Jump Test Research Articles

Establishment and validation of Institute of Aerospace Medicine-Exercise Maneuver Protocol (IAM-EMP)

Introduction: Musculoskeletal injuries (MSK-I) are among the most common contributors of disabilities worldwide. Aircrew given their charter of duties have a higher risk of developing MSK-I. Functional assessment of aircrew after recovery is conducted at the Institute of Aerospace Medicine (IAM) Bengaluru. The maneuvers utilized in the present assessment lack objectivity and scorability. Hence, this study aimed at establishing an exercise maneuver protocol (EMP), henceforth referred to as IAM-EMP, which could overcome the existing shortcomings. Material and Methods: 202 age-matched aircrew (180 males/ 22 females) were selected and classified into control (100 healthy aircrew) and experimental (102 aircrew with MSK-I) groups. All aircrew underwent the complete human engineering (HE) assessment. In addition, Functional Movement Screen™ (FMS™) was carried out. Jump test was added to FMS™ after defining its scorability criteria to form the IAM-EMP. EMP was scored on a scale of 0-24. The scores were compiled and analyzed. Results: Descriptive analysis showed comparable male and female FMS™ and EMP Scores. Cutoff scores of FMS™ and EMP for the study population were defined using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Area under the curve for EMP was found to be statistically better than FMS™ (P < 0.05) in predicting fitness of an aircrew keeping complete HE assessment as gold standard. EMP was validated on randomly selected 50 aircrew (25 from each group). Conclusion: IAM-EMP is an objective and scorable tool which can be used on both male and female aircrew between 18 and 45 years of age for their functional assessment post recovery from an MSK-I. Incorporation of the tool with other components of HE assessment would improve the yield of overall evaluation.

Effectiveness of sprint interval training on repeated sprint ability (RSA) and lower limb power in amateur cricket batsmen at the end of 4 weeks: An experimental study

Purpose: Cricket necessitates intermittent activities, which include high intensity sprinting. Stop and go nature of the sprinting between the wickets puts stress on the cricketers. Batting requires the ability to run between the wickets effectively to increase the scoring rate. RSA is the capability of an athlete to recover & maintain highest possible efforts during subsequent sprinting. Which is important in team sport. It is frequently trained & calculated via high-intensity sprint, interspersed with brief recovery bouts (<=30sec). Sprint interval training works on developing metabolic or neuromuscular system or both. This research studies the effect of sprint interval training on repeated sprint ability and lower limb power in cricket batsmen.Method: In this study 34 samples were collected according to the inclusion and the exclusion criteria. They were divided into two groups odd and even basis. Exercise protocol was administered to group A for 4 weeks, alternate days in each week and group B continued with their regular training. Pre and post data was collected using Repeated Sprint Ability test and Standing Long Jump test.Results: After 4 weeks Results showed that in group A Sprint Interval Training has significant effect of Repeated Sprint Ability (Difference 6.193 to 5.186, t = 5.085, P value is 0.000) and Standing long jump (Difference 228.18 to 234.06, t = 9.017, P value is < 0.0001). After 4 weeks conventional exercise in group B didn’t show enough significant effect on Repeated Sprint Ability (Difference 6.855 to 6.549, t = 0.5741, P value is 0.5739) conventional exercises showed significant effect on Standing Long Jump test (Difference 197.53 to 199.29, t = 3.017, P value is 0.0082). Comparing group A and group B, results showed that Sprint interval Training had significant improvements in improving the Repeated Sprint Ability (Difference 5.183 and 6.549, t = 3.061, P value is 0.0044) and Standing Long Jump test (Difference 234.06 and 199.29, t = 4.007, P value is 0.0003) than conventional exercises.Conclusion: This study concludes that Sprint Interval Training is more effective than conventional exercises in improving the repeated sprint ability and lower limb power in amateur cricket batsmen by the end of 4 weeks.

Effects of a Neuromuscular Warm-Up Program in Youth Female Soccer Players.

