Juice Extraction Research Articles

Agave cupreata fructans, encapsulation as pro and prebiotics

The agave or maguey belongs to the agaváceas family, with long and fibrous leaves, among this species is the Agave cupreata, endemic to the state of Guerrero, the agave has various properties, among them is the high content of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) derived from the hydrolysis of fructans. It has been shown that it possesses prebiotic properties, due to its β bonds it cannot be hydrolyzed by intestinal tract secretions. Therefore, they beneficially affect the host and stimulate the growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which are colonizing the intestinal microbiota and preventing the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, the objective is to design a prebiotic and probiotic with agave fructans. With Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 and L. acidophilus La5, encapsulate them and evaluate their antimicrobial effect against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Materials and methods: an extraction of agave juice was carried out in a 1:1 ratio between grams of sample and water, in crude and cooked agave, later it was inoculated and fermented with LAB for 4 days, it was decided to encapsulate to evaluate the antimicrobial effect. against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Results: the antibiogram indicated that E. coli is resistant to ampicillin, however the cooked and crude agave juice inhibited to E. coli, the same way cooked and crude agave juice, inhibited the growth of S. typhi, but it did not show resistance to antibiotic. Conclusion: the agave juice inoculated with (BAL) has an inhibitory action against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi.

Influence of Levels of Water Soluble Fertilizer on Yield, Quality and Economics of Sugarcane Through Fertigation

A field experiment was conducted at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, V. C. Farm, Mandya during 2018-19 to study the effect of water-soluble fertilizer levels (urea, MAP, MOP) under drip fertigation on yield, quality and economics of sugarcane. The investigation was carried out in Randomized Complete Block Design with seven treatments and replicated thrice. The treatments comprised of four levels of fertigation viz., 150, 125, 100 and 75 per cent Recommended Dosage of Fertilizers (RDF) through water soluble fertilizers, 100 per cent RDF through conventional fertilizers without FYM, 100 per cent RDF through conventional fertilizers with FYM and control. The results revealed that application of 125 per cent RDF through water soluble fertilizers recorded significantly higher yield and yield parameters viz., number of millable canes clump-1 (14.33), cane length (346.33 cm), number of internodes cane-1(21.00), cane girth (13.80 cm), single cane weight (2.97 Kg) and cane yield (212 t ha-1) and was on par with 150 per cent RDF and 100 per cent RDF through water soluble fertilizer application. Least number of millable canes clump-1(8.67), cane length (220.00 cm), number of internodes cane-1 (17.87), cane girth (10.2 cm), single cane weight (1.72 Kg) and cane yield (112.60 t ha-1) was recorded in control. Quality parameters like pol (18.0%), CCS production (12.44%), sugar yield (26.38 t ha-1) and juice extraction per centage (69.65 %) were observed significantly higher with 125 per cent RDF through drip fertigation and was on par with 150 per cent RDF and 100 per cent RDF through water soluble fertilizer application. Economic perspectives such as higher gross returns (Rs. 487600 ha-1), net returns (Rs. 368532 ha-1) and B: C ratio (4.10) was noticed with application of 125 per cent RDF and hence concluded that fertigation at 125 per cent RDF found optimum for higher yield and net returns.

Study of Opuntia humifusa: phytochemical analysis of aqueous fruit extract and green synthesis of Ag2O nanoparticles

Ag2O nanoparticle synthesis was carried out via co-precipitation technique based on using AgNO3 and secondary metabolites present in the aqueous extract of Opuntia humifusa fruit for the first time. The amount of measured total phenol, flavonoid content, flavone, and flavonol content, and anthocyanin were 38.46 μg eq gallic acid mg−1 extract, 8.34 μg eq quercetin mg−1 extract, 0.614 μg eq quercetin mg−1 DW, and 3.1 mmol L−1, respectively. Moreover, the predominant phenolic compound was gallic acid. Catechin and chlorogenic acid were found in both fruit juice and fruit aqueous extract. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of Ag2O-NPs showed the average particle size was 10.58 nm. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction Spectroscopy, and UV/visible spectrometry also confirmed the synthesis. This study then focuses on IC50 and NO amount differences before and after the synthesis of Ag2O-NPs which were 448.29 and 101.38 μg mL−1 for IC50 and 35.7% and 62.6% for NO, respectively.

