Junction Of Branches Research Articles

Конституционно-правовое значение правила исчерпания иных способов обжалования в гражданском процессе

The article examines the nature of the concept of exhaustion of judicial remedies in order to file a constitutional complaint to assess its significance in the instance judicial system, as well as its relationship with the concept of exhaustion of appeal methods in civil proceedings. The author provides a brief historical sketch of the emergence of the exhaustion rule in civil and arbitration proceedings. According to the results of the study, a number of conclusions are drawn, including the inexpediency of the existence of two concepts of exhaustion of appeal possibilities that do not coincide in content, as well as various options for fixing the rule of sequential appeal in civil and arbitration proceedings. Such a statement of the question testifies to the indivisible nature of the problem under study, which allows us to consider the existing concepts of the legal understanding of the theory of exhaustion as the basis for a consistent appeal through the prism of interdisciplinary scientific relations. The importance of consolidating the concept of exhaustion of appeal methods at the junction of procedural branches of law in order to form a uniform judicial practice based on the rule of law, provided that objective prerequisites are formed for this, is substantiated for the three procedural branches (civil, arbitration and administrative). The definition of the concept of exhaustion of other means of appeal and its criteria are given.

Countering money laundering (legalization) in the context of digital transformation (financial legal aspect)

The legal regulation of the sphere of money laundering prevention and the financing of terrorism is at the junction of several branches of law. This article attempts to analyze the norms of the relevant legislation through the prism of financial law. The purpose of this article is to determine the role and place of the concept of money in the legislation, as well as to determine the relationship between the process of digital transformation of money circulation and the current methods used by the legislator to prevent the use of finance for criminal purposes. The result of this article is the determination of prioritising of the legislation goals itself aimed at preventing money laundering and the financing of terrorism. As a conclusion it is proposed that the above-mentioned legislation is of the most applied nature and has specific practical goals, while the issue of development of legal regulation of monetary circulation is not among the priority goals.

Epiphytic Bryodiversity of Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don Forest at Lohaghat (Champawat), Uttarakhand

The present bryoexploratory study deals with the documentation of epiphytic bryophytes species and communities flourishing on the Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don phorophytes at Lohaghat. The study site is located near the bank of Lohawati River, with an altitudinal range of 1600-1754 m at the North-East aspect of district Champawat. A total of 42 bryotaxa were recognized from the acidic (pH 4.20 - 4.74) bark of C. deodara phorophytes of varied girth classes ranging from saplings to giant ones. In all, 09 leafy liverworts and 33 mosses were recorded, belonging to 27 families. Amongst leafy liverworts, Frullaniaceae turned out to be the dominant family followed by Lejeuneaceae. Two species of Frullania viz., F. benjaminiana Inoue and F. udarii V. Nath & Ajit P. Singh have been identified as new records for Western Himalayas. Pleurocarpous epiphytic mosses were found to dominate over the acrocarpous ones. Pylaisiadelpha capillacea (Griff.) B.C. Tan & Y. Jia, (Pylaisiadelphaceae) is identified as a new record for Western Himalayan moss flora. The members of the family Meteoriaceae and Anomodontaceae were recognized as the dominant pleurocarps. Amongst acrocarpous mosses, the family Bryaceae was noticed as the most diversified epiphytes. Morphologically, the majority of epiphytic bryophytes were found to be mat-forming followed by the tuft. Leafy liverworts namely Lophocolea minor Nees and Radula complanata (L.) Dum., as well as the mosses viz., Brothera leana (Sull.) Mull. Hal. and Pylaisiadelpha capillacea emerged as gemmiferous. The north and south aspects of the forest site were discovered to have the highest species richness. The water trickling site of the tree trunks, junction of the broad branches, humus accumulated areas, as well as giant tree bases, were observed to be the suitable habitat and microhabitats for the colonization of epiphytic bryophytes on Cedar phorophytes. The present study will provide firm bases for comparative and quantitative bryosociological investigations and would be useful to future workers.