The protective effects of different warm-up injury prevention routines in youth female soccer players have been demonstrated in the literature, however, there is a paucity of information regarding the effects that these kinds of programs have on soccer-specific physical performance variables. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a 12-week neuromuscular warm-up program on physical performance in youth female soccer players. Players (age: 13.94 ± 0.82 years) were divided into two groups. One group performed a neuromuscular activation program (n = 21) twice per week whereas the other group (control, n = 17) continued with their habitual warm-up routine for the same duration. Both groups of players performed strength, jumping and balance tests before and after the intervention period. Substantially greater improvements were detected in the mean velocity for the squat (p < 0.001; Effect Size = 0.95) and the hip thrust (p < 0.001; Effect Size = 0.51) in the experimental group in comparison to the control group. In addition, after the intervention period players in the experimental group showed an increase in the jumping height in the unloaded double-leg and single-leg counter-movement jumps (p = 0.003-0.012; Effect Size = 0.42-0.46). The results of this study provide evidence that a 12-week neuromuscular warm-up program can be effective to improve different physical performance variables in youth female soccer players.

IDENTIFYING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BASKETBALL, HANDBALL AND VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS IN INCREASING EXPLOSIVE FORCE AND AGILITY

Introduction. This study investigated the impact of specific training on the explosive force and agility of players during the preparatory phase of basketball, handball and volleyball. Aim. The purpose of this study was to notice the differences between sports and improvements during the preparatory phase and in the future to serve the coaches in preparing better sport specific programs. Materials and Methods. The research sample was chosen among students of the University of Prishtina Faculty of PES. The sample was split in three groups. The first group was composed of 15 students who were active basketball players in different Super league teams. The second group was composed of 15 students who were active handball players while the third group was composed of 15 students who were active volleyball players. Seven different motor tests were used to determine the explosive force and agility: Leonardo Jumping Test, the Long Jump, the Seated Medicine Ball Throw, the 20-Meter Speed Test, the Agility T-Test, the Illinois Agility Test and the Hexagon Agility Test. LEJUTE were applied using Leonardo Mechanography GRFP STD. Results. The variable analysis showed that the training programs for basketball, volleyball, and handball increased the explosive force and agility of the players. The process of increasing agility occurs when explosive force and speed are developed as a precondition for improving balance and coordination. Conclusions. We can conclude that due to the higher priority and importance given in the preparatory phase from basketball clubs to agility and explosive force training, the students engaged in professional basketball clubs have shown better results overall.

The Effects of 8 Weeks TRX Exercises and Core Stability in the Stable Level on the Landing Pattern, the Stability of the Core Area and Balance of Girls Football Players

Background and Aims: This study aimed at the effects of 8 weeks TRX exercises and core stability exercises in the stable level on the landing pattern, the stability of the core area, and the balance of girls football players. Methods: Thirty athletes with trunk defects were screened by Tuck Jump test and selected as a statistical sample. Finally, assigned to two groups of 15 subjects at a stable level and varying level training. Both groups participated in pretest and post-test. Both groups training sessions for 8 weeks and three weeks each week on core stability training at both sustained (stable) and unstable (TRX). This study used the core stability practice protocol in the training section at a stable and unstable level. The static and dynamic balance were evaluated by BESS and Y tests, respectively. McGill’s endurance tests also evaluated the endurance of the core region. In addition, landing mechanics were assessed using the Landing Error Score System test. ANCOVA test was used to compare the differences between the research variables by two types of training. The stability of the core body was used in two groups of training (stable and TRX) and a t-test for correlating the changes within the group. Results: The results of the analysis of t-test showed that in the results of the stable training (P≤0.001) and TRX (P≤0.001) effect on score of the error of landing error, LESS, flexion 60 °, Sorensen, Right Plank, static balance and total dynamic balance score. In the post-test, there are significant differences between the two groups in the TRX and stable levels in LESS, Sorensen, static balance in the state stand on two legs on a soft surface and stand in the Tandem on a soft surface (P≤0.05). Conclusion: the results of this study showed that the use of core stability training at a stable and unstable level by helping to improve the landing jump activity, as well as improving muscular balance and endurance, can be eliminated by modifying some of the risk factors associated with an ACL injury to prevent Lower limb non-limiting injury in athletes with trunk defects.

A Correlation Between Leg Muscle Explosive Power And Ankles Coordination On The Shooting Accuracy In Soccer Games In Sukasari Village Club

The purpose of this study is to determine the correlation between the explosive power of the leg muscles and the coordination of the ankles on the accuracy of shooting in soccer games in Sukasari Village club. The method used in this research is correlational quantitative method. The population in this study were 20 athletes in Sukasari Village, while the sample in this study were 20 athletes (all). The instruments in this study were the Standing Long Jump test, the Mitcel Soccer test, and the At The Ball shooting test. The data analysis requirements used were the Lillifors normality test and the homogeneity test. The data analysis used was the product moment correlation analysis with a significance level of 5%. Based on the results of the study, it was found that there was a significant relationship between the explosive power of the leg muscles and the coordination of the ankles (X) on the shooting accuracy as indicated by rx1x2y = 0.920 r (0.5) (20) = 0.444.

