Jumping Events Research Articles

Autonomic regulation in athletic horses repetitively participating in two novice jumping classes on consecutive days.

Animal welfare is of great concern in equestrian sports and has been evaluated in athletic horses competing at different levels. However, the impact of consecutive days of jumping competition and the extent of resultant stress responses remains unclear. To address this point, the present study compared the changes in stress response via heart rate variability (HRV) in horses participating in two national jumping events on consecutive days. The study involved six experienced horses equipped with heart rate monitoring devices. HRV variables were measured before, during, and after jumping at 10-min intervals for 60 min on each competition day. Multiple HRV variables decreased to varying degrees on both days from warm-up until 30 min post-jumping. Meanwhile, the mean heart rate increased during jumping and returned to normal levels at 50 min post-jumping on the first day (for all intervals, p < 0.05-0.001), while it remained elevated beyond 60 min post-jumping on the second day (for all intervals, p < 0.01-0.001). Additionally, maximum heart rate and respiratory rate were higher on the second day than in the first round during the warm-up phase (p < 0.05 for both variables). The proportion of the HRV low-frequency band was higher during riding on the second day (p < 0.05), while the proportion of the high-frequency band was reduced during warm-up on the first day (p < 0.05) and during course riding on the second (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, the sympathetic nervous system index took longer to return to baseline on the second day than on the first. These results suggest that autonomic regulation differed in horses between jumping rounds on two consecutive days, with horses experiencing higher sympathetic activity and potentially increased stress in the second round. This information is important for riders, highlighting the need to be mindful of potential stress that could, at least in part, impact the welfare of horses participating in the same jumping competition on consecutive days.

Epidemiology Of Injuries In United States High School Track And Field Jumping Events From 2008 - 2019

Epidemiology Of Injuries In United States High School Track And Field Jumping Events From 2008 - 2019

Epidemiology of injuries in united states high school track and field jumping events from 2008 – 2019

ABSTRACT Objectives Reports of injury characteristics of high school track and field athletes participating in jumping events in the United States are limited. In this descriptive epidemiological study, we report injury rates and patterns in these athletes. Methods Injuries and athletic exposures (AE) from the National High School Sports Related Injury Surveillance System, and High School Reporting Information Online (RIO) from 2008-2019 were analyzed. Jumping events included high jump, long jump, triple jump, and pole vault. Injury rate ratios (IRR) and injury proportion ratios (IPR) were examined by sex. Results A total of 727 injuries related to jumping events during 5,486,279 AEs occurred with the highest frequency at the thigh (20.3%) followed by the ankle (18.2%), knee (16.1%), and lower leg (11.0%). The most common types of injuries were muscle strain (29.0%) and ligament sprain (21.2%). Most athletes returned to sport within 1 week (43.1%, n = 312) or 3 weeks (34.7%, n = 243). Few jumping-related injuries resulted in surgery (4.9%, n = 35) or medical disqualification (4.4%, n = 31). The jumping-related injury rate was 1.33 injuries/10,000 AEs from 2008 to 2019. The rate of jumping-related injuries was higher in competition than in practice (IRR = 2.63, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.25–3.06). Injury rates were significantly higher in practice for female athletes than for males (IRR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.23–1.86). Compared to male athletes, female athletes sustained a higher proportion of ankle injuries (IPR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.15–2.32) and ligament sprains (IPR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.16–2.09). Conclusions This study describes injury characteristics of high school track and field jumping athletes from 2008 to 2019. We found an overall injury rate of 1.33 injuries per 10,000 AEs. Higher overall rates of jumping-related injuries occurred during competitions than in practice, and female athletes displayed a significantly higher rate of injuries during practices compared to male athletes.