Development of the communicative competence of students of technical universities as a strategy for teaching effective communication

The article is written at the junction of several branches of science, reflects one of the problems of university teaching of the Russian language in technical universities. The purpose of the study is to prove that the development of communicative competence, which is the most important task of modern education, should be carried out in the light of new requirements. The author considers the issues of formation of communicative competence of students of technical universities. It is argued that philological disciplines should be included at all levels of higher education, which contributes to the formation of a highly qualified specialist with not only professional, but also flexible skills (soft skills). The relevance of the issues of improving the level of communicative culture of students at the university is due to the requirements of the new time, the dynamics of changes in the professional industry. The author's special contribution to the research of the topic is a systematic view of the competence approach in university education: communicative competence in the system of learning outcomes; in the structure of university teaching; content modules that form communicative competence; didactic conditions, forms, methods and techniques of its development. The author dwells on the consideration of the communicative competence of the CC-4, presented in the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education in the block "communication", reviews the disciplines forming it in technical universities, identifying current teaching trends, analyzes the content of training and provides a list of effective methods and techniques for the formation of communicative competence.

ПРИНЦИПЫ ВЕДЕНИЯ БЕРЕМЕННЫХ С ОСТРЫМ ВАРИКОТРОМБОФЛЕБИТОМ

Thrombophlebitis of the subcutaneous veins of the lower extremities, also called superficial thrombophlebitis (ST), is a well-known and common disease often occurring in pregnant women with varicose veins (VV). As a rule, ST is considered as a disease with an uncomplicated and mild course, which is usually not life-threatening. However, in the case of appearance of concomitant deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism, ST can cause severe complications. The article presents a clinical case of treatment of a pregnant woman (28 weeks of gestational age) with acute ascending varicothrombophlebitis in the system of the great saphenous vein (GSV). According to ultrasound data, the patient was found to have insufficiency of the sapheno-femoral junction and occlusive thrombosis of the lateral branches and the trunk of GSV, extending to the middle third of the left thigh. Taking into account the obstetric history, clinical and ultrasound picture of the disease, and the risk of perioperative complications, it was decided to prescribe prolonged anticoagulation with low-molecular-weight heparin(LMWH) and perform phlebocentesis of thrombosed GSV segments. The basic component of symptomatic treatment of ST was elastic compression. The chosen option for managing gestational varicotrombophlebitis allowed improving the patient’s overall health, as well as to quickly (within 2-3 days) arrest local inflammation and significantly reduce local edema and pain. The case presented highlights the possibility of successful and safe use of needle aspiration thrombectomy and anticoagulation with LMWH in pregnant women with ascending subcutaneous venous thrombosis.

Twin-entry turbine losses: An analysis using CFD data

The current paper presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) flow behaviour and losses analysis of twin-entry radial turbines in terms of its Mass Flow Ratio ( MFR, the ratio between the flow passing through one of its intake ports and its total mass flow), focusing on the mixing phenomena in the unequal admission conditions cases. The CFD simulations are first validated with experimental data. Then, the losses mechanisms are analysed and quantified in the different parts of the twin-entry turbine in terms of the MFR value. A sudden expansion is found at the junction of both branches in the interspace between volutes and rotor for unequal and partial admission cases. Tracking the flow coming from each of the turbine intake ports, it has been observed that both flow branches do not fully mix with each other within the rotor. Another source of losses has been identified in the contact between both flow branches due to their momentum exchange that depends on the difference between both flow branches velocities. These losses have not been considered before, and they should be included in mean line loss-based models for twin-entry turbine since they are very significant for unequal admission conditions.

Apartment building management

The article discusses the issues of apartment building management, analyzes the concept of common property and opinions of landlords, examines the rights of apartment building management bodies (general meetings of landlords), councils of apartment buildings, as well as studies controversial aspects of law enforcement practices. The research is based on the analysis of the law enforcement practices, including materials of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, personal experience, observations of activities of the councils of apartment buildings. The relevance of the issue is due to the lack of conditions for enforcing legal rules, implementing specific legal mechanisms, negative law enforcement practices, numerous legal proceedings and interpretations provided by higher judicial bodies. The work is independent and original. It is aimed at summarizing the current law enforcement practices. The study is carried out at the junction of constitutional, civil, and housing branches of law. The main emphasis is on the analysis of civil law norms governing the property rights and housing relations. The works by civil scientists (M.M. Braginsky, V. V. Vitryansky [1], O.S. Ioffe [2], E.A. Sukhanov [3]) are used as a methodological basis. The author’s previous work deals with the issues of apartment building management from the labor law’s perspective [4]. It seems interesting to analyze the rights of apartment building management bodies and develop recommendations for improving the apartment building management legislation.

СИСТЕМНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ФАКТОРІВ ПРИВАБЛИВОСТІ ТЕРИТОРІЇ ЯК КОМПОНЕНТА ТУРИСТСЬКОГО І РЕКРЕАЦІЙНОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ

As a result of the system analysis inhomogeneous factors of attractiveness of the territory as a component of tourist and recreational potential are classified. It is established that the attractiveness for the territory is its dynamic characteristic, with the help of which it is possible to expand tourist and recreational activities in different directions. It is proved that the dynamics of the attractiveness of the territory, which is variable, varies depending on many factors that affect its development. Purpose: the generalization of certain factors will allow to obtain a comprehensive assessment of the degree of their impact on the current state and the degree of use of tourist and recreational potential in the regions of Ukraine. The novelty is the results of the composition of heterogeneous factors: the interaction of internal and external (geographical location, information, resources (natural and anthropogenic), infrastructure and personnel, laws, consumers of services (tourists, vacationers), domestic events, economic situation, international events, political and socio-cultural factors). It is proved that internal factors are the source of functioning of the attractiveness of the territory, give the opportunity to improve the tourist and recreational potential in a certain period of time. The generalization of inhomogeneous factors is offered, which allows to take into account their structural hierarchy, heterogeneity, dynamic instability and to determine the conditions of evaluation. Along with certain factors, the demand for health, recreation, and positive impressions largely depends on the proper condition of the territory, which contributes to ensuring a high level of provision of these services. This level can be achieved by a consistent and structured description of heterogeneous factors of attractiveness of the territory and identifying among them the most optimal factors. It is proved that the study of certain factors of attractiveness of the territory, qualitative assessment, choice of priorities of relevant indicators lead to solving the multicriteria problem of optimizing tourist and recreational potential, which reduces the negative impact of various elements and increases opportunities to increase its demand. The interaction of internal and external factors was proved using the following methods: analysis of literature sources, description and comparison. The practical significance of these results shows that in the second decade of the XXI century. in the structure of tourist and recreational potential, which is formed at the junction of many branches of economic activity of people, one of the leading places and active development belongs to the attractiveness of the territory.

The cost load regulation and management of electrical energy by directions of impact on the components of total price

The issues of optimizing regional pricing are especially acute for the Kaliningrad Region due to its exclave features. At the same time, the cost of energy resources has become one of the main issues in making managerial decisions. Recently, the so-called Technoparks have become one of the new forms of organizing the production process in a certain branch of industry, or a process that is at the junction of several branches. There are a variety of descriptions of the indisputable advantages of this work format for a specific technological process, however, the possibilities in the field of reducing the costs of consumed energy resources that arise with such a local siting of production are not discussed that often. According to the authors of the article, based on the structure of the tariff, it is possible to classify methods of reducing the cost price by the impact on the components of the final cost of energy supply services. It should be noted that the classification sign of saving methods will be precisely the component of the tariff, while the methods themselves can be aimed both at reducing the price expression of each component of the tariff and at the volume of services for this component. The authors have also identified regional features of the pricing processes in the energy industry.

Некоторые аспекты взаимодействия органов государственной власти и специализированных муниципалитетов на стыке различных отраслей права: пути решения проблемных вопросов

Some problematic issues that arise at the junctions of various branches of law in the process of interaction between state authorities and local self-government bodies of closed administrative-territorial entities (ZATO) in the Russian Federation are considered. Successfully applying the methods of dialectical logic and analysis, as well as the general theory of social and legal constructions, the author substantiates and proposes a set of practical organizational and legal measures that can improve the quality of cooperation between the municipal authorities of ZATOs and public administration bodies, as well as solve specific problematic issues arising in the process this cooperation in various fields of activity.

Extracorporeal resection of renal artery aneurysm and separate autogenous vein graft repair of its branches in a patient with retroaortic renal vein

Autopsy and intravital studies have reported the incidence of renal artery aneurysms (RAA) in 0.01 to 0.97% of the population. Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) and atherosclerosis are the main etiological factors for the development of RAA. The presence of abnormalities of the veins such as a retroaortic renal vein can significantly complicate the implementation of surgical interventions. The main methods to treat RAA are RAA resection with prosthetic repair, embolization of aneurysm cavities, and placement of an endograph. When aneurysm spreads to involve the renal artery branches or RAA is located in the kidney gates, the extracorporeal renal artery reconstruction is the only method to restore the renal vessels and keep a kidney. The article provides a rare observation of a patient suffering from renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia, left renal artery aneurysm with the development of vasorenal hypertension. The features of this clinical observation were the retroaortic left renal vein and the renal artery aneurysm located in the kidney gates. The patient underwent ureter-sparing extracorporeal autogenous vein graft repair of left renal artery branches. The surgery was performed using custodial solution for kidney pharmaco-hypothermic protection. Renal artery aneurysm was resected with the creation of a common junction of the renal artery branches followed by autogenous vein graft repair. The two lower segmental branches of the renal artery were separately prosthetized using the reversed autovein sections. Parietal injury to the left ureter was diagnosed in the patient in the postoperative period. A percutaneous needle-guided urine drainage bag was superimposed under ultrasound guidance with the placement of an integral stent in the injury area. The patient was discharged to outpatient care on Day 11. The urine drainage bag was removed two months after the control CTA. The integral stent was removed a month later, normal urine output was restored in the upper urinary tract. After 6 months, the control CTA showed that all reconstructed renal artery branches were completely patent, and blood pressure readings were within normal range.

