Juglans Mandshurica Research Articles

Mapping Tree Species Composition Using OHS-1 Hyperspectral Data and Deep Learning Algorithms in Changbai Mountains, Northeast China

The accurate characterization of tree species distribution in forest areas can help significantly reduce uncertainties in the estimation of ecosystem parameters and forest resources. Deep learning algorithms have become a hot topic in recent years, but they have so far not been applied to tree species classification. In this study, one-dimensional convolutional neural network (Conv1D), a popular deep learning algorithm, was proposed to automatically identify tree species using OHS-1 hyperspectral images. Additionally, the random forest (RF) classifier was applied to compare to the algorithm of deep learning. Based on our experiments, we drew three main conclusions: First, the OHS-1 hyperspectral images used in this study have high spatial resolution (10 m), which reduces the influence of mixed pixel effect and greatly improves the classification accuracy. Second, limited by the amount of sample data, Conv1D-based classifier does not need too many layers to achieve high classification accuracy. In addition, the size of the convolution kernel has a great influence on the classification accuracy. Finally, the accuracy of Conv1D (85.04%) is higher than that of RF model (80.61%). Especially for broadleaf species with similar spectral characteristics, such as Manchurian walnut and aspen, the accuracy of Conv1D-based classifier is significantly higher than RF classifier (87.15% and 71.77%, respectively). Thus, the Conv1D-based deep learning framework combined with hyperspectral imagery can efficiently improve the accuracy of tree species classification and has great application prospects in the future.

Plants species for ecological landscaping in urban territory in Central Siberia

Green spaces such as parks and street trees represent a key component of urban ecosystems. Planting trees and shrubs in cities provides a number of environmental, economic, social and health benefits and also preserves biodiversity in highly urbanized areas. The key problem of the ecological landscaping in Central Siberia is to select plants species resistant both to high level of pollutants and to large variations in temperature. Basing on the comparative study of growth characteristics and physiological state of plants in natural and urban ecosystems we recommend 31 plants species of 16 families for ecological landscaping. Recommended species for ecological landscaping in Central Siberia are Abies sibirica, Acer platanoide, Amorpha fruticosa, Berberis thunbergii, Berberis vulgaris, Cornus alba, Cotoneaster lucidus, Crataegus sanguine, Dasiphora spp., Forsythia spp., Juglans mandshurica, Juniperus Sabina, Larix sibirica, Philadelphus spp., Physocarpus opulifolius, Picea obovata, Picea pungens, Pinus sibirica, Pinus sylvestris, Ribes aureum, Rosa rugosa, Salix alba, Salix ledebouriana, Salix purpurea, Sorbaria sorbifolia, Sorbus aucuparia, Spiraea salicifolia, Syringa josikaea, Tamarix ramosissima, Tilia cordata, Viburnum opulus. Coniferous plants are presented with 7 species of 5 genera. Deciduous plants are presented with 24 species of 21 genera. The list of recommended plants species includes both trees and shrubs.

De novo transcriptome assembly of the fresh-cut white husk of Juglans cathayensis Dode: Insights for enzymatic browning mechanism of fresh-cut husk of walnut

Chinese walnut (Juglans cathayensis Dode) is an excellent breeding germplasm to improve certain economically essential traits of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.). However, only a few genomic characterization studies of the Chinese walnut have been reported and made available to the public for walnut breeding practice. In the present study, we found new walnut germplasm from wild Juglans cathayensis Dode population, characterized by white husk and lack of browning. We compared the transcriptome between the fresh-cut browning (control) and white husks of the Chinese walnut using Illumina HiSeq 4000 platform. A total of 39,234 unigenes, with an average length of 1854 bp, were obtained from the combined clean reads of both husks, and 2,683 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Gene annotation analyses revealed that all unigenes were annotated in at least one of the five databases analyzed. We also determined eight enzymatic browning-related DEGs including two PAL genes, one CHS gene, two CL4 genes, two PPO genes, and one SOD gene. In addition, one WRKY transcription factor was differentially regulated in both samples. Thus, our study identifies potential genes of Chinese walnut associated with enzymatic browning and provides a basis for future molecular studies and improvement of the J. regia strain.