Nanoscale particle-droplet coalescence-induced jumping on superhydrophobic surfaces: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations

The removal of solid particles from superhydrophobic surfaces via coalescence-induced droplet jumping has gained increasing attention. However, the underlying mechanisms, especially the nanoscale dynamics of particle-droplet coalescence, remain largely underexplored. In our research, we employ molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the influences of the radius, wettability, and arrangement of solid particles on the particle-droplet jumping velocity and energy conversion efficiency. We observe notable rotational motions during the jumping events. Our findings reveal that the arc length of the wetted area on spherical particles and the spreading time of droplets exhibit a power-law relationship. As the particle-to-droplet radius ratio increases, the jumping velocity and energy conversion efficiency initially increase but subsequently decrease. Moreover, enhanced particle wettability leads to an increase in jumping velocity while a slight decrease in translational energy conversion efficiency. The velocities of coalescence-induced particle-droplet jumping at the nanoscale are consistent with predictions from the momentum model. Significantly, our results show that the rotationally symmetric multi-particle arrangements can effectively enhance the jumping velocity and energy conversion efficiency, thus improving particle removal efficiency. Our study not only deepens the understanding of coalescence-induced particle-droplet jumping behaviors, but also provides a foundation for developing more effective particle removal strategies on superhydrophobic surfaces.

Construction Technology for Roadbed and Pavement of Highway Bridge Settlement Section

In the transition area between highways and bridges, settlement often occurs. Even in the transition zone, small differences in settlement between bridge piers and embankments can easily lead to the occurrence of bridge head jumping events. Bridgehead jumping not only affects the comfort, speed, and safety of driving, but also creates a negative impression on the overall image of highways, shortening the service life of cars. At the same time, it can also affect the efficiency and availability of road traffic, and may even lead to traffic safety accidents. Based on an in-depth analysis of the settlement and deformation mechanism of highway bridge foundations, we have discussed the construction technology of road bridge settlement embankments.

Numerical simulation of differential-algebraic equations with embedded global optimization criteria

We are considering differential-algebraic equations with embedded optimization criteria (DAEOs), in which the embedded optimization problem is solved by global optimization. This leads to differential inclusions for cases in which there are multiple global optimizers at the same time. Jump events from one global optimum to another result in nonsmooth DAEs and reduce the order of convergence of the numerical integrator to first-order. Implementation of event detection and location as introduced in this work preserves the higher-order convergence behaviour of the integrator. This allows the computation of discrete tangent and adjoint sensitivities for optimal control problems.

Long-term performance of show-jumping horses and relationship with severity of ataxia and complications associated with myeloencephalopathy caused by equine herpes virus-1.

Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) has severe impact on the sport horse population. Study the influence of EHM on the likelihood of affected horses to return to their previous performance and investigate the association of clinical variables with prognosis. Twenty-six horses positive for equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) were admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital (VTH) during a natural EHM outbreak at an international jumping event. Data collected from the VTH, the International Equestrian Federation, and surveys completed by the riders and horse owners were retrospectively analyzed. Horses affected by EHM had 68% chance of returning to exercise, and 52.9% were able to achieve their preoutbreak performance level. Horses with an ataxia grade at admission ≥4/5 had an increased fatality rate (P < .05) and 10% chance of reaching their preoutbreak performance level. None of the horses with both vascular and urinary complications returned to their previous performance level. Finally, horses vaccinated against EHV-1 and those with urinary complications had a 71.4% and 43.7% fatality rate, respectively. Horses affected by EHM were able to return to their previous performance levels, but certain clinical variables were negatively associated with postoutbreak performance. Ataxia grade upon admission and the development of systemic signs of vasculitis and urinary complications were potential poor prognostic indicators in sport horses. Variables linked to fatality included prior vaccination against EHV-1, ataxia grade upon admission, and the development of urinary complications.

Prevalence and associated factors of stress fractures, menstrual dysfunction, and eating disorders in high school athletes

Abstract: Objective: Stress fractures (SF), menstrual dysfunction (MD), and eating disorders (ED) in young athletes are important issues. We conducted this study to determine the frequency of SF, MD, and ED experienced by high school track and field athletes in Japan and to understand the factors associated with them. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 1199 high level high school track and field athletes (608 males and 591 females) who participated in a selective training camp held by the Japan Association of Athletics Federations. Results: Approximately one in four male and female athletes self-reported SF. Moreover, we identified the length of the practice time per week and the event (sprinting, middle-distance, jumping, and combined) as relevant factors. Approximately one in three female athletes self-reported MD history, with those participating in long-distance events experiencing it significantly more frequently than those participants in sprinting, throwing, and jumping events. Furthermore, we identified ED history and long-distance events as MD history-related factors. ED history was self-reported at low frequency without gender difference, and long-distance was significantly more frequently reported than sprinting and jumping. Conclusions: About a quarter of Japanese high school track and field athletes experience SF, and about a third of the females experience MD. The association of these with athletic events, training time, and ED should be considered.