THE PROBLEMS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF THE USE OF METAL DETECTORS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE SEARCH FOR AND REMOVAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBJECTS FROM PLACES OF OCCURRENCE

The scale of illegal archaeological activity in modern Russia is a cause for alarm among scientists, interested specialists and citizens. This problem is exacerbated by the mass enthusiasm of the population of the country by searching for antique metal objects using metal detectors and other special technical search tools. The Federal Law of July 23, 2013 No. 245-ФЗ On Amending Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation Regarding the Suppression of Illegal Activities in the Field of Archeology was sent to solve the problem. However, these steps did not produce any tangible results. The evolving judicial practice in administrative and criminal cases (Article 7.15.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, Article 243.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) raises many questions among specialists in the field of law. The article examines the problems of legal regulation of the use in the Russian Federation of special technical means of search for purposes not related to the search and seizure of archaeological objects. The author, relying on wide empirical material, identifies circumstances that impede metalworking, justifies the need for further streamlining of these social relations by adjusting national legislation. The study is interdisciplinary in nature, as the studied problem is at the junction of several branches of law: civil, administrative and criminal. The research methodology is determined by the specifics of the problem being studied and includes a set of methods of scientific knowledge. General scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization, historical) and private scientific (historical-legal, comparative-legal, formal-legal) research methods are applied.

Stokes Flow Within Networks of Flow Branches

Stokes flow in the branches of structured looped networks with successive identical square loops and T-junction branches is studied. Analytical expressions of the flow rate in the branches are determined for network of one, two, three, or four loops with junction head loss neglected relative to regular one. Then, a general expression of the flow rate is deduced for networks with more loops. This expression contains particularly a sequence of coefficients obeying to a recurrence formula. This sequence is a part of the fusion of Fibonacci and Tribonacci sequences. Furthermore, a general formula that expresses the quotient of flow rate in successive junction flow branches is given. The limit of this quotient for an infinite number of junction branches is found to be equal to 2+3. When the inlet and outlet flow rates are equal, this quotient obeys to a sequence of invariant numbers whatever the ratio of flow rate in the outlet branches is. Thus, the flow rate distribution for any configuration of inlet and outlet flow rates can be calculated. This study is also performed using Hardy–Cross method and a commercial solver of Navier-Stokes equation. The analytical results are approached very well with Hardy–Cross method. The numerical resolution agrees also with analytical results. However, the difference with the numerical results becomes significant for low flow rate in the junction branches. The flow streamlines are then determined for some inlet and outlet flow rate configurations. They particularly illustrate that recirculation flow takes place in branches of low flow rate.

Anisotropic-Scale Junction Detection and Matching for Indoor Images.

Junctions play an important role in characterizing local geometrical structures of images, and the detection of which is a longstanding but challenging task. Existing junction detectors usually focus on identifying the location and orientations of junction branches while ignoring their scales, which, however, contain rich geometries of images. This paper presents a novel approach for junction detection and characterization, which especially exploits the locally anisotropic geometries of a junction and estimates its scales by relying on an a-contrario model. The output junctions are with anisotropic scales, saying that a scale parameter is associated with each branch of a junction and are thus named as anisotropic-scale junctions (ASJs). We then apply the new detected ASJs for matching indoor images, where there are dramatic changes of viewpoints and the detected local visual features, e.g., key-points, are usually insufficient and lack distinctive ability. We propose to use the anisotropic geometries of our junctions to improve the matching precision of indoor images. The matching results on sets of indoor images demonstrate that our approach achieves the state-of-the-art performance on indoor image matching.Junctions play an important role in characterizing local geometrical structures of images, and the detection of which is a longstanding but challenging task. Existing junction detectors usually focus on identifying the location and orientations of junction branches while ignoring their scales, which, however, contain rich geometries of images. This paper presents a novel approach for junction detection and characterization, which especially exploits the locally anisotropic geometries of a junction and estimates its scales by relying on an a-contrario model. The output junctions are with anisotropic scales, saying that a scale parameter is associated with each branch of a junction and are thus named as anisotropic-scale junctions (ASJs). We then apply the new detected ASJs for matching indoor images, where there are dramatic changes of viewpoints and the detected local visual features, e.g., key-points, are usually insufficient and lack distinctive ability. We propose to use the anisotropic geometries of our junctions to improve the matching precision of indoor images. The matching results on sets of indoor images demonstrate that our approach achieves the state-of-the-art performance on indoor image matching.