Studying the Changes of Time To Stabilization (TTS) and Center of Pressure Velocity (CoP Velocity) in Athletes with an Unilateral Isolated Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Rupture in a Six-Month Follow-Up.

Objectives: Anterior cruciate ligament rupture has shown vast changes in kinematics and kinetics parameters. The aim of this study is to investigate the balance changes including of the time to stabilization (TTS) and velocity of the Center of Pressure (CoP) displacement in functional activities. Materials and Methods: The present cohort study was conducted on 58 male and female professional athletes. The subjects were divided into two healthy and ACL-deficient knee groups, each with 29 subjects. The time to stabilization (TTS) and velocity of CoP displacement parameters in both anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions were calculated in a forward jumping test on a force platform. The test was performed three times consisted on the end of the 2nd, 4th and 6th months post injury. Results: The results of this study showed that although in the ACL-D group, none of the TTS and CoP velocity parameters showed a significant difference during the six months after the injury (P=0.686 for TTS, P=0.603 for CoP velocity in AP direction and P=0.185 in ML direction), there was a significant difference between the healthy and ACL-D groups. The TTS was different between groups (P=0.494 for 2nd, P=0.008 for 4th and P=0.041 for 6th month post injury). The CoP velocity in AP direction did not show difference between groups (P=0.419 for 2nd, P=0.196 for 4th and P=0.36 for 6th month after injury) but in ML direction there was a significant difference between groups in 4th month post injury (P=0.359 for 2nd, P=0.01 for 4th and P=0.331 for 6th post injury). Conclusion: In a six month period after ACL injury balance parameters change without a constant trend. CoP velocity in ML direction showed more significant and clear changes in comparison within and between groups. Considering all parameters, it seems between 2nd and 4th month improvement was occurred but no improvement was seen between 4th and 6th month. It can be said that most of the changes occur in the first months after the injury. Keywords: ACL deficient knee, Time to Stabilization, Center of Pressure, Balance, Velocity

Design and Large Temperature Jump Testing of a Modular Finned-Tube Carbon–Ammonia Adsorption Generator for Gas-Fired Heat Pumps

Gas-fired heat pumps are a potential replacement for condensing boilers, utilizing fossil-fuel resources more efficiently and reducing the amount of biogas or hydrogen required in sustainable gas grids. However, their adoption has been limited due to their large size and high capital cost, resulting in long payback times. For adsorption-based heat pumps, the major development challenge is to maximize the rate of heat transfer to the adsorbent, whilst minimizing the thermal mass. This work develops a modular finned-tube carbon–ammonia adsorption generator that incorporates the adsorbent in highly compacted 3-mm layers between aluminum fins. Manufacturing techniques that are amenable to low cost and high-volume production were developed. The module was tested using the large temperature jump (LTJ) method and achieved a time constant for adsorption and desorption of 50 s. The computational model predicted that if incorporated into two adsorption generators of 6 L volume each, they could be used to construct a gas-fired heat pump with a 10 kW heat output and a gas utilization efficiency (GUE, the ratio of useful heat output to higher calorific value of gas used) of 1.2.

Study of Physical Fitness, Bone Quality, and Mediterranean Diet Adherence in Professional Female Beach Handball Players: Cross-Sectional Study

(1) Background: Beach handball is a relatively new type of sport, derived from team handball. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the physical fitness of elite players of this sport by studying some variables of sports performance, including strength, endurance and power, and dietary habits, and to assess bone ultrasonographic variables. (2) Methods: 33 beach handball players have participated in this research; 18 juniors (age: 16.7 ± 0.50) and 15 seniors (age: 24.8 ± 4.71). The athletes’ strength was evaluated using the Handgrip Test on the dominant hand, the height of jump was evaluated by a counter-jump on a contact platform, and velocity, agility, and resistance by the Yo-Yo test. The broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and the sound of speed (SOS) through the calcaneus were also measured. The Mediterranean diet adherence (KIDMED) was the questionnaire used to evaluate eating habits. In the statistical analysis, descriptions and correlations were made between the study variables. (3) Results: Both in the case of the dynamometric hand strength test (p < 0.05) and in the lower extremity power test (p < 0.01), senior players presented significantly higher values compared to junior players (35.1 ± 3.84 vs. 31.8 ± 3.37 and 35.1 ± 6.89 vs. 28.5 ± 5.69 with the dynamometry and Abalakov tests, respectively). However, no differences were observed in the variables by playing position. Significant correlations between different variables have been established, highlighting negative correlations between BMI and weight with the Abalakov Jump Test and positive correlations between Yo-Yo and BUA, and, between BMI and BUA. (4) Conclusions: Older and trained players are in better physical fitness; high weight and BMI have a negative influence on power, agility, speed, and endurance. In general, adherence to the Mediterranean diet is moderate and it seems evident that there is a beneficial influence of beach handball on bone condition, as measured by ultrasound. However future research should be carried on, including dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry assessments and food intake registers for a whole week.