Effects of Drought Stress on Photosynthetic and Physiological Characteristics of Juglans mandshurica Seedlings in Different Soil Substrates

Effects of Drought Stress on Photosynthetic and Physiological Characteristics of Juglans mandshurica Seedlings in Different Soil Substrates

Uptake Patterns of Glycine, Ammonium, and Nitrate Differ Among Four Common Tree Species of Northeast China.

Fundamental questions of how plant species within secondary forests and plantations in northeast China partition limited nitrogen (N) resource remain unclear. Here we conducted a 15N tracer greenhouse study to determine glycine, ammonium, and nitrate uptake by the seedlings of two coniferous species, Pinus koraiensis (Pinus) and Larix keampferi (Larix), and two broadleaf species, Quercus mongolica (Quercus) and Juglans mandshurica (Juglans), that are common in natural secondary forests in northeast China. Glycine contributed 43% to total N uptake of Pinus, but only 20, 11, and 21% to N uptake by Larix, Quercus, and Juglans, respectively (whole plant), whereas nitrate uptake was 24, 74, 88, and 68% of total uptake for these four species, respectively. Retention of glycine carbon versus nitrogen in Pinus roots indicated that 36% of glycine uptake was retained intact. Nitrate was preferentially used by Larix, Quercus, and Juglans, with nitrate uptake constituting 68∼88% of total N use by these three species. These results demonstrated that these dominant tree species in secondary forests in northeast China partitioned limited N resource by varying uptake of glycine, ammonium and nitrate, with all species, except Pinus, using nitrate that are most abundant within these soils. Such N use pattern may also provide potential underlying mechanisms for the higher retention of deposited nitrate than ammonium into aboveground biomass in these secondary forests.

A new triterpene from the green walnut husks of Juglans mandshurica Maxim.

A new triterpene named klodorol B (1), together with six known compounds, were isolated from the green walnut husks of Juglans mandshurica Maxim. Their structures were determined using spectroscopic methods on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR, and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities on human gastric carcinoma (BGC-823), human liver cancer (HepG-2) and human lung cancer (A549) cell lines. .

Variations in topsoil carbon and nitrogen contents of five temperate plantations in Northeast China.

Afforestation is an effective way for carbon (C) sequestration, which also profoundly influences soil nitrogen (N) dynamics in the forest ecosystem. The impacts of tree species on soil C and N budgets and the underlying mechanism remain uncertain. In this study, we used a common garden experiment and measured the soil organic C (Csoil) and total N contents (Nsoil) of the topsoil (0-10 cm) and related vegetative and soil microbial properties in 2007 and 2015 (3 and 11 years after afforestation), respectively. Our aim was to explore the effects of five major tree species (i.e., Fraxinus mandshurica, Juglans mandshurica, Betula platyphylla, Larix gmelinii and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) in the temperate forests in Northeast China on soil C and N contents and their dri-vers. The results showed that both Csoil and Nsoil of the five stands decreased as the stand ages increased, the change rates of which were significantly correlated with each other. The rate of change in Csoil(2.6%·a-1-4.8%·a-1) was significantly greater than that in Nsoil(0.8%·a-1-2.8%·a-1). The decrements of the Csoil and Nsoil for the broadleaved stands were significantly lower than those of the coniferous stands. The tree-species traits and microbial properties together explained 68.5% and 90.9% of the variability of the change rates of Csoil and Nsoil, respectively. The change rates of Csoil and Nsoil decreased with the increases in leaf litter C/N and microbial biomass C/N, but increased with the increases of fine root biomass, microbial biomass C, and the ratio of the C-acquisition to the N-acquisition enzyme activity. Additionally, the change rate of Nsoil decreased with the increases of the leaf litter production and the microbial metabolic activity. Our findings indicated that C and N contents in the topsoil of these temperate plantations decreased significantly 11 years after afforestation, while the different change rates mainly resulted from different properties of tree species and soil microbes.

Spatial pattern and regeneration characteristics of main woody species in natural secondary forest in Maoershan, Northeast China.