Specificity of discretion in tax and legal regulation

It is stated that the problem of judgement in the tax-legal regulation cannot be considered as separate or relatively closed. An analysis of this form of realization of freedom of choice cannot be considered complete without the study of the problems of prejudice, interpretation, judgement . It is noted that the grounds of judgement in tax law regulation are: the nature and content of tax law norms, terminology of tax legislation, conflicts of legal norms, value judgements.Judgement in tax regulation is an elaborate complex phenomenon, which determines its place at the junction of several branches of law and methods of regulation. The application of judgement in tax relations involves harmonization of the range of influence of tax regulations and the discretion of possibilities of their use. The complexity of judgement in tax regulations involves two aspects: the complexity of relations that are regulated in a similar way, and the complexity of the acts by which it is carried out.The complexity of relations reflecting the situation, discretion of which should be realized, involves, apart from the availability of the tax sector, the groups of relations that are not directly tax, but without clarifying the origin and nature of which it is impossible to choose the subject of the judgement.The complexity of acts involves, on the one hand, the participation in the implementation of judgemental acts related to various sectoral legislation (as mentioned above), and, on the other hand, the complexity of acts that characterize a single (rather notional) sectoral approach.The substantial feature in the realization of the judgement of lawmaking subjects, power subjects, judicial discretion is the realization of the latter in the exercise of rights. At the same time, certain freedom of choice also characterizes the actions of the payer, when he, at his own discretion, chooses the possible options for the realization of his own tax liability. Freedom to choose the behavior option, taxpayer's decision-making are both associated with the realization of duty

Optimal data aggregation tree in wireless sensor networks based on improved river formation dynamics

AbstractThe restricted energy of nodes is one of the most important challenges in wireless sensor networks. Since data transmissions among nodes consume most of the nodes' energy, thus, minimizing the unnecessary transmissions reduces the consumed energy. One of the sources of this problem is the redundancy of raw data that can be eliminated at the aggregation points. As a result, data aggregation can be considered as an effective strategy to tackle the mentioned issue and to optimize the communication energy consumption. In this paper, the sensor nodes are organized in a tree structure, and the data aggregation are done in intermediate nodes at the junction of tree branches. One of the main characteristics of tree protocols is reduction of energy consumption through optimizing the structure of a data aggregation tree. For this, this paper proposes to apply a swarm intelligent algorithm named river formation dynamics. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms in comparison to the famous ant colony optimization algorithm in terms of network lifetime. Simulations show that the proposed algorithm makes nearly 4% and 50% improvement in lifetime of wireless sensor networks than ant colony optimization and shortest path routing, respectively.

Network Scale Modeling of Lymph Transport and Its Effective Pumping Parameters.

The lymphatic system is an open-ended network of vessels that run in parallel to the blood circulation system. These vessels are present in almost all of the tissues of the body to remove excess fluid. Similar to blood vessels, lymphatic vessels are found in branched arrangements. Due to the complexity of experiments on lymphatic networks and the difficulty to control the important functional parameters in these setups, computational modeling becomes an effective and essential means of understanding lymphatic network pumping dynamics. Here we aimed to determine the effect of pumping coordination in branched network structures on the regulation of lymph flow. Lymphatic vessel networks were created by building upon our previous lumped-parameter model of lymphangions in series. In our network model, each vessel is itself divided into multiple lymphangions by lymphatic valves that help maintain forward flow. Vessel junctions are modeled by equating the pressures and balancing mass flows. Our results demonstrated that a 1.5 s rest-period between contractions optimizes the flow rate. A time delay between contractions of lymphangions at the junction of branches provided an advantage over synchronous pumping, but additional time delays within individual vessels only increased the flow rate for adverse pressure differences greater than 10.5 cmH2O. Additionally, we quantified the pumping capability of the system under increasing levels of steady transmural pressure and outflow pressure for different network sizes. We observed that peak flow rates normally occurred under transmural pressures between 2 to 4 cmH2O (for multiple pressure differences and network sizes). Networks with 10 lymphangions per vessel had the highest pumping capability under a wide range of adverse pressure differences. For favorable pressure differences, pumping was more efficient with fewer lymphangions. These findings are valuable for translating experimental measurements from the single lymphangion level to tissue and organ scales.

