and exploitation, poverty and endurance, virtue and corruption—are often attached to certain objects. The first story in the book, "The Tracks of Chief de Soto," offers a clear example of the usage of contrasting objects. The story is told by a young Cherokee girl who is planting corn seed in the early springtime. Upon the correct timing and the prescribed manner of this planting the survival of the clan depends. The image of the corn and its attendant urgency are in the girl's mind all through the story as the Spanish marauders invade the village to rape and destroy, to enslave the women and elders and children and to set them digging for gold. Corn, which represents life, and gold, representing destruction of the land and of kinship with the land, are opposed to each other. It is the gold which triumphs. Gold and silver, and their cognate image, money, are recurrent in the volume. In "Kuykendall's Gold" the object at stake is an actual pot of gold, stashed away by a lustful old miser. Except for the fact that Morgan chooses to narrate from a young woman's point of view, this story could have been included in the Decameron or Les Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles or in scores of folk ballads. In "A Brightness New & Welcoming" the main opposed objects are a clean spring in contrast to a filthy well that Civil War prisoners must drink from; but here again gold appears in the form of John's coveted...

That Lamoka Lake Feeling

THAT LAMOKA LAKE FEELING/Barbara Sutton MY MOTHER carried huge pocketbooks with everything in the world in them but money. When she got a new pocketbook it was a bright new day, cleared up for ship sightings. The old pocketbooks she'd leave stuffed to the hilt just as they were, and they'd wind up somewhere on the floor of the hall closet with the other vinyl and plastic residue of our skinflinted lives. My mother never went much of anywhere, her excuse being her appearance: she lived in wide cottonpoly shifts and black laceless Keds with holes to accommodate the corns on her baby toes. School events to which parents needed to come, relatives' weddings, and Christmas and Easter were terrible for her, and for me and Toby, because we'd have to go shopping for a new size-22 dress. She could not bear wearing the same dress twice. On its debut the garment would become the text of my mother's life, and it always said the same thing: I hate what I am. You'd have to adopt a different mindset for this kind of shopping: what was "nice" for her wasn't what was nice for you. There was basically no cut to these enormous dresses; they were of a curious texture, like girdle fabric, big synthetic rectangles with short sleeves attached . They had matching fashion belts that any sensible, size-22 woman would discard, gold buttons or simulated leather ones, Nehru collars, fringed faux pockets, and other groovy details. Td display a specimen, lifting my arms over my head. "How 'bout this, Mom. It's purple." Often Td unknowingly venture into the 22 1/2 section of the rack, and my mother would be affronted to the point of outrage. "Td never wear a half size." She had her dignity, her standards, even though we'd hear the clink of a spoon in the middle of the night and know she was eating again. Any number of things could make my mother cry—"Ave Maria," Pattie Page, steel guitars. On Saturday nights we'd listen to an AM radio broadcast of my uncle's band, Delmar Huber and His Country Gentlemen, from where they were playing down in Pennsylvania. When Uncle Del ran through a certain series of twangs my mother would take off her glasses and sob into her fists. This was a routine in which everyone knew his part: Toby and I would pat her on the back in the way I had touched the bony fur of a guinea pig for the first time. Comfort was not a goal or even a consideration: this was simply the way you spent your Saturday nights. The Missouri Review · 259 Then my father left, and my mother had to go to work, and here is where the story that I like can do nothing much but end. Toby and I stood on the front sidewalk, watching our father's preparations for departure . He pulled Toby's ear like he always did, but this time Toby did not slap back at him like Dad's fingers were a June bug. As he backed out of the drive, he leaned through the window to tell me something. He was a gaunt man with a rugged dusting of black that never came off on his razor. "Don't wind up a dope fiend," he said, "and don't let people get under your skin." Right after this my mother began tapping frantically on a Royal portable that wobbled on its tiny metal stand. She was so huge at the typing stand that when she reached sixty words a minute it was frightening —you expected a boom, a Frankenstein bolt of lightning. Because she was a woman encumbered rather than helped by her looks, she had to type well to be able to go back to her profession as a bookkeeper; she had to do everything better than any other woman who wanted to bring home a whopping eighty dollars a week. The wardrobe for my mother's first post port-desertion job consisted of all the size-22 dresses she'd bought and immediately despised. She...

For You

Bettina Schmeídel 23 FOR YOU / Bettina Schmeídel I cut my hair again for you very short, to avoid confusions. My ears really stick out. I was twenty and didn't know much about children's wars. We'd eat oatmeal at night. The neighbors' dog came in December. The June bug couple spent the winter in our rubber tree. Two years later we moved to the country. The carrier pigeons worked out well - we only accepted birthday cards. It was Christmas again when the trouble started. The swallows forgot to migrate, froze, and fell off the roof. We ate crepes and cottage cheese every year and decorated our rubber tree. This time you wanted a fir tree and a turkey. I wrote Mother and told her you were pregnant. One of her signed postcards reported that it was a great year for snakes. No one wanted to take the blame the neighbors' dog flatly refused. It turned out to be a girl. The pigeons squatted on the fence. No birthday card. You've watched me, you're waiting for me. We laugh ourselves sick at your crazy short hair. Your ears stick out as much as mine. translated by Claudia Johnson ...