Based on the survey data from a 1 hm2 plot of the second forest in Maoershan, we divided the stand into four size degrees, including seedlings (tree height H<30 cm), saplings (H 30-130 cm or H>130 cm meanwhile DBH< 5 cm), medium trees (DBH 5-10 cm) and big trees (DBH≥10 cm). The spatial pattern and spatial association of all woody plants and three dominant tree species in four size degrees, as well as the basic forest regeneration, were chosen as study objects, to explore the renewal trend and provide theoretical basis for the sustainable forest management. The O-ring point pattern analysis method was used to analyze the spatial distribution and spatial association. The dominant trees were planted Pinus koraiensis and three common broadleaved tree species (Fraxinus mandshurica, Juglans mandshurica, Phellodendron amurense), and Ulmus pumila. The results showed that the regeneration of the stand was quite common, with 2894 seedlings·hm-2 and 3337 saplings·hm-2 . For the whole forest, the seedlings in the stand were positively associated with large trees and medium trees and saplings respectively at the scales of 0-25 m, 0-15 m and 0-40 m, and negatively associated at the subsequent scales. The saplings were positively associated with large trees and medium trees at 0-15 m, 0-25 m respectively, and had no significant association at the subsequent scales. Medium trees showed no significant association with big trees at all the scales. For the dominant trees, the saplings and seedlings of Pinus koraiensis showed negative association at the scale of 0-40 m, while the saplings and seedlings of the three common broadleaved tree species or Ulmus pumila were mainly non-associated. There was a negative association between the saplings of Pinus koraiensis and each size degree of the three common broadleaved tree species or Ulmus pumila at most scale, whereas saplings of the three common broadleaved tree species and Ulmus pumila showed a negative association with non-conspecies only at 0-20 m scale. In the medium and large size degrees, there was no significant association between each two of the three dominant tree species at the scale above 20 m. The secondary forest in Maoershan is still under the process of succession. During the process of forest resource management, measures should be taken to promote the renewal, and the unreasonable spatial pattern should be adjusted in time.

Effects of microhabitat on rodent-mediated seed dispersal in monocultures with thinning treatment

Monoculture practices in plantation forests reduce biodiversity and soil fertility compared with the adjacent patches of primary or secondary forests. Thus, it is urgent to convert monocultures into mixed stands to resolve those problems. In Northeast China, pure larch (Larix spp., mainly including L. olgensis, L. gmelinii, and L. kaempferi) plantations (LPs) are widely converted into mixed larch-walnut stands by introducing Juglans mandshurica (a native and light-demanding broadleaved tree species in secondary forests) into the LPs. However, the success of the natural regeneration of J. mandshurica must rely on rodent-mediated seed dispersal away from parental trees, and the dispersal processes are largely influenced by microhabitat changes during the thinning management of plantations. A field trial was conducted by releasing tagged J. mandshurica seeds in LPs with three thinning intensities (0%, 25%, and 50% thinning intensities) during two continuous growing seasons. The results indicated that among the three thinning treatments, the removal rate of seeds by rodents was the fastest, and the scatter-hoard seed (6.3 m) was most plentiful, in the 25% thinning intensity of LPs. On the contrary, the seed dispersal rate was the slowest, and the seed dispersal distance (8.3 m) was the farthest, in the stand with 50% thinning intensity in the non-mast year of 2015. This finding may be because both the changes in canopy openness and variations in microhabitats (including light incidence, soil moisture, and coverage of understory shrubs and herbs) caused by different thinning intensities have a synergetic effect on rodent-mediated seed dispersal. Inter-annual variation in seed production resulted in faster removal rates with larger cache proportion in LPs (25.93%) and shorter dispersal distance (6.4 m) in the non-mast year (2015) and vice versa in the mast year (2016). Thinning is a potentially feasible practice to promote rodent-mediated seed dispersal and the potential seed germination of J. mandshurica in LPs. We could take varying measures for different silviculture objectives to make full use of the thinning advantage in rodent-mediated seed dispersal; for instance, 25% thinning intensity (437–532 trees ha−1) provided a suitable microhabitat for rodents to disperse walnut seeds into LPs faster, and 50% thinning intensity (292–355 trees ha−1) is suggested in LPs to promote rodents to cache seeds with longer distance.