Anti-microbial And Anti-diabetic Properties of Dillenia Indica Linn. (Elephant Apple ): A Short Review

Dillenia indica Linn. is classified under (Dilleniaceae) family, generally known as elephant apple with many other names like bhavya, chalta, karambel, ramphal. This evergreen deciduous tree mainly found in Asian countries and in India, mainly found in Assam, Bihar, Bengal. There are many Dillenia species however only some are established scientifically. Historically the unripe end result are used to make curries due to its sour taste and ripe end result are making pickles. The end result are commonly high in fibre and due to presence of gummy substances, extraction of juice turns into tough .Not only the culmination have medicinal values but the leaves and the bark also showed numerous pharmacological interest. Dillenia indica is a well-known medicinal plant of this genus for their therapeutic capability in pre-clinical research. Various parts of this plant shows beneficial properties against various diseases like antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antioxidant, anticancer activities. Fruit of Dillenia indica can be consumed as dried powder or in juice form with various health benefits. It is an important medicinal plant and has been prevalently utilized in Indian conventional and ayurvedic medicinal drug for curing plethora of ailments along with digestive, respiration and crucial nervous system problems. Plant extracts have been reported that it contains many phytochemicals as well as their active constituents i.e flavonoids, triterpenoids, phytosteroids, phenolics. These active constituents shows wide range of pharmacological activities like antimalarial, anticancer, anti inflammatory. The slime , extracts and crude sample having medicinal uses like treatment of various skin problems like eczema , skin itching , treatment of dandruff and hair related issues. Consumption of leaves directly help to neutralize food poisoning also.

Integrated biorefinery for xylooligosaccharides, pectin, and bioenergy production from orange waste

AbstractOrange waste is one of the most underutilized biowastes. It accounts for 50% of the fruit weight after juice extraction, presenting an environmental problem due to inappropriate disposal. Industrial waste exploitation is a sustainable way to obtain bioproducts and bioenergy. However, the efficiency of chemical treatments and enzymatic cocktails is still a bottleneck in these processes. One potential route to reduce costs is to design consecutive extraction and hydrolysis stages to yield more products from different fractions of the same feedstock, reducing the use of time and bulk materials. This study assessed the economic performance of an orange processing waste (OPW) biorefinery for xylooligosaccharides (XOS), pectin, and bioenergy, involving three aspects: (1) experimental procedures, (2) a simulation approach, and (3) optimization tools. The optimization of hydrothermal treatment for pectin extraction decreased material costs by more than 60% and preserved the xylan content for xylooligosaccharide production by enzymatic hydrolysis. This study analyzed different biorefinery capacities, and solid waste exploitation for heat and steam generation, improving sustainability. The production cost per kg of high‐purity pectin and xylooligosaccharides is 3.67 $ with an efficient solvent recovery and self‐sufficiency for standard power usage. These results proved the economic feasibility and low environmental impact of the OPW biorefinery.

Methodology for the development of identification criteria of stone fruit brandy

The need to develop identification criteria for fruit brandy is connected with the prevention of the sale of counterfeit products on the Russian alcohol market. Due to the variety of factors affecting the final product, the solution to this problem requires the use of a methodology based on an integrated approach. The work is devoted to its first stage — the assessment of the influence of the biochemical composition of fruit stone raw materials, as well as various technological factors on the formation of essential (identification) characteristics of products. Fresh fruits of apricots, cherry plums, cherries, dogwood and plums, as well as samples of fermented raw materials were used as objects of research. The biochemical composition of fresh fruits was assessed by the content of sugars, free organic acids, amino acids and pectin substances. It has been found that the values of all main indicators of the biochemical composition varied widely in the samples of initial raw materials. At the same time, significant differences were noted between the types of fruit raw materials in the content of free amino acids (dogwood, cherry plum up to 0.08% and 0.12%, respectively; cherry, plum and apricot up to 0.19–0.30%) and pectin substances (cherry, apricot up to 0.6–0.8%; cherry plum, dogwood, plum up to 1.2–1.3%). The following factors were studied in the work as technological factors: a method of primary processing of raw materials (obtaining pulp or juice extraction); a maceration method — without enzyme preparations and with treatment with enzyme preparations; a fermentation method — without fermentation activators and using fermentation activators. It has been established that the method for primary processing of raw materials affects the concentration of methanol, esters and higher alcohols in fermented raw materials. The use of fermentation activators contributes to an increase in the concentration of higher alcohols and esters in them by almost 2 times, and the use of individual complex enzyme preparations — by 16% and 80%, respectively. It has been shown that the methodology for developing identification criteria for fruit vodkas at the first stage should include an assessment of the physico-chemical composition of initial raw materials and individual technological factors at the stage of preparing them for distillation.