Mystery Gas: An Analysis of Mass Hysteria

This research attempts to explain the sudden onset of a series of severe, physical symptoms found in a group of female workers. An attempt to explain the symptoms in classical biomedical terms proved fruitless. Explanations for the behavior indicate that persons who were the most dissatisfied with their work situation tended to present the most severe symptomatology and that these persons reported having friends who also experienced more severe symptoms. The research suggests the use of sociological theory to facilitate explanations of physical illness and provides a replication of the work of KerckhofJ and Back, The June Bug.

THE JUNE BUG: A STUDY OF HYSTERICAL CONTAGION. By Alan C. Kerckhoff and Kurt W. Back. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1968. 239 pp. $2.95

Journal Article The June Bug: A Study of Hysterical Contagion. By Alan C. Kerckhoff and Kurt W. Back. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1968. 239 pp. $2.95 Get access Harold W. Pfautz Harold W. Pfautz Brown University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, Volume 47, Issue 4, June 1969, Pages 511–512, https://doi.org/10.2307/2574581 Published: 01 June 1969

ALAN C. KERCKHOFF and KURT W. BACK. The June Bug: A Study of Hysterical Contagion. Pp. ix, 239. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1968. $2.95

ALAN C. KERCKHOFF and KURT W. BACK. The June Bug: A Study of Hysterical Contagion. Pp. ix, 239. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1968. $2.95

The June Bug: A Study of Hysterical Contagion.

Although the understanding of the social phenomena of hysterical contagion would appear to be of great interest there are only a very limited number of accounts of such episodes or attempts at investigation in the literature. Incidents are difficult to locate and due to their nature can only be studied after the fact. Informants may not always be considered reliable and the possible variables may be so great in number as to fright en away the bravest of social scientists. The authors ofThe June Bug: A Study of Hysterical Contagionhave attempted to study such an incident, and although limited in its scope the study is a valuable contribution to the body of knowledge of human behavior. Alan C. Kerckhoff and Kurt W. Back diligently describe the difficulties of their work and possible contamination of their findings and therefore enable the reader to objectively evaluate their qualified conclusions. As

Kerckhoff, Alan C. and Back, Kurt W.The June Bug: A Study of Hysterical Contagion.New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1968. Pp. 239 + ix. $5.50

(1969). Kerckhoff, Alan C. and Back, Kurt W. The June Bug: A Study of Hysterical Contagion. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1968. Pp. 239 + ix. $5.50. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 270-271.

The June Bug: A Study of Hysterical Contagion.

The June Bug: A Study of Hysterical Contagion.

The June Bug: A Study of Hysterical Contagion.

The June Bug: A Study of Hysterical Contagion.

Natural History of Pimephales Vigilax (Cyprinidae)

Food use, breeding and non-breeding behavior, and scales of this fresh-water fish were studied. These fish are sedentary bottom-dwellers, preferring quiet waters. They are omnivorous, preferring small arthropod larvae. They school in the daytime but not at night or during breeding periods. During the summer, the male chooses the nest site under bottom debris such as stone or wood. He enlarges a burrow and defends it before and after spawning. Details of behavior and scale- form are given. Pimephales vigilax (Baird and Girard) is important commercially as a bait species and constitutes a large portion of the food of com- mercial and game fishes. No literature dealing specifically with its life history was found. My studies concerned the food used, feeding habits, general behavior, breeding habits, and scale profile. Studies were made in the laboratory and in a small pond 5 miles north of Oklahoma State University cam- pus during 1960 and 1961. Specimens were collected with fine-mesh seine from Lake Texoma, taken to the laboratory at Stillwater, placed in metal aquaria, and treated with terramycin and acriflavine to pre- vent bacterial infections. Thirty-five specimens were transferred to aquaria for observation, and 400 were placed in a suitable farm pond 5 miles north of the laboratory. The capacity of the aquaria varied from 20 to 30 gal. Sand and rock were placed in tank No. 1, aquatic plants and small gravel were placed in No. 2, but none of these in the others. Snails (Helisoma) were kept in all aquaria to remove excess scum. The aquaria were provided with the following fish: Nos. 1 and 2, 6 males and 7 females each at the beginning for behavior studies (later, the first were removed and one male and two females replaced) and Nos. 3 and 4, one male and one female each. Thereafter, when a fish was removed from an aquarium because of illness or death it was replaced with one from the farm pond. The tanks were aerated liber- ally. White worms were used as one of the foods for the minnows. Small nematodes were reared as described by Emmons (1952) and fed to the young fish. Ground shrimp, cultured Daphnia, poultry laying mash, stock food (500% protein meal), chopped and whole earthworms, June bug larvae and mosquito larvae, were also used. For stomach-analysis 40 fish were collected from the farm pond in