Judicial Process Research Articles

W obliczu klęski Prus – o działaniach władz guberni litewskich na przełomie lat 1806–1807

In the autumn of 1806, in view of the defeat of Prussia in the clash with France and the approach of Napoleon’s army to the borders of Russia, the Russian authorities became concerned about the loyalty of their Polish subjects. The authorities of the Lithuanian governorates took preventive measures to preclude an uprising movement and preserve public peace. In particular, attempts were made to seal the border. More careful attention was paid to the movement of people, and care was taken to ensure that travellers did not bring anti-government writings into Russia. Intelligence activities were intensified to monitor the disposition of the population. Emperor Alexander I ordered that any insurrectionary uprising be vigorously suppressed by the harshest means, including the use of the army. At the same time, the authorities tried to avoid anything that could fuel popular discontent. By the Emperor’s decision, the use of ukases in the courts, which, in the opinion of the Lithuanian nobility, hindered the conduct of judicial proceedings, was stopped. Attempts were made to introduce strict discipline in military units to prevent abuse of the civilian population. A police force was put on alert to put suspicious people arriving from abroad under surveillance. Signals of contact between Lithuanian residents and the French army were investigated.

The Issue of Execution Process in Civil Procedure Law in Indonesia

That a judicial process is a way to resolve issues that arise in society. A good judicial process will promote the creation of justice in society. However, the fact is that not all judicial processes can be carried out to create justice in society, such as when a court decision cannot be enforced or executed, then the judicial process is considered incapable of creating a sense of justice for the community. This study will discuss the issues of execution process in civil procedural law in Indonesia. The research method used is normative juridical. The research concludes that successful execution terminates the series of civil case resolutions. However, obstacles that occur are technical obstacles such as direction of the crowd at the execution site, and substantive obstacles in the decision, namely the decision does not clearly detail the object and procedure of execution.

Administrative Penalties for Building Violations in The Saudi System

General administrative penalties are a category of sanctions that have recently emerged to address certain offenses that do not merit criminal penalties due to their lesser severity and gravity in the view of society. Instead, these offenses are adequately addressed with a general administrative penalty imposed by administrative authorities without recourse to judicial proceedings. Within the context of construction-related infractions, Saudi law has established fines and demolitions as administrative penalties that are imposed by authorities responsible for overseeing and monitoring construction activities.

The Ten-Year Revolution

Abstract This article reviews the evolution of the role of civil society documentation efforts in international justice proceedings since 2013 circa. It is written from my personal perspective by virtue of my involvement in a series of initiatives aimed to strengthen civil society’s (as well as other international justice actors’) documentation efforts through the collection of standards and best practices, which the essay also discusses. In particular, it reviews the process and challenges of setting forth the first comprehensive guidance and set of best practices for civil society documentation with the Public International Law and Policy Group’s ‘Handbook on Civil Society Documentation of Serious Human Rights Violations’. It argues that civil society documentation efforts have undergone a revolution within the field: from the margins to the very heart of international judicial proceedings upholding accountability for international crimes. This revolution was, in part, rendered possible by a changing documentation landscape and the proliferation of documentation resources and capabilities now readily available to the civil society. After reviewing the current state of play with respect to documentary efforts and documentation best practices, which I situate within the context of a broader evolution of the international justice ‘ecosystem’, the article addresses some ongoing challenges in documentation and areas that would benefit of further strengthening in the future.

Judicial lawmaking: a conceptual exploration

The work aims to analyse the role of judicial lawmaking in the legal system of Ukraine and its impact on legal development. The study examines the extent of judicial authority in creating new legal norms, especially in comparison to the legislative branch. The methodological basis of the study includes a comprehensive review of relevant legal literature, an analysis of Ukrainian legal provisions related to judicial lawmaking, and an examination of judicial decisions that have contributed to legal development. The results of the study underscore the nuanced role of Ukraine’s courts in the legal landscape. While Ukrainian courts face limitations in directly creating new legal norms, the research reveals their substantial impact on legal evolution through judicial interpretation and the establishment of precedents. One key finding is the significant influence of judicial decisions on shaping legal practice in Ukraine. Through their interpretations of existing laws and legal principles, courts contribute significantly to the development of legal norms and standards. This process not only clarifies legal ambiguities but also ensures consistency and coherence in legal principles applied in various judicial proceedings. The study also emphasizes the importance of precedents set by Ukrainian courts. By establishing precedents, courts provide guidance for future legal cases and contribute to the predictability and stability of the legal system. This aspect is crucial for legal practitioners, scholars, and the public in understanding the application of laws and legal principles in different contexts. Conclusions drawn from the study emphasize that Ukraine has a legal system where the legislative branch plays a predominant role in shaping and changing legal norms. The courts in Ukraine have limited authority in creating new norms, as their main task is to apply and interpret existing legislation to specific situations that arise in society. However, it should be noted that courts can influence legal development through judicial interpretation and establishing precedents. When a court decides on an issue that does not have a clear solution in the law, it can establish a new precedent that can then be used for similar cases in the future. This contributes to the development of legal practice and the establishment of stable and consistent principles of judicial decision-making. Therefore, although courts in Ukraine do not have as significant an impact on law formation as the legislative branch, they can still contribute to the development of the legal system through judicial interpretation and establishing precedents.