Vectorization of line drawing image based on junction analysis

Converting a scanned or shot line drawing image into a vector graph can facilitate further edit and reuse, making it a hot research topic in computer animation and image processing. Besides avoiding noise influence, its main challenge is to preserve the topological structures of the original line drawings, such as line junctions, in the procedure of obtaining a smooth vector graph from a rough line drawing. In this paper, we propose a vectorization method of line drawings based on junction analysis, which retains the original structure unlike done by existing methods. We first combine central line tracking and contour tracking, which allows us to detect the encounter of line junctions when tracing a single path. Then, a junction analysis approach based on intensity polar mapping is proposed to compute the number and orientations of junction branches. Finally, we make use of bending degrees of contour paths to compute the smoothness between adjacent branches, which allows us to obtain the topological structures corresponding to the respective ones in the input image. We also introduce a correction mechanism for line tracking based on a quadratic surface fitting, which avoids accumulating errors of traditional line tracking and improves the robustness for vectorizing rough line drawings. We demonstrate the validity of our method through comparisons with existing methods, and a large amount of experiments on both professional and amateurish line drawing images.

Interlocking wood grain patterns provide improved wood strength properties in forks of hazel (Corylus avellana L.)

Xylem found in the stems of woody plants has contrasting strength in different planes due to its anisotropy. At the apex of the junctions of woody plant branches, sufficient wood strength is needed to prevent the arising branches splitting apart. The main aim of this research was to address an issue so far overlooked, which is the contribution of wood grain orientation and patterns at this location (the apex of such junctions) to supplying the required strength. In this study, the wood grain patterns of xylem produced at the apex of junctions of hazel (Corylus avellana L.) were investigated. The mechanical properties were determined using compression and tensile tests of excised wood samples with an Instron® Universal Testing Machine. Sample strength was contrasted with the strength of xylem produced at the side of the junctions and in the adjacent lower stems. Wood formed at the top of junctions in the hazel exhibited more tortuous wood grain patterns and had twice the radial and tangential tensile strength when compared with adjacent wood formed in the stem. It also had significantly higher radial and tangential compression strength. Density of xylem at the apex of hazel junctions was 13.4% greater than in the adjacent stem. The authors conclude that tortuous wood grain patterns supply additional strength to junctions in hazel trees. This mechanical arrangement should inform anatomical studies of junctions and may inform the design of manufactured Y-shaped components made from fibrous composite materials.

Numerical Solution for the Boussinesq Type Models with Application to Arterial Flow

A family of classical Boussinesq system of nonlinear wave theory is presented in a form of conservative equations supplemented by Riemann solver, which is a fundamental block in the Godunov frame formulation of flow problems. The governing system simulates different physical phenomena, such as propagation of a small amplitude waves on a surface of water, or pulse wave propagation in compliant thin walled arterial systems. While the first model is for verification purpose only, pulse wave propagation through the junction of thin walled elastic branches is of primary interest. The inertial effects associated with transversal motion of the wall are introduced, affirming the dispersive nature of pulsating waves. The problem of accounting for branching and possible discontinuity of wall properties is addressed. Preliminary analysis is presented which leads to the correct jump conditions across bifurcated area. As a result, the model accurately describes the formation of transmission and reflection waves at bifurcation, including effects of discontinuities. The Riemann solver supplies the inter cell flux and junction fluxes, based on conservation of volume, momentum and energy, with account of losses associated with the flow turn angle at bifurcation. An implicit monotonic total variation diminishing (TVD) scheme, second order accurate in time and space has been applied for the analysis of solitary wave solution in bifurcated arteries. Numerical results are in a good agreement with the known analytical and numerical solutions reported elsewhere. Based on direct computational analysis the inverse solution was obtained, calculating the local elastic properties of the arterial wall, using typical diagnostic measurements. Mathematical modelling presented in this work leads to a physiological understanding and interpretation of diagnostic measurements of the wave forms of a blood pressure, flow rate and an artery wall deflection.