Analysis of vertical and horizontal impulsion in male handball athletes from joinville-sc

Handball has become a popular sport because it is easy to learn and very common in Brazilian schools, mostly, given that it is an Olympic sport. The goal of this study is to analyze the vertical and horizontal impulsion index in male handball athletes from Joinville. The sample counted 17 athletes with ages ranging from 14 to 18 years old. Seventeen athletes belonging to the handball team of the city of Joinville were investigated. For data collection the tests were used: Sargent Jump Test (Sargent, 1921) and Lower Limb Explosive Strength Test (GAYA, 2016), in all jumps three attempts were performed and only the highest of them was taken into account for validation. After the results in the tests the athletes obtained in the Jump Without Assistance (SSA), 47.05% of the athletes had a result considered GOOD, 35.29% were considered REGULAR and 17.64% in the VERY GOOD. In the Sargent Jump with aid of upper limbs, with the nomenclature Jump with Aid (SCA), 41.17% had jumps considered VERY GOOD, 35.29% considered GOOD, 11.76% considered GREAT and 5.88% considered REGULAR. In the lower limbs explosive strength test (TFEMI), 41.18% of the athletes were classified as VERY GOOD, 29.41% as GOOD, 23.52% as REASONABLE, and 5.88% as FAIL. After the conclusion of the data collection and analysis, the athletes in this study were classified with a jump considered good for their age group and most of the analyzed athletes had results higher than expected. The author highlights that with a more detailed study and with a more in-depth approach, so as to corroborate with other studies and with this one for future research.

Effects of kinesiophobia and pain on performance and willingness to perform jumping tests in Achilles tendinopathy: A cross-sectional study

ObjectivesFear of movement may be a source of systemic bias in studies reporting functional deficits in patients with Achilles tendinopathy. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of kinesiophobia on completion rate and performance on tests evaluating lower extremity function, while controlling for self-reported pain. DesignCross-sectional study; SettingTendon research laboratory. ParticipantsNinety-four participants with Achilles tendinopathy. Main outcome measuresCompletion (yes/no) and performance (cm) on the counter-movement jump, hopping, and drop counter-movement jump. ResultsThe models fit the data (R^2 = 0.81, both models). TSK score did not predict completion (beta = −0.01, 95% CI = −0.13 – 0.09, P = 0.74) but pain did (beta = −0.36, 95% CI = −0.53 to −0.19, P < 0.0001). TSK score did not predict performance (beta = −0.06, 95% CI = −0.14 – 0.003, P = 0.07), but pain did (beta = −0.15, 95% CI = −0.22 to −0.07, P < 0.0001). ConclusionsKinesiophobia did not affect the physical performance tests in patients with Achilles tendinopathy. Measures of physical performance should be interpreted alongside self-reported pain.

Comparison of selected physical fitness parameters between collegiate long distance runners, basketball players and weight lifters/power lifters

Physical Fitness and abilities vary from sport to sport. For the purposes of differentiation with regard to physiological and physical characteristics sport can be classified as team sport, individual sport and power sport. Various Studies have been done as to the physiological requirements in different sports. This study aims to throw light on the selected physical fitness parameters namely, aerobic capacity, flexibility and Anaerobic power in long distance runners (individual events), basketball players (team events) and weight/power lifters (power events) at the collegiate level. Standardised tests such as Cooper test (Cardiovascular fitness), Sit and Reach test (flexibility) and Vertical Jump test (Anaerobic power) have been used to assess the abilities. Statistical techniques like ANOVA has been applied find out the differences between the sports. The findings indicate that the athletes dominate in aerobic capacity while the basketball players and weight/power lifters dominate in anaerobic power. Basketball players indicate less flexibility than the other groups.

Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Jumping, Sprinting and Force-Velocity Profiling in Resistance-Trained Women: A Preliminary Study.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the menstrual cycle on vertical jumping, sprint performance and force-velocity profiling in resistance-trained women. A group of resistance-trained eumenorrheic women (n = 9) were tested in three phases over the menstrual cycle: bleeding phase, follicular phase, and luteal phase (i.e., days 1–3, 7–10, and 19–21 of the cycle, respectively). Each testing phase consisted of a battery of jumping tests (i.e., squat jump [SJ], countermovement jump [CMJ], drop jump from a 30 cm box [DJ30], and the reactive strength index) and 30 m sprint running test. Two different applications for smartphone (My Jump 2 and My Sprint) were used to record the jumping and sprinting trials, respectively, at high speed (240 fps). The repeated measures ANOVA reported no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05, ES < 0.25) in CMJ, DJ30, reactive strength index and sprint times between the different phases of the menstrual cycle. A greater SJ height performance was observed during the follicular phase compared to the bleeding phase (p = 0.033, ES = −0.22). No differences (p ≥ 0.05, ES < 0.45) were found in the CMJ and sprint force-velocity profile over the different phases of the menstrual cycle. Vertical jump, sprint performance and the force-velocity profiling remain constant in trained women, regardless of the phase of the menstrual cycle.

Contribution of Plantar Fascia and Intrinsic Foot Muscles in a Single-Leg Drop Landing and Repetitive Rebound Jumps: An Ultrasound-Based Study.

The plantar fascia and intrinsic foot muscles (IFM) modulate foot stiffness. However, it is unclear whether the corresponding ultrasonography findings reflect it. This study aimed to examine the effect of the plantar fascia and IFM morphologies on force attenuation during landing and reactivity when jumping in healthy adults (n = 21; age, 21–27 years). Thickness, cross-sectional area (CSA), and hardness of the plantar fascia, abductor hallucis (AbH), and flexor hallucis brevis (FHB) muscles were measured using ultrasonography. Single-leg drop landing and repetitive rebound jumping tests assessed the ground reaction force (GRF) and reactive jump index (RJI), respectively. The CSA of FHB was negatively correlated with maximum vertical GRF (r = −0.472, p = 0.031) in the single-leg drop landing test. The CSA of AbH was negatively correlated with contact time (r = −0.478, p = 0.028), and the plantar fascia thickness was positively correlated with jump height (r = 0.615, p = 0.003) and RJI (r = 0.645, p = 0.002) in the repetitive bound jump test. In multivariate regression analysis, only the plantar fascia thickness was associated with RJI (β = 0.152, 95% confidence interval: 7.219–38.743, p = 0.007). The CSA of FHB may contribute to force attenuation during landing. The thickness of the plantar fascia and CSA of AbH may facilitate jumping high with minimal contact time.

The Metabolic Relevance of Type of Locomotion in Anaerobic Testing: Bosco Continuous Jumping Test Versus Wingate Anaerobic Test of the Same Duration.

To evaluate the metabolic relevance of type of locomotion in anaerobic testing by analyzing and comparing the metabolic profile of the Bosco Continuous Jumping Test (CJ30) with the corresponding profile of the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT). A total of 11 well-trained, male team-sport athletes (age = 23.7 [2.2]y, height = 184.1 [2.8]cm, weight = 82.4 [6.4]kg) completed a CJ30 and WAnT each. During the WAnT, power data and revolutions per minute were recorded, and during the CJ30, jump height and jumping frequency were recorded. In addition, oxygen uptake and blood lactate concentration were assessed, and metabolic profiles were determined via the PCr-LA-O2 method. In the CJ30, metabolic energy was lower (109.3 [18.0] vs 143.0 [13.1]kJ, P < .001, d = -2.302), while peak power (24.8 [4.4] vs 11.8 [0.5]W·kg-1, P < .001, d = 3.59) and mean power (20.8 [3.6] vs 9.1 [0.5]W·kg-1, P < .001, d = 4.14) were higher than in the WAnT. The metabolic profiles of the CJ30 (aerobic energy = 20.00% [4.7%], anaerobic alactic energy [WPCr] = 45.6% [4.5%], anaerobic lactic energy = 34.4% [5.2%]) and the WAnT (aerobic energy = 16.0% [3.0%], anaerobic alactic WPCr = 34.5% [5.0%], anaerobic lactic energy = 49.5% [3.3%]) are highly anaerobic. Absolute energy contribution for the CJ30 and WAnT was equal in WPCr (49.9 [11.1] vs 50.2 [11.2]kJ), but anaerobic lactic energy (37.7 [7.7] vs 69.9 [5.3]kJ) and aerobic energy (20.6 [5.7] vs 23.0 [4.0]kJ) were higher in the WAnT. Mechanical efficiency was substantially higher in the CJ30 (37.9% [4.5%] vs 15.6% [1.0%], P < .001, d = 6.86), while the fatigue index was lower (18.5% [3.8%] vs 23.2% [3.1%], P < .001, d = -1.38) than in the WAnT. Although the anaerobic share in both tests is similar and predominant, the CJ30 primarily taxes the WPCr system, while the WAnT more strongly relies on the glycolytic pathway. Thus, the 2 tests should not be used interchangeably, and the type of locomotion seems crucial when choosing an anaerobic test for a specific sport.