New α-ditetralonyl glucoside from the green walnut husk of Juglans mandshurica

One new α-ditetralonyl glucoside (1), was isolated from the green walnut husk of Juglans mandshurica (Juglandaceae), together with twelve known compounds (2–13). The structure of the new compound was determined as (2R,4S,10S,12S)-2-[7-(12,13,16-trihydroxy-α-tetralonyl-13-O-β-D-glucopyranoside)]- 4,8-dihydroxy-α-tetralone-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analyses, and acidic hydrolysis. Compounds 6, 7 and 11 were isolated from the genus Juglans for the first time. Compound 1–13 showed weak cytotoxic against A549 and HeLa cell lines.

Microbial groups and their functions control the decomposition of coniferous litter: A comparison with broadleaved tree litters

The conversion of secondary forests to pure coniferous plantations leads to a decrease in soil quality partly because of the slow decomposition rate of coniferous litter. Microbial decomposers directly regulate the decomposition process. However, little is known about how litter type and microbial communities including both bacteria and fungi interact to affect decomposition rates. A field experiment was performed consisting of seven treatments (i.e., four tree litters: Quercus mongolica, Juglans mandshurica, Acer mono, and Larix gmelinii) in which either monospecific litters or mixtures of larch litter with each broadleaved tree litter (mass ratio was 1:1) were placed into litterbags, and the microbial community composition and enzyme activities were measured. The results showed that in monospecific litters, the highest mass loss was observed in Acer litter, followed by Quercus, Juglans, and Larix litters. Furthermore, synergistic non-additive mixture effects were found in the Larix-Acer and Larix-Quercus mixtures. Most of the abundant bacterial taxa and potential functional genes encoding the hydrolytic enzymes were not significantly affected by the litter type. In contrast, each litter type was characterized by a specific fungal community, as well as different patterns of extracellular enzyme activity. The most abundant fungal decomposers in Larix litter during the first 540 days of decomposition, such as Meria, Lambertella, Venturia, and Ochroconis, were negatively correlated with most of the enzymatic activities, which possibly explains the slower decomposition rate of Larix litter. In conclusion, mixing Larix litter with broadleaved litters could change the microbial community composition, and accelerate the decomposition of hemicelluloses and lignin. Introducing broadleaved tree species with fast litter turnover rates by allowing natural regeneration and planting broadleaved tree species in pure larch plantations may be an effective way to restore soil quality in temperate forest regions.

Soil Organic Carbon Chemical Functional Groups under Different Revegetation Types Are Coupled with Changes in the Microbial Community Composition and the Functional Genes

Different revegetatiom types can affect the chemical composition of soil organic carbon (SOC), soil microbial community and the functional genes related to carbon cycle. However, the relationships between SOC chemical functional groups and soil microbial communities and the functional genes remains poorly unclear under different revegetation types. Using the solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we examined changes in the SOC chemical composition of five soils (0–10 cm depth) from Larix gmelinii Rupr. (LG), Pinus koraiensis Sieb. (PK), Quercus mongolica Fisch. (QM), Juglans mandshurica Maxim. (JM), and conifer-broadleaf forest (CB). And the soil microbial community genes related to metabolism of macro-molecular compounds were determined via whole genome shotgun based on Illumina HiSeq. Our results indicated that broadleaf forests (JM, QM) had increased the contents of soil total carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC), compared with coniferous forests (LG, PK) and the conifer-broadleaf forest (CB). While, the coniferous forests generated a lower O-alcoxyl C, a higher alkyl C, and the ratio of alkyl C/O-alkyl C than broadleaf forests. A total of four kingdoms were identified via whole metagenome shotgun sequencing, including eight archaea, 55 bacteria, 15 eukaryota, and two viruses, giving a total 80 phyla. The contents of alkyne C, phenolic C, methoxyl C, COO/NC=O, and alkyl C were strong related to the composition of soil microbial community and their contents illuminated a major part of the variation in soil microbial composition. We detected seven corresponding macro-molecular compounds of different organic carbon functional group, and 244 genes related to metabolism across all samples, and soil total C, total N, and DOC could be the main factors for microbial functional gene composition. Interestingly, the relative abundances of different SOC chemical functional groups, the phylogenetic distance for microbes, the genes of C cycling based on the KEGG database, and the relative abundance of genes related to metabolism of macro-molecular compounds of different SOC chemical functional groups under different revegetation types all could be divided into three groups, including PK plus LG, JM plus QM, and CB. Our results also illustrated that variations in SOC chemical functional groups were strongly associated with changes of soil microbial community taxa and functional genes, which might be affected by the changes of soil characteristics.