Sex Differences in Track and Field Elite Youth.

To understand athletic performance before and after puberty, this study determined 1) the age at which the sex difference increases among elite youth track and field athletes for running and jumping events, and 2) whether there is a sex difference in performance before ages associated with puberty among elite youth athletes. Track and field records of elite US male and female youth (7-18 yr) across 3 yr (2019, 2021, and 2022) were collected from an online database ( athletic.net ). The top 50 performances were recorded for 100-, 200-, 400-, and 800-m track running, long jump, and high jump. Males ran faster than females at every age in the 100, 200, 400 and 800 m ( P < 0.001). When combining all running events, the sex difference (%) was 4.0% ± 1.7% between 7 and 12 yr and increased to 6.3% ± 1.1% at 13 yr and 12.6% ± 1.8% at 18 yr ( P < 0.001). Similarly, males jumped higher and farther than females at every age ( P < 0.001). For long jump, the sex difference was 6.8% ± 2.8% between 7 and 12 yr, increasing to 8.5% ± 1.7% at 13 yr and 22.7% ± 1.4% at 18 yr ( P < 0.001). For high jump, the sex difference was 5.3% ± 5.2% between 7 and 12 yr, increasing to 12.4% ± 2.9% at 15 yr and 18.4% ± 2.04% at 18 yr ( P < 0.001). Before 12 yr of age in elite youth track and field athletes, there was a consistent and significant sex difference of ~5%, such that males ran faster and jumped higher and farther than females. The magnitude of the sex difference in performance increased markedly at 12-13 yr for running and long jump and 14 yr for high jump and thus was more pronounced after ages associated with puberty.

The Acute Effect of Dynamic vs. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching on Sprint and Jump Performance.

Participating in sports has been shown to promote overall wellness and, at the same time, reduce health risks. As more people are participating in sports, competitions have increased, and every aspect of the game has been focused by coaches and athletes in order to improve performance. One of these aspects is the warm-up session. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of a dynamic warm-up versus a proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) warm-up on the sprint and jump performance of recreationally active men. Thirty (n = 30) males were randomly assigned to undergo three sessions of different warm-up types, 72 h apart, involving either proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), dynamic stretching (DS), or no stretching session (control). The PNF and dynamic modes of stretching improved vertical jump performance, F (2.58) = 5.49, p = 0.046, to a certain extent (mean + 3.32% vs. control, p = 0.002 for dynamic and mean + 1.53% vs. control, p = 0.048 for PNF stretching). Dynamic stretching is best used to get a better vertical jump height. Sprint performance was also increased to a greater extent following the stretching session, F (2.58) = 5.60, p = 0.01. Sprint time was +1.05% faster vs. the control, with a value of p = 0.002 after dynamic stretching, while PNF stretching demonstrated a sprint time of +0.35% vs. the control, with a value of p = 0.049. Dynamic stretching showed a better sprint performance and also vertical jump height performance in this study. PNF and dynamic stretching prove to be equally efficacious in flexibility conditioning depending on the type of movement involved. This type of stretching should be utilized to help preserve or improve the performance output of physical activity, especially in sprinting and jumping events.

Dietary Intake of Athletes at the World Masters Athletics Championships as Assessed by Single 24 h Recall.

Proper dietary intake is important for masters athletes because of the physiological changes that occur with aging and the unique nutritional needs when competing at high levels. We evaluated the dietary intake of masters athletes competing at the World Masters Athletics Championships (outdoor games, Tampere, Finland, 2022, and indoor games, Torun, Poland, 2023). A total of 43 athletes (16 females and 27 males, mean age 59.2 ± 10.3 y, height 168 ± 8 cm, and body mass 62.3 ± 10.8 kg) participating in endurance (n = 21), sprint (n = 16), jumping (2), multi-component (e.g., decathlon; n = 3), and throwing (n = 1) events provided 24 h dietary recalls while participating in the games. Carbohydrate intake was below the recommended levels for endurance athletes. Protein intake was below the recommended levels for masters athletes, except for female athletes involved in power events (i.e., sprinters and jumpers). Other nutrient intakes that were below the recommended levels included vitamins D and E, calcium, potassium, vitamin A (except for female endurance athletes), folate (except for female power athletes), vitamin C for female endurance athletes, vitamin K and fiber for males, and zinc for endurance athletes. We conclude that while competing at world championships, many athletes are not consuming the recommended levels of carbohydrates, protein, and micronutrients. Athletes attending these games would benefit from increased nutritional support.