Clinical Risk Profile for a Second Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Female Soccer Players After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Background: The risk of a second anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury when participating in pivoting sports after ACL reconstruction is high. Risk factors associated with a second ACL injury are complex. Purpose: To investigate the combinations of various clinical risk factors associated with second ACL injury in female soccer players with a primary unilateral ACL reconstruction, using Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 117 active female soccer players (mean ± SD age, 20 ± 2 years) were included. Athletes were enrolled 19 ± 9 months after ACL reconstruction and were prospectively followed for 2 years. At baseline, all players underwent assessment of knee and ankle joint range of motion (ROM), participated in functional tests (postural control, hop performance, and movement asymmetries in the lower limbs and trunk), and answered questionnaires (patient-reported knee function, knee-related quality of life, psychological and personality factors). A clinical prediction model using CART was developed. Results: A total of 28 players (24%) sustained a second ACL injury (21 ipsilateral and 7 contralateral ruptures) while playing soccer. CART analysis selected 9 of 19 independent variables associated with second ACL injury: the 5-jump test, knee collapse on the non–ACL reconstructed leg in a drop vertical jump, tuck jump, limb symmetry index on side hop and the single hop for distance, side difference in ankle dorsiflexion ROM, and scores for the questionnaires ACL-Return to Sport After Injury and the Swedish Universities Scales of Personality subscales of Stress Susceptibility and Adventure Seeking. The accuracy of the model was 89%, with 100% sensitivity and 76% specificity. CART analysis indicated that the interaction of longer jumps in the 5-jump test (>916 cm) with more side difference in ankle dorsiflexion ROM (>–2.5°) and more knee valgus collapse in the nonreconstructed knee (>−1.4 cm) (relative risk, 4.03; 95% CI, 2.21-7.36) best predicted an increased likelihood of a second ACL injury. Conclusion: The risk profiles selected by CART could accurately identify female soccer players at high risk for a second ACL injury. There was an interaction between functional performance, clinical assessment, and psychological factors, and it is reasonable to include these factors in return-to-sport decisions and in athlete screening after ACL injury.

An appraisal of flexibility and agility in Indian Basketball, Volleyball and Handball players and its comparison among them

Swiftness of ball games is one of the biggest reasons for its popularity. All ball games are very versatile and are played very recently in India. Thus, current study is undertaken to identify lacunae in technical skills of Indian Players and compare the skill related fitness. The study was carried out in ninety Male Indian players. Basketball players (n=30), volleyball players (n=30) and handball players (n=30) aged between 16 to 25yrs after obtaining institutional ethics committee clearance. Flexibility was assessed using Modified Sit and Reach test and Goniometry. Agility was assessed using burpee’s squat test, shuttle run and quadrant Jump test using standardized procedure recommended by established literature. Data was analyzed using SPSS v20.0. Our study revealed that, there is a statistically significant difference of mean values among all parameters (p&amp;#60;0.0001) except modified sit and reach test (p=0.06). Further analysis revealed that all groups shows statistically significant difference (p&amp;#60;0.05) except between HBP and BBP (p&amp;#62;0.05) for shoulder flexion, shoulder extension, knee flexion, knee extension and quadrant jump, between HBP and VBP for burpee’s squat test, shuttle run and quadrant jump (p&amp;#62;0.05).Our also revealed that shoulder flexibility was significantly more in Volleyball players while knee flexibility was significantly higher in Basketball players. Handball players had intermediate values of flexibility. Agility was significant higher in Basketball players, intermediate Handball player while least in Volleyball players. However, these players lag far behind when compared with international players and standards.