Effect of Thermosonication on the Nutritional Quality of Lapsi (Choerospondias axillaris) Fruit Juice: Application of Advanced Artificial Neural Networks.

This study explored the effect of thermosonication on the nutritional properties of lapsi (Choerospondias axillaris) fruit juice. The intent of the present investigation was to process lapsi fruit juice using both thermosonication and thermal pasteurisation and to compare the effects of these treatments on the juice's physicochemical, nutritional, and microbiological qualities. In order to maximise the retention of nutritional properties, enhance juice quality, and boost efficiency, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was also developed to forecast the optimisation of process parameters for the quality of lapsi fruit juice. This study establishes a novel experimental planning method using an ANN to multi-objectively optimise the extraction process and identify the ideal extraction conditions for thermosonication (50, 75, and 100% amplitude at 30, 40, and 50 °C for 15, 30, 45, and 60 min) to augment lapsi juice's nutritional and microbiological properties by improving certain attributes such as ascorbic acid (AA), antioxidant activity (AOA), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total plate count, and yeast and mould count (YMC). The maximum values for AA (71.80 ± 0.05 mg/100 mL), AOA (74.60 ± 0.28%), TPC (187.33 ± 0.03 mg gallic acid equivalents [GAE]/mL), TFC (127.27 ± 0.05 mg quercetin equivalents [QE]/mL), total plate count (not detected), and YMC were achieved in thermosonicated lapsi juice (TSLJ) under optimal conditions. For AA and TFC, the optimal conditions were 100% amplitude, 40 °C, and 45 min. For AOA and TPC, the optimal conditions were 100% amplitude, 40 °C, and 60 min, and for YMC, the optimal conditions were 100% amplitude, 50 °C, and 60 min. According to the findings, thermosonicated juices have improved nutritional properties, making them an excellent source of bioactive elements for use in both the food and pharmaceutical sectors. According to this study, ANN has been identified as a valuable tool for predicting the effectiveness of lapsi fruit juice extraction, and the application of thermosonication as an approach for lapsi juice preservation could be a potential successor to thermal pasteurisation. This approach can help to minimise or hinder quality degradation while improving the juice's functionality.

Sugarcane juice extraction prediction with physical informed neural networks

Sugarcane crushing is a complex process with multiple factors, multiple objectives, strong coupling, large nonlinearity and uncertainty. Due to the ambiguity of the pressing mechanism and the unexplicability of data-driven, the process index of sugarcane pressing process is difficult to predict. In order to solve this problem, this paper combines deep learning with pressing mechanism, and establishes a process index prediction model of sugarcane pressing process based on physics-informed neural network (PINN). Firstly, the constitutive model of sugarcane was established based on the pressing mechanism. Combined with the porous medium control equation and numerical simulation, the sugarcane pressing mechanism model was established and verified, which provided high-quality simulation data for subsequent research. Secondly, the porous medium control equation is embedded into the PINN model as a physical law to establish a unique loss function of the sugarcane pressing process. Combining the historical data and simulation data of the workshop, a large sample data is made to train the model, and the model is compared with the common data-driven model to further illustrate the accuracy and stability of the established model.