Adolescent track and field injuries presenting to US emergency departments

ABSTRACT Objectives Track and field (T&F) is a highly popular sport for adolescents. The diversity of running, jumping, and throwing events within the sport can result in unique injury patterns for adolescent track and field participants. The purpose of this study was to estimate injury risk in adolescent T&F and describe the types of injuries resulting in ED visits, classified by T&F events. Methods Emergency department (ED) data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System were obtained for a 20-year period from 2000 through 2019. Cases involving 14- to 18-year-olds participating in T&F were classified by sex, case severity, involved body region, and the T&F event patients were engaged in at the time of their injury. National estimates and Injury rates were calculated using national high school T&F participation data. Longitudinal trends in ED visits were measured using linear regression. Rate ratios (RRs) were used to compare the risk and severity of ED visits by sex. Results 8,060 track and field related ED encounters were observed, representing an estimated 272,227 encounters nationally over the 20-year study period. The rate of ED encounters increased significantly over the study period (p < 0.001). Adolescent females exhibited a higher rate of ED encounters (RR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.22–1.24), but a lower rate of hospital admissions (RR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.64–0.73) compared to males. The lower extremity was the most commonly injured body region for most T&F events, but this differed for sprinting, high jumping, shot put, and javelin events. Most T&F events resulted in unique injury patterns characteristic of their athletic demands. Conclusions There was an increasing trend of ED visits from adolescent T&F participants throughout the 20-year study period with different injury patterns observed by sex and T&F event discipline.

Comparison Of Life Expectancy Across Olympians Who Completed In Track And Field Jumping Events

Comparison Of Life Expectancy Across Olympians Who Completed In Track And Field Jumping Events

Secular trends in physical fitness and performance of university track and field athletes

There are only few records of physical fitness data for athletes. This study aimed to explore the secular trends in physical fitness data of student athletes and the relationship of fitness parameters with the results of intercollegiate sports competitions. We used the physical fitness data of male students belonging to the Juntendo University Athletics Club from 1999 to 2019. The analysed parameters were height, weight, chest circumference, skinfold thickness, grip strength, vertical jump, sidestep, and sit and reach test. The ekiden results were examined in relation to data on medium- and long-distance activities with reference to the ranking. The study results suggested no difference in the skinfold thickness of the upper extremity across the events, except for throwing events. Grip strength declined gradually in sprints, hurdles, and jumping events, while it was high in throwing events. Vertical jump records declined over time in all events and remained at low levels in middle- and long-distance events. Sidestep improved among males in the general population, while it remained the same among all athletes. A relationship was found between grip strength and vertical jump, which are indices of muscle strength and power, and competitive results obtained in middle- and long-distance races.

A case of malonyl coenzyme A decarboxylase deficiency with novel mutations and literature review

Malonyl coenzyme A decarboxylase deficiency is caused by an abnormality in the MLYCD gene. The clinical manifestations of the disease involve multisystem and multiorgan. We collected and analyzed a patient's clinical characteristics, genetic chain of evidence and RNA-seq. We use the search term "Malonyl-CoA Decarboxylase Deficiency" on Pubmed to collect cases reported. We report a 3-year-old girl who is presented with developmental retardation, myocardial damage and elevated C3DC. High-throughput sequencing identified heterozygous mutation (c.798G>A, p.Q266?) in the patient inherited from her father. The other heterozygous mutation (c.641+5G>C) was found in the patient inherited from her mother. RNA-seq showed that there were 254 differential genes in this child, among which 153 genes were up-regulated and 101 genes were down-regulated. Exon jumping events occurred in exons encoding PRMT2 on the positive chain of chromosome 21, which led to abnormal splicing of PRMT2. (P<0.05, FDR<0.05). The result of SNP showed that there were multiple mutation sites on chromosome 1, which may affect the downstream gene variation at the DNA level. The literature review identified 54 cases described since 1984. It is the first report about the locus, adding a new item to the MLYCD mutation library. Developmental retardation and cardiomyopathy are the most common clinical manifestations, with commonly elevated malonate and malonyl carnitine levels in children.