Impact of Drop Jump Index For17-18 Year Old Volleyball Players in Albania

Volleyball is characterized by the activity of vertical jump performance in the technical elements of attack, block and service. The study focuses on young Female &amp; Male players during the 12-week plyometric training. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of 12-weeks plyometric training performance in volleyball players M &amp; F in Albania to see the differences between them. Methods; 40 young players (F &amp; M) participated in this study. N=10 M &amp; N=10 F volleyball players considered as Experimental and the same number as Control. The average age of players included in this study is 17-18 years old. The players of both groups were evaluated before and after 12 weeks. The F&amp;M Experimental groups conducted 12 weeks of plyometric training with 2 sessions for a week. The F&amp;M Control groups conducted the training according to the method of their trainers. Besides anthropometric measurements they developed Drop Jump tests by jumping from the cube in height 40 cm and 60 cm. Results; The results showed a high correlation coefficient (r = 0,924) and statistically significant (p &lt;0,05). Data obtained from two groups GRFP show that the relationship between the contact time and the time air changes between the two tests DJ 40-60cm. Conclusions. The methodology used helps us compare the high and poor performances that help coaches to program more detailed plyometric training for the development of jumping skills in young volleyball players. The effect of plyometric training developed on M&amp;F volleyball players and according to data obtained from GRFP, showed that male volleyball players had a better performance in vertical jump than female volleyball players. Vertical jumping may be assessed not only by the height of its development but also by the phase of residence in the air.

Comparison of Physical Condition Profiles of Elite and Non-Elite Youth Football Players

Performance of a football player in a competitive match is influenced by good physical condition in training, competing, or in everyday life. Comprehensive ability is the hope of all football coaches. The study was conducted to determine how the comparison of the physical condition profile of youth football players in the elite and non-elite categories at the provincial level football federation, especially in SSB in the Special Region of Yogyakarta.The research method used in this research is descriptive quantitative. The subjects of this study were students or soccer athletes in elite and non-elite youth football players. The population that the researchers determined was elite and non-elite youth football players at football schools or football clubs in the DIY Province. The sampling technique was carried out by means of purposive random sampling. The instrument in this study used the MFT / Yoyo Intermitent Test, Vertical Jump Test, 30 meter Sprint Test, Illinois Test, and Sit And Reach.Based on the results of the study, it shows that the body mass index component with an average of 19.53 elite players and 19.78 non-elite players. Flexibility, elite players 34.40 and non elite players 31.14. The leg power of elite players is 45.52 and for non-elite players is 45.28. The speed component is 4.48 for elite and non-elite players, 4.95. For coordination, the elite players are 53.04 and the non-elite players are 51.20. The agility of the elite players is 18.68 and the non-elite players are 18.99. Meanwhile, the aerobic endurance for elite players was 39.85 and non-elite players were 37.97. So it can be concluded that the physical condition of soccer players which includes body mass index, flexibility, leg power, speed, coordination, agility and endurance, elite players show better results compared to non-elite players.

Development, reliability and validity of the Closed Kinetic Chain Lower Extremity Stability Test (CKCLEST): a new clinical performance test

ABSTRACT This study aimed to develop and determine the test-retest, intra- and interrater reliability, and validity of the Closed Kinetic Chain Lower Extremity Stability Test (CKCLEST). Three-blinded, cross-sectional, repeated-measures clinical measurement reliability trial. Fifty young adults participated in this study. To assess the reliability of CKCLEST, intraclass correlation coefficient, standard error of measurement, minimal detectable change, and Bland–Altman plot were used. For concurrent validity of CKCLEST was applied Spearman correlation analysis with Vertical Jump Test, Isokinetic Dynamometer Test, Single-Leg Hop Test, and Prone Bridge Test. All analyses were made for both the best score and the average score. CKCLEST showed excellent reliability. ICC for test-retest reliability (0.93; 0.84), intrarater reliability (rater 1: 0.90; 0.83- rater 2: 0.93; 0.85), and interrater reliability (0.90; 0.83) was calculated for average score and best score, respectively. CKCLEST was found to be moderately correlated with each of the tests. CKCLEST is a highly reliable, valid, and new clinical assessment tool.