An Implementation of Blockchain Technology in Forensic Evidence Management

The importance of crime forensic data in the criminal justice system is paramount. However, traditional methods of storing this sensitive information have been plagued by issues such as the risk of tampering, human error, and cyber-attacks. This paper proposes a ground breaking solution that leverages Block chain technology to create a tamper-sproof, decentralized repository for crime forensic data. Unlike existing techniques, which often rely on manual documentation or centralized servers, the proposed block chain-based system offers inherent data integrity, auditability, and security features. By shifting to a decentralized model, we not only reduce the risk of unauthorized alterations but also facilitate a more transparent and trustworthy environment for all stakeholders involved in the judicial process. The paper delves into the architectural considerations, security features, and potential challenges associated with implementing this blockchain-based system. Preliminary results indicate that this approach could significantly enhance the credibility and reliability of crime forensic data, thereby contributing to a more just and effective criminal justice system

The curator as a protective participant of the minor in contentious divorce proceedings

In Ecuador, within a contentious divorce judicial process, in accordance with the criteria of the National Court of Justice and with the same adjective norm, the situation of minor children, born within the marriage, must be resolved in a mandatory manner. which is to be dissolved. In this sense, Ecuadorian legislation has determined that, in judicial processes that address the interests and rights of children and adolescents, it is fundamental and necessary that a curator ad litem be appointed, so that he is the one who watches over their rights. The appointment of a curator ad litem has been specifically considered in resolution No. 10-2016 of the National Court of Justice, which even regulates the procedure to be followed for their correct appointment, since within the adjective regulations they do not there is a specific and clear budget regarding the subject. However, the fundamental presupposition that must exist is that the rights of children and adolescents cannot be violated and within the judicial processes that the interests of this social group are ventilated, it is necessary to guarantee their rights. Through the present investigation, the importance of the figure of the curator ad litem will be determined, within the judicial processes of divorce on grounds. For which a qualitative methodology has been used, and the use of different methods of this, such as the synthetic analytical method and the deductive method, for when the intrinsic characteristics of the research problem were analyzed, analyzing causes and effects, to from a general premise, one will arrive at particular premises.

Predicting child alimony under Islamic shariah law using hybrid fuzzy inference system

This paper proposes a novel approach to predicting child alimony under Islamic Shariah law using a hybrid fuzzy inference system, integrating Mamdani and Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) fuzzy systems. Machine learning algorithms have become valuable tools for legal decision-making, but judicial process delays can lead to adverse effects. Our model aims to expedite decision-making and minimize legal fees by accurately determining the proper amount of alimony for children after divorce. We collected data from 94 alimony cases and evaluated the model’s performance using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score metrics. The hybrid fuzzy system achieved promising results with 88% accuracy, 84% precision, 89% recall, and an 86% F1 score. Notably, the model reduced bias and standardization in decision-making, promoting fairness. However, the study suggests potential areas for improvement and emphasizes trans-parent judgment processes and coordination among judges in assessing alimony costs based on sufficiency and ma’ruf criteria. This research significantly contributes to machine learning applications in the judicial domain. It provides a valuable decision-making tool for judges and lawyers to enhance the judicial process’s efficiency and ensure children’s welfare in divorce cases under Islamic Shariah law. Further research can enhance the model’s effectiveness and reliability, opening avenues for continued exploration in this field.