Chiral resolution and bioactivity of enantiomeric furofuran lignans from Juglans mandshurica Maxim

Enantiomers have generally been reported mostly for racemic mixtures with a 1:1 ratio, as in that case there were weak Cotton effects in the ECD spectrum and negligible optical rotations. A furofuran lignan (sesamin), with a remarkable rotation and significant Cotton effects, was isolated from Juglans mandshurica Maxim. Subsequently, sesamin was resolved by chiral HPLC to afford a pair of enantiomers, (+)-sesamin (a) and (−)-sesamin (b), in a ratio of approximately 1:3. Their absolute configurations were determined by computational analysis of their electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectrum. In addition, the pair of enantiomers were evaluated for the inhibition of self-induced Aβ aggregation. Interestingly, (+)-sesamin (a) (67.7%) and (−)-sesamin (b) (80.6%) exhibited different degrees of anti-Aβ aggregation activity. The different inhibition profiles were further explained by molecular dynamics and docking simulation study.

Drought stress affects on growth, water use efficiency, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of Juglans rootstocks

Seedlings of three selected Juglans rootstocks (Juglans mandshurica Maxim, Juglans nigra L. and Juglans regia L. cv. Jizhaomian) were analyzed in terms of growth, water use efficiency (WUE), chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic response to drought stress. Significant differences among seedlings of the three analyzed Juglans rootstocks were observed on performance in response to water deficit. Juglans mandshurica Maxim. and Juglans regia L. cv. Jizhaomian showed larger increase in WUE and smaller reduction in growth rate, chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange parameters than Juglans nigra L. under drought-stressed condition. It suggests that Juglans mandshurica Maxim. and Juglans regia L. cv. Jizhaomian are more tolerant to drought stress and more suitable as walnut rootstock in water deficit regions as compared with Juglans nigra L.

Transthyretin Amyloid Fibril Disrupting Activities of Extracts and Fractions from Juglans mandshurica Maxim. var. cordiformis (Makino) Kitam.

Transthyretin-related amyloidosis is a slowly progressive disorder caused by deposition of insoluble amyloid plaques formed by fibrillization of mutant or defective transthyretin (TTR) monomers that leads to neurodegeneration and organ failure. Thus, any compound exhibiting TTR amyloid formation inhibitory activity or TTR amyloid fibril disrupting activity might be a potential candidate for the development of therapies for these disorders. Our aim in this study was the evaluation of the TTR amyloid fibril disrupting potential of extracts of leaves and immature fruits of two Juglans plants, i.e., Juglans mandshurica var. sachalinensis and Juglans mandshurica var. cordiformis. The TTR amyloid fibril disrupting activity was measured by Thioflavin-T (ThT) assay and PROTEOSTAT® Protein aggregation assay methods. A fifty percent acetone extract of the fruits of Juglans mandshurica var. cordiformis showed strong amyloid fibril disrupting activity, and was further fractionated using different solvents. Ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions showed significant activity in both assays. Syringic acid was isolated and identified as main compound in both of these fractions; however, it did not show any activity. Furthermore, some of the previously reported compounds from Juglans plants including naphthoquinone derivatives and phenolic compounds were evaluated to identify the potential bioactive compounds. Among them, juglone, a naphthoquinone derivative showed promising activity. However, juglone also showed strong cytotoxicity in HEK293 cells. Thus, future studies should focus on the isolation and identification of naphthoquinone derivatives or other compounds from Juglans plan ts with potent bioactivity and low cytotoxicity.

α-Tetralonyl Glucosides from the Green Walnut Husks of Juglans mandshurica and Their Antiproliferative Effects.