Pioneering ginger juice extract mediated synthesis of magnesium indate nanoparticles

Magnesium indate nanoparticles were synthesized via a biomediated route using ginger extract as a reducing agent followed by calcination. The Bragg reflections confirm the formation of an orthorhombic crystal structure with space group Imma. This was in turn confirmed through Rietveld refinement. The crystallite size and other structural parameters were calculated. Agglomerated irregularly sized and irregularly shaped nanoparticles were observed. The direct band gap was found to be 3.16 eV. Photoluminescence analysis was performed with excitation at 250 nm. The photoluminescence intensity and CIE values drop in the blue region of the visible spectrum. The correlated color temperature was found to be 2748 K. Further, the powder dusting method was used to collect latent fingerprints on porous and nonporous surfaces. The synthesized magnesium indate results in well-resolved ridge patterns that can be used to identify latent fingerprints with clarity. From all these results, the present synthesized magnesium indate nanoparticles might find application in display technology as a blue nanophosphor material and for latent fingerprint detection in forensic science.

Design, Development and Performance Evaluation of Semi Automated Citrus Juice Extractor Machine

Citrus juice extractor machine has been design, fabricated and can be found in numerous studies at different areas. These citrus juice extractor machine is a semi automated one that operates from the entrance of citrus into the hopper basket till the filteration of the juice for consumption. The operational procedure for the extraction of juice starts from the stacking of neatly cleaned citrus of same size in the basket position ontop of the extractor machine which in turn passes through the hopper to the extraction chamber where the oranges are cut into two equal halves for the twin knaggy ball shearing then the pulps are dropped through the remaning collector to the residue collection bin while the extracted juice flows through the seize to a container for consumption. The optimal operating speed of the juice extraction machine was found to be 15rpm, while the optimum feed was found to be F1 (2.5 kg/min). The average juice extraction efficiency at optimum speed (S) and feed rate (F) was 64%; juice yield at optimum Speed and Feed was 60%; juice extraction losses was 35% at optimum Speed and Feed.

Haskap Juicing Method Effects on Haskap Juice Quality

This research is the first study on the influence of juicing methods on the ‘Aurora’ haskap juice quality. Three common juice extraction methods, namely, using a steam juicer, a centrifugal juicer, and a bladder wine press, were applied for haskap juice extraction. Both physicochemical assays and tests of antioxidant activities were employed to evaluate the qualities of the haskap juice. Generally, the centrifugal juicer increased and the steam juicer reduced concentrations of measured juice components relative to the press. The juice from the centrifugal juicer had the highest cloudiness. Sugar concentrations were about 40% lower in steam juice compared to the centrifugal juicer. Pressed juice had a slightly lower soluble solid content than the juice made with the centrifugal juicer and concentrations of glucose and fructose were similar between these methods. The methods altered pH and malic acid content without affecting the concentrations of tartaric and malic acids. Similar effects of juicing methods were seen in secondary compounds associated with health benefits and antioxidant capacities. Anthocyanin concentrations in press and centrifugal juicer extracts were similar, about 1.6 times higher than steam juicer extracts. Total phenolics and antioxidant activities were from two to four times higher in the centrifugal juicer extraction compared to steam juicing. Ascorbic acid and total flavonoid content in the haskap juice was increased by centrifugal juicing and decreased by steam juicing compared to the press. Overall, the juice extracted with the centrifugal juicer had concentrations of juice components that were 1.5–2 times higher than the steam juicer. The pressed juice had similar to slightly lower concentrations of components compared to the centrifugal juicer.

Effects of enzyme pectinase treatment on obtaining optimum red dragon juice production yield from Vinh Phuc province

Red dragon (Hylocereus polyrhizus) has been one of the main cash crops of Vinh Phuc province in recent years. In addition to its consumption as a fresh fruit, dragon can be processed into a variety of commercial products. This research aims to determine basic parameters to obtain the optimum dragon juice production yield for further processing procedures. Pectin (“natural glue” acts as a binding agent for the structure of cell walls as well as most plant cells) in dragon, has a great effect on juice extraction due to its capacity to increase flesh viscosity. The method applied in this study is using enzyme pectinase to reduce viscosity and increase the juice production yield. The results showed that the treatment of red dragon with enzyme Pectinex Ultra SP-L with a concentration of 0.6 g/kg in 80 minutes and a production yield of 77.56%.

The characteristics of microwave-treated insoluble and soluble dietary fibers from grape and their effects on bread quality.