COMPARTIVE STUDY OF SELECTED PHYSICAL FITNESS COMPONENTS BETWEEN TEAM PLAYERS AND INDIVIDUAL PLAYERS OF COLLEGE LEVEL MEN STUDENTS

The aim of the present study was to compare the selected physical tness components between team players and individual players of college level men students. The subjects for this study were conned to SRM Group of Institution college students. Their age s ranged from 20 to 25 years. 15 players were selected from football and hockey and 15 players from individual events (like throwing, jumping, and sprinting events). The study was conducted only for male students and the physical tness components (arm strength, leg explosive strength, speed and endurance) were selected for this study. The mean (M) and the standard deviation (SD) of the collected data were computed. To nd out the signicance of difference between the two means, the 't' ratio was determined. The level of signicance was xed at 0.05 level of condence

Corrective Adjustment Procedures as a strategy to remove Relative Age Effects: Validation across male and female age-group long jumping

ObjectivesTo validate the application of Corrective Adjustment Procedures for removing Relative Age Effects in youth athletic contexts, this study estimated the longitudinal relationships between decimal age (chronological and relative) and performance in male and female long jumpers. Using trendlines, Corrective Adjustment Procedures were applied, and Relative Age Effect distributions associated with performance attainment were re-examined. DesignRetrospective longitudinal design examining competitive long-jump data between 2005 and 2019. MethodsIn Part I, participants were 689 junior Italian long jumpers (age range = 11.01–17.99 years; 56.6% females) who participated in ≥three events. Longitudinal modelling and regression equations quantified the sex-specific relationships between decimal age and long jump performance. In Part II, equations were utilised to adjust individual performance within an independent sample (N = 13,639; 50.1% females) of age-matched jumpers. Relative Age Effect distributions within attainment levels (i.e., Top 25–10%) were examined based on raw and correctively adjusted performance. ResultsIrrespective of sex, Relative Age Effects were prevalent across all age-groups with medium-large effect sizes at 12–17 (males and females) and 12–17 years (females) of age (Cramer's V range = 0.07–0.28). Relative Age Effect bias magnitude also increased with attainment level (i.e., Top 25–10%). Following Corrective Adjustment Procedure application, typical Relative Age Effects were removed with non-significant deviations in relative age distributions regardless of sex or age-group or attainment level (Top 25 or 10%). ConclusionsFindings provide efficacy for Corrective Adjustment Procedure application to remove Relative Age Effects across youth long jumping events. Corrective Adjustment Procedures suggest potential in improving performance evaluation, identification of technically skilled performers, and sporting experiences.

Performance of Athletes With Visual Impairment in Track-and-Field Events at the Paralympic Games, From 1988 to 2016

Introduction: The Paralympic movement has grown considerably over the last decades, but few studies have analyzed the performance evolution of the best athletes with disabilities. This study examined the performance of athletes with visual impairments in track-and-field events over eight Paralympic Games (1988–2016). Method: Results in the Paralympic track-and-field events for athletes with visual impairments (and in the corresponding track-and-field Olympic events) were collected from official public websites. Results: Analysis showed that most performances at Paralympic track-and-field events increased linearly over the years, which finding contrasts with the general stagnation in Olympic events. The improvements from 1988 to 2016 in Paralympic sprinting, middle- and long-distance running, throwing, and long-jumping events were 4.0–16.3%, 3.2–16.2%, 23.0–54.2%, and 4.9–18.9%, respectively. Men had better performances than women in running, throwing, and jumping events. In general, sports classes with a less severe level of visual impairment achieved higher performance levels than those with a more severe level of visual impairment, especially men. The competition density of Paralympic track-and-field events showed modest improvements. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that the performance of track-and-field athletes with visual impairments have been improving persistently over the last eight Paralympic Games, confirming that Paralympic athletes are achieving high-level performances. Implications for Practitioners: This study will be helpful for coaches and athletes with visual impairments who are setting performance (and training) goals for the Paralympic Games and other international athletic events.