Two new α-tetralonyl glucosides, (4S)-4,5,8-trihydroxy-α-tetralone-5-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1: ) and (4S)-4,8-dihydroxy-α-tetralone-4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2: ), together with eight known compounds (3: - 10: ) were isolated from the green walnut husks of Juglans mandshurica. The structural characterization of all compounds was performed by spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS experiments. The isolated compounds were assayed for their cytotoxicity against two human cancer cell lines, A549 and HeLa. Four compounds (7: - 10: ) exhibited inhibitory effects against two human cancer cell lines with GI50 values between 1.3 and 5.8 µM.

α-Tetralone glycosides from the green walnut husks of Juglans mandshurica Maxim. and their cytotoxic activities

Five new α-tetralone glycosides, juglanbiosides A-E (1–5), together with an α-tetralone derivative (15) and nine known 1,4-naphthoquinones (6–14) were isolated from the 95% EtOH extract of green walnut husks of Juglans mandshurica Maxim. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic methods (1H, 13C NMR, DEPT, HSQC, HMBC, CD, HR-ESI-MS). In vitro cytotoxicities of all the isolated compounds were evaluated against BGC-823, HCT-15 and K562 cancer cell lines.

Different revegetation types alter soil physical-chemical characteristics and fungal community in the Baishilazi Nature Reserve.

The effects of different revegetation types on soil physical–chemical characteristics and fungal community diversity and composition of soils sampled from five different revegetation types (JM, Juglans mandshurica; QM, Quercus mongolica; conifer-broadleaf forest (CB); LG, Larix gmelinii; PK, Pinus koraiensis) in the Baishilazi Nature Reserve were determined. Soil fungal communities were assessed employing ITS rRNA Illunima Miseq high-throughput sequencing. Responses of the soil fungi community to soil environmental factors were assessed through canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and Pearson correlation analysis. The coniferous forests (L. gmelinii, P. koraiensis) and CB had reduced soil total carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), and available nitrogen (AN) values compared with the broadleaf forest (J. mandshurica, Q. mongolica). The average fungus diversity according to the Shannon, ACE, Chao1, and Simpson index were increased in the J. mandshurica site. Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, Zygomycota, and Rozellomycota were the dominant fungal taxa in this region. The phylum Basidiomycota was dominant in the Q. mongolica, CB, L. gmelinii, and P. koraiensis sites, while Ascomycota was the dominant phylum in the J. mandshurica site. The clear differentiation of fungal communities and the clustering in the heatmap and in non-metric multidimensional scaling plot showed that broadleaf forests, CB, and coniferous forests harbored different fungal communities. The results of the CCA showed that soil environmental factors, such as soil pH, total C, total N, AN, and available phosphorus (P) greatly influenced the fungal community structure. Based on our results, the different responses of the soil fungal communities to the different revegetation types largely dependent on different forest types and soil physicochemical characteristic in Baishilazi Nature Reserve.

Potential mechanisms mediating the protective effects of a peptide from walnut (Juglans mandshurica Maxim.) against hydrogen peroxide induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells.

Amelioration of oxidative stress has been the main approach to improve neurodegenerative disorders. In the present study, a walnut peptide with a strong capacity of scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) was purified and identified as EVSGPGLSPN by SEC, RP-HPLC, and HPLC-MS/MS. Treatment with EVSGPGLSPN could significantly (P < 0.05) reduce ROS generation, and increase cell viability, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) activities in a dose-dependent manner in hydrogen peroxide induced PC12 cells. Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis showed that EVSGPGLSPN suppressed the expression of IKKβ and p65 to inhibit NF-κB pathway activation, attenuating the neurotoxic cascade by overexpression of IL-1β and TNF-α. Moreover, EVSGPGLSPN inhibited apoptosis by suppressing the expression of cytochrome C, caspase-9, caspase-3, and PARP. Additionally, it also up-regulated the expression of p-CREB and synaptophysin in oxidatively damaged PC12 cells. Thus, EVSGPGLSPN may protect against hydrogen peroxide induced neurotoxicity by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and blocking the NF-κB/caspase pathways.

Species distribution and community assembly rules of &lt;em&gt;Juglans mandshurica&lt;/em&gt; in North China

Species distribution and community assembly rules of &lt;em&gt;Juglans mandshurica&lt;/em&gt; in North China