This study investigated the morphological and hydration properties of untreated and microwave (MW)-treated isolate forms of soluble (SDF) and insoluble dietary fibers (IDF) obtained from grapes. Then, the rheological, textural, and other physical effects of the fibers (5% flour basis) were evaluated on bread quality. For this purpose, grape pomace was valorized as the juice extraction waste. MW significantly improved hydration properties of SDF and IDF by modifying their microstructures (p < .05). SDF had a clean-cut morphology whereas IDF had an indented microstructure with a wrinkled surface. After MW treatment, deep grooves and holes were observed. These variations in the IDF structure were more extensive. DF additions influenced water absorption, mixing tolerance index, dough development time, dough stability, resistance to extension, extensibility, energy of the dough and hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, chewiness, weight loss, specific volume, crust color difference of the bread in comparison with the properties of control samples significantly (p < .05). IDF had especially pronounced effects on the dough and bread characteristics. SDF enrichment provided more comparable results with the control bread than IDF. The originality of this work is to characterize isolated (100% purity) SDFs and IDFs, then discuss their effects on semi (dough) and final (bread) product quality.

Protective Effect of Pomegranate Juice Extract Against Antitubercular Drugs Induced Hepatic Fibrosis

The current study aimed to know the therapeutic efficacy of Punica granatum (fruit juice extract) against anti-TB druginduced hepatic fibrosis in rats. 24 male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups, with six rats in each. INH at 27 mg/kg B.W., RIF at 54 mg/kg B.W., and PZA at 135 mg/kg B.W. were administered orally to Groups 2, 3 and 4 from days 1 to 28. Group 1 was maintained as normal control, and group 2 was a toxic control (administered anti-TB drugs, p/o). Groups 3 and 4 were administered (p/o) with Enalapril at 5mg/kg B.W. and Punica granatum (fresh juice extract) at 1 ml/rat, respectively, from day 1 to 28. Serum samples were collected on the 14th and 28th to assess various biochemical parameters, and liver samples were collected at the end of the experiment to analyze antioxidant parameters, TGF β1, and histopathological examination. The biochemical parameters showed significant (p&lt;0.05) alterations in AST, ALT, GGT, antioxidant profile (TBARS GSH, GST, GPx and SOD), and expression of TGF β1 levels in group 2 along with collagen deposition and alterations in the histopathology when compared with group 1. There was a significant improvement in treatment groups 3 and 4 at different time intervals. These changes were reversed in groups 3 and 4, which were administered Enalapril and Punica granatum juice extract, respectively.

Taify Pomegranate Juice Extract Abrogates Testicular Dysfunction Induced by Acrylamide: Role of Inflammatory, Antioxidants, and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers

High altitude (HA) poses various dangers to living organisms, the most serious of which are oxidative stress and its accompanying metabolic problems, as well as hypoxia and its associated metabolic abnormalities. Acrylamide is a poisonous chemical produced under the oxidative stress as a result of intracellular reactive oxygen species formation and toxicity. Heating carbohydrates-rich meals give acrylamide that is widely used in the industry. The precise mechanism of acrylamide toxicity is unknown. The current study aimed to examine the impacts of Taify pomegranate juice (TPJ) from Taif area (Punica granatum L.) on acrylamide-induced testicular stress and dysfunction. Twenty four male of adult Wistar rats, were divided into four groups: Group 1 was a negative-control received only saline; Group 2 was a positive-control that received orally acrylamide (20 mg/kg/bw) for consecutive 4 weeks; and Group 3 received TPJ; 2 mL/kg/bw, orally for 4 weeks. Rats in Group 4 received pomegranate juice and acrylamide as described in Groups 2 and 3, with the TPJ delivered 1 week before the acrylamide. Acrylamide elevated serum levels of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)). Moreover, acrylamide decreased concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), leutinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone and altered semen characteristics (decreased sperm viability and concentration, and increased sperm abnormalities). Acrylamide increased malondialdehyde levels (MDA), while it decreased antioxidant activities (superoxide dismutase; SOD and reduced glutathione; GSH). The inflammation associated cytokines were restored by TPJ administration to acrylamide rats. GSH and SOD were significantly recovered to near control levels in TPJ plus acrylamide group compared to acrylamide-administered rats. TPJ preadministration to rats restored semen profiles, alteration in testis pathology, and normalized the changes on the male reproductive hormones affected by acrylamide. Furthermore, the TPJ reversed the upregulation in caspases-3 and the decrease in B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) gene expressions affected by acrylamide, with significant upregulation of hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nuclear factor erythroid-2 (Nrf2) mRNA expression. These findings collectively revealed that TPJ possesses anti-inflammatory, potent antioxidant, and antiapoptotic effect against acrylamide-induced testicular damage.

A study on the photophysical properties of strong green-fluorescent N-doped carbon dots and application for pH sensing

Color tuneable effective pH sensor in both acidic and alkaline medium is important for environment and bioanalytical purpose. In this report, natural biomass derived N-doped fluorescent carbon dots are utilized as pH sensor. The fast microwave irradiation method was employed for synthesis using natural sweet lime juice extract. Ethylenediamine (EDA) was used for nitrogen doping with different amounts. The prepared N-doped carbon dots are comprehensively studied by various characterization methods to analyse the effect of dopant concentrations on photophysical and luminescence properties. Improved thermal stability from 900 °C to 1000 °C with EDA content is observed. The fluorescence spectra of prepared N-doped carbon dots exhibited stable green emission with high quantum yield 83 % under ultraviolet and 440 nm irradiation wavelengths for an optimal concentration of EDA. The color of emission confirmed by CIE plot and about 3.47 ns decay time is found by PL decay curve. The anti-photo bleaching ability and good photostability for 10 days are found. The prepared N-doped carbon dots exhibit high ionic stability and bio compatibility. Further, pH dependent color tuneable (green to yellow) emission spectra of prepared N-doped carbon dots displayed high fluorescence in acidic medium at pH -5. Although, emission was quenched and red shifted in alkaline medium. The effective pH-sensitivity, and good reversibility of fluorescent N-doped carbon dots samples were tested with real water samples having different pH values. The reasonable mechanism is discussed. It depicts the prepared N-doped carbon dots have potential to serve as pH sensor for physiochemical and bioanalytical measurements.

Matrix changes driven by cultivar diversity, inulin addition and drying techniques - shaping the antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of blueberry powders

Quality of fruit powders is ambiguously shaped by processing parameters depending on matrix composition. Thus, the objective was to evaluate influence of drying techniques and inulin application on physico-chemical, antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of sugar-free juice extract powders prepared from three blueberry cultivars. Drying significantly affected physical attributes, pointed vacuum drying as preferred. The highest phenolics content was ensured by spray- and freeze-drying (9.32–30.36 and 9.25–30.94 mg · 100 g−1 dry matter, respectively). Inulin lowered bioactives by 48% and alleviated cultivar-driven differences in powders. Phenolic profile affected antibacterial activity towards Campylobacter jejuni stronger than phenolic content. Ten out of fifteen carrier-free powders showed bactericidal effect against Helicobacter pylori, while one among inulin-added. Vacuum drying improved anti-inflammatory properties in gastric cell cultures infected with Helicobacter pylori of selected blueberry products compared to spray- and freeze-drying. The study provides comprehensive insight into blueberry powders manufacturing with high scientific and practical significance.

Effect of Extraction Methods on the Antioxidant Potential and Cytotoxicity of the Combined Ethanolic Extracts of Daucus carota L., Beta vulgaris L., Phyllanthus emblica L. and Lycopersicon esculentum against Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cells.

Frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables in the daily diet may alleviate the risk of developing chronic diseases. Daucus carota L. (carrot), Beta vulgaris L. (beetroot) Phyllanthus emblica L. (amla), and Lycopersicon esculentum M (tomatoes) are traditionally consumed functional foods that contain a high concentration of antioxidants, ascorbic acid, polyphenols, and numerous phytochemicals. This study assessed how three distinct preparation methods affect the phenolic, flavonoid, carotenoid, and ascorbic acid contents, antioxidant level, and cytotoxicity of the combined fruit extract. The fruit samples were taken in the ratio of carrot (6): beetroot (2): tomato (1.5): amla (0.5) and processed into a lyophilized slurry (LS) extract, lyophilized juice (LJ) extract, and hot-air oven-dried (HAO) extract samples. The sample extracts were assessed for their phytoconstituent concentrations and antioxidant and cytotoxic potential. The total phenolic content in LS, LJ, and HAO extracts was 171.20 ± 0.02, 120.73 ± 0.02, and 72.05 ± 0.01 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g, respectively and the total flavonoid content was 23.635 ± 0.003, 20.754 ± 0.005, and 18.635 ± 0.005 mg quercetin equivalent/100 g, respectively. Similarly, total ascorbic acid content, carotenoids, and antioxidant potential were higher in the LS and LJ extracts than in HAO. Overall, the LS extract had a substantially higher concentration of phytochemicals and antioxidants, as well as higher cytotoxic potential, compared to the LJ and HAO extracts. The LS extract was tested in the MKN-45 human gastric cancer cell line to demonstrate its effective antioxidant potential and cytotoxicity. Hence, lyophilization (freezing) based techniques are more effective than heat-based techniques in preserving the phytoconstituents and their antioxidant and cytotoxic potential.

Characterization of cellulase immobilized by different methods of entrapment and its application for carrot juice extraction.

In the present study, cellulase has been immobilized by two different methods of entrapment viz. encapsulation in calcium alginate and matrix entrapment in agar. The calcium alginate encapsulated beads showed an immobilization efficiency of 92.11% and agar entrapped cubes showed an immobilization efficiency of 97.63%. The free cellulase was found to show optimum activity at 50°C and pH 4, had a Km of 39.29mg/mL, Vmax of 0.50μmol/min. The calcium alginate encapsulated beads showed optimum activity at 50°C, and pH 8, had a Km of 72.28mg/mL and Vmax of 1.32μmol/min. The agar entrapped cubes showed optimum activity at 60°C, and pH 4, had a Km of 13.08mg/mL, and Vmax of 0.38μmol/min. The immobilized cellulases could be used for 5 cycles after which their activity deteriorated. The immobilized as well as the free enzyme were effective in increasing the yield of carrot juice.

Flow-cytometric cell sorting coupled with UV mutagenesis for improving pectin lyase expression.

Introduction: Alkaline pectin lyase is an important enzyme with a wide range of applications in industrial production, It has been widely used in many important fields such as fruit juice processing and extraction, the dyeing and processing of cotton and linen textiles, degumming plant fibers, environmental industrial wastewater treatment, and pulp and paper production. PGLA-rep4 was previously generated as a modified alkaline pectin lyase with high specific activity at pH 11.0°C and 70°C. However, the pre-constructed high-activity pectin lyase expression strains are still difficult to apply in industrial production due to their limited enzymatic activity. We hope to solve these problems by combining modern breeding techniques with high-throughput equipment to rapidly screen alkaline pectin lyase with higher enzymatic activity and lower cost. Methods: We fused the genes encoding PGLA-rep4 and fluorescent protein egfp using a flexible linker peptide and ligated them into a temperature-sensitive plasmid, pKD46. The constructed screening plasmid pKD46-PGLA-rep4-egfp was then transformed into an expression host and screened via flow-cytometric cell sorting coupled with UV mutagenesis. Results: Following mutagenesis, primary screening, and secondary screening, the high-expression strain, named Escherichia coli BL21/1G3, was obtained. The screening plasmid pKD46-PGLA-rep4-egfp was eliminated, and the original expression plasmid pET28a-PGLA-rep4 was then retransformed into the mutant strains. After induction and fermentation, pectin lyase activity in E. coli BL21/1G3 was significantly increased (1.37-fold relative to that in the parental E. coli BL21/PGLA-rep4 strain, p < 0.001), and the highest activity was 230, 240U/mL at 144h. Genome sequencing revealed that genes encoding ribonuclease E (RNase E) and diadenosine tetraphosphatase (ApaH) of E. coli BL21/1G3 were mutated compared to the sequence in the original E. coli BL21 (DE3) strain, which could be associated with increased enzyme expression. Discussion: Our work provides an effective method for the construction of strains expressing pectin lyase at high levels.