Enostosis-Like Lesion in Thoroughbred Horse

Background: Enostosis like lesions are characterized by areas of intramedullary sclerosis affecting the long bones and their presence in any cases may be not associated with lameness. It has a migratory characteristic and, therefore there is the occurrence of lameness at different sites from the initial lesion. Its etiology is speculative and has been attributed to intraosseous increased pressure, of Havers’ canals compression, stimulation of unmyelinated fibers and circulating platelet aggregates. Diagnosis is made through nuclear scintigraphy and associated with radiographic examination. This paper aims to report a clinical case on the use of scintigraphy for the reference diagnosis of enostosis-type injury and treatment through surgical bone decompression.Case: A 2-year-old thoroughbred mare, weighing 483 kg, with a history of acute lameness of the left pelvic limb associated with the no previous signs of trauma and no noteworthy changes in radiographic and ultrasound images, was referred to the Horse Center Veterinary Clinic. In the examination of the locomotor system, the animal presented a 2/5 degree lameness in a straight line, with accentuated exacerbation of the same after flexion of the left femoro-tibio-patellar joint. In addition, presented a reduction in the caudal phase of the stride and croup asymmetry associated with mild myopenia. The findings of the scintigraphic exam characterized by intense focal area of hyperconcentration of medullary radiopharmaceutical in the proximal third of the right third metatarsal, and multiple areas of hyperconcentration in the aspect proximal to the distal third of the left tibia. In the radiographic images, multifocal radiopaque regions that coincided with the areas of radiopharmaceutical hyperconcentration were observed. The initial treatment was based on rest, use of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and acetylsalicylic acid. In the 60 days’ later evaluation of the first exam, the patient returned to the clinic presenting 4/5 degree lameness and with an unsatisfactory evolution. Therefore, surgical bone decompression was performed on the left radius through intramedullary perforations with a 3.5 mm drill in the lesion sites. Approximately 30 days after the surgical procedure, the animal returned to the clinic complaining of acute 2/5 degree lameness of the left pelvic limb. The patient was removed from his race career and destined for amateur jumping events where he is currently doing the same without presenting a clinical complaint of persistent lameness.Discussion: The presence of focal areas of radiopharmaceutical hyperconcentration in several bones of a limb, not just in the same lame limb, makes it even more difficult to understand this pathology. The intensity of radiopharmaceutical uptake evident in scintigraphy exams is related to the degree of lameness. Severe lameness is associated with intense radiopharmaceutical concentration indicating an acute stage of the disease, as well as a decrease in radiopharmaceutical concentration in follow-up exams, demonstrating an improvement in the degree of lameness. In the present clinical case described, there was a decrease in the radiopharmaceutical concentration in the right radius, but in the left radius, the limb in which spinal cord decompression was performed, it was still possible to observe radiopharmaceutical hyperconcentration. This was possibly due to an inflammatory bone process caused by surgical decompression. The literature suggests a favorable prognosis for the return to athletic function, with clinical resolution after following a period of rest and administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The patient in the described clinical case returned to sports activities with a reduced athletic performance requirement, replacing running events with basic and amateur jumping events. Keywords: lameness, intramedullary sclerosis, bone, equine.Título: Enostose múltipla em equino puro sangue de corridaDescritores: claudicação, esclerose intramedular, osso, equino.

Grid-Forming Converter Current Limiting Design to Enhance Transient Stability for Grid Phase Jump Events

Grid-forming converters (GFs) are seen as a replacement for synchronous machines in future power systems. Compared with synchronous machines, GFs provide much reduced overcurrent capability and hence they experience current saturation more frequently for the same capacity. Moreover, once in current saturation, GFs have limited regulation capability, and can become unstable if the current limiting control is improperly designed. Hence, in order to enhance GF stability when subject to phase jump down disturbances and current saturation, a combination of virtual impedance (VI) current limiting and scaling current reference saturation control is proposed. A relatively large virtual reactance-resistance ratio is also recommended. To speed up GF recovery, an (increased) transient P/f droop gain is proposed for downward phase jumps, but not fault conditions. Simulation studies on a simple system under large phase-jump events, i.e. ±60°, confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.