La inteligencia artificial y la aplicabilidad en la administración de justicia: avances, desafíos y puntos de vista

The integration of AI in the legal field has generated an impact on the administration of justice, its influence on society and its potential to improve efficiency and access to justice. This study evaluates the feasibility and convenience of implementing AI systems in the administration of justice through a doctrinal and legal analysis, considering the potential of AI to optimize judicial processes and its implications in terms of legal certainty and procedural economy. The intersection of AI with law is examined, adopting notions of coding, algorithms and the adoption of Legal Expert Systems. The objective is to present an alternative to address saturation in the justice system, respecting the principles of legality and procedural economy. A qualitative bibliographic methodology is used to analyze the perspective of AI as a tool to reduce times and costs associated with judicial processes, concluding that its balanced and ethically responsible implementation could bring significant benefits, which requires a weighing of regulatory and ethical aspects to guarantee the respect for constitutional guarantees and avoid consequences, thus highlighting the growing relevance of AI in the legal field and its influence on the administration of justice.

The Burning of Bédoin

Abstract On May 28, 1794, a criminal investigation that had begun almost a month before concluded with the execution of sixty-three men and women, the imprisonment of fifteen more, and a few days later the destruction of an entire village. This article examines the burning of Bédoin, the crime that provoked it, and the judicial process that accompanied it, to explore the relationship between criminal cause and punitive effect during the Terror of year II. As a case study in revolutionary justice, this episode appears extreme, but this article argues that it allows us to interrogate the meanings that ordinary revolutionaries attached to terms like crime and complicity when the survival of the state seemed at stake. In looking beyond the Terror to the controversies that enveloped this village's destruction, this article also examines the aftermath of atrocity to consider how a society comes to terms with crime when both the definition of criminality and the identity of the criminal are in flux.

Changes in the Value of Harm and Their Impact on Judicial Compensation: The Case of Egypt and the UAE

The focus of the current study is on civil liability. It is devoted to a comprehensive examination of the problems associated with the use of a proven method of civil rights protection – compensation for harm, namely, the determination of its scope and other characteristics together with their influence on the compensation decision within the judicial process. This research aims to analyse the types of harm, the methodology for its determination, the functioning of the principle of full compensation when the amount of harm and its constituent elements change and the peculiarities of the compensation assessment by the judge. The study addresses the feasibility of best practices in the legislation of Egypt and the UAE, allowing a judge to choose a method of compensation that they consider appropriate for reimbursing the harmed party in the trial within the framework of their competence established by the law. The obtained analytical materials and normative arguments will help many foreign entities to better navigate the realities of civil law in Middle Eastern countries when planning their activities in these countries.

Indigenous Study of Psychologists as Witnesses: Ethical Considerations of Testifying in Court on Sexual Assault Issues

<p>本研究旨在探討性侵受害當事人之心理師，受法院傳喚作證時，出庭過程中的倫理考量。研究方法採紮根理論取向，透過立意與滾雪球取樣徵得九位有出庭作證經驗之受訪者，透過個別訪談蒐集資料，並進行開放編碼、主軸編碼、選繹編碼與歷程編碼之質性分析步驟。研究結果發現心理師收到法院傳喚出庭作證時，會面臨是否出庭的意願考量，在決定出庭及準備過程中，則涉及專業知能、知情同意及保密等三個主要倫理判斷議題之考量，並經歷外在法律服從及內良心掙扎的過程，出庭作證時會為自己的專業辯護並發展因應的作為，同時會衡量保持中立的客觀角色，以及覺察個案的諮商動機。研究結論指出心理師會兼顧外在客觀的法律規範與內在主觀的良心考量以出庭作證，並把持中立客觀的專業角色，作真實的事實陳述，以期能同時符合法規的期待與良心的要求。最後，本研究依研究所得提出「心理師出庭之雙元倫理考量模型」與未來研究及實務之建議。</p> <p> </p><p>This study aimed to explore the ethical considerations of psychologists who counsel sexual assault victims and are summoned by the court to testify. Judicial proceedings for sexual assault victims often challenge conviction of perpetrators because of insufficient evidence. Therefore, the court regards the professional knowledge and testimonial information of psychologists as important reinforcing evidence. Thus, they involve ethical issues of whether to disclose and the degree of disclosure. Currently, there is no training in forensic psychology or legal risks in the Taiwanese school curricula. Because psychologists are unfamiliar with judicial rules and ethics, they may be at risk of making mistakes that could affect their future professional status. The ethical aspects addressed in this study included three major ethical judgment issues: professional knowledge, informed consent, and confidentiality. The research method adopted a grounded theory orientation. Nine interviewees with experience in court testifying were recruited through conceptualization and snowball sampling. Data were collected using individual interviews and qualitatively analyzed using open, axial, selective, and process coding.</p> <p>The research results show that when psychologists are summoned by the court to testify, they are faced with whether to appear in court. The decision to appear in court and the preparation involve three major ethical judgment issues: professional knowledge, informed consent, and confidentiality. Court-summoned psychologists have to understand the implications of their role and consider the ethics of being summoned to appear. This decision is based on civic responsibility rather than personal will. It requires interprofessional competencies and the ability to respond to courts and professional assessments, including knowledge of the laws regarding sexual assault. They should consider the rights of minors’ guardians and inform individual victims as much as possible to enable them to fully understand and provide informed consent. Victims’ privileged communications should be properly used and victim information disclosed in court should be filtered. Psychologists must be loyal to the victims’ original intentions, consider their best interests, and exclude irrelevant personal privacy information. Psychologists are also reminded to seek professional assistance when facing the court, including consulting lawyers or receiving supervision and educational training, and being equipped with court knowledge related to sexual assault. Psychologists testifying in court face a process of external legal obedience and an internal conscience struggle. They defend their professionalism and develop appropriate actions. Simultaneously, psychologists measure the objective role of maintaining neutrality and being aware of clients’ motivation for counseling.</p> <p>In conclusion, psychologists have to consider external objective legal norms and their internal subjective conscience when testifying in court and maintain a neutral and objective professional role. Finally, considering the research findings, this study proposes a “Dual-ethical Consideration Model for Psychologists Appearing in Court” and suggestions for future research and practice. Psychologists should accumulate different court experiences based on the number of court appearances. We recommend discussing whether the judicial role of psychologists has various stages of development based on the accumulation of court experience. Additionally, psychologists with different testifying roles will also have different ethical awareness and judgment processes, which can also be studied in depth. In practice, we recommended strengthening education and training on testifying in court, understanding that testifying in court is a citizen’s obligation, and carefully using victims’ privileged communication. Simultaneously, practical work manuals and workshops for court appearances should be developed to assist psychologists in conducting interviews through practical guidance and exercises. They should be prepared for the stress and circumstances of going to court.</p> <p> </p>

The nexus between the best interests of the child and detention of children in conflict with the law

The principle of the best interests of the child is a universally recognised norm of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). While there is no consensus on the definition of this principle, various soft law documents, academic literature, and judgments demonstrate its centrality in both private and public spheres. The Children Act of 2022 provides a detailed articulation of this principle, facilitating its application in the Kenyan context. This paper examines the Kenyan and international legal and normative framework on the detention of children in the child justice system. It explores the nexus between the detention of children in conflict with the law and the principle of the best interests of the child. The authors contend that the detention of children in conflict with the law should be guided by the principle of the best interests of the child, as enshrined in Article 53(2) of the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 and international law. It reaffirms the position, adopted by courts of law, that there should be a limit to the institutionalisation of children in Kenya. The authors further advocate diversionary measures to judicial proceedings, such as family group conferencing, as suitable options.

Alleviating Court Congestion: The Case of the Jerusalem District Court

This paper investigates court congestion through a field study conducted at the Jerusalem District Court in Israel, aiming to reduce case processing time by adapting successful operational concepts to this unique environment. Using a modified difference-in-differences approach, the study suggests a notable 46.1% reduction in the duration of the treated part of the judicial process, demonstrating the efficacy of operational management tools in alleviating court congestion without compromising process quality or requiring additional resources.

Reforming the justice process as a basis for combating corruption

Despite the ongoing measures to combat corruption in the judicial system of the Russian Federation, there remain cases when the presiding judge in a case is guided not by the norms of laws, but by personal and other material interests, which necessitates a change in the approach to identify, eliminate the causes, prevent, disclose, investigate corruption offenses, minimize and eliminate such offenses. The subject of the study is the norms of constitutional, civil and administrative law, other normative legal and judicial acts defining the procedural provisions of ongoing trials in the Russian Federation. The purpose of the research is to study the existing measures to combat corruption in the judicial system, as well as to develop proposals aimed at identifying and suppressing them. In the course of the research, the following methods were used: dialectical, logical, systemic, functional, formal-legal, comparative-legal research methods. The study analyzes the main legislative provisions related to combating corruption, as well as procedural norms of the law of judicial processes. The novelty of the research is the consideration of judicial instances as a single entity, where judges are divided not by specific courts where they carry out their official activities, but by internal conviction, and judges are united depending on the judicial instance. At the same time, the concealment of information about the judges themselves and the introduction of certain prohibitions on establishing their identity by the participants in the process will not only reduce the dependence of judges on the participants in the process, but also increase their personal security and reduce corruption. The analysis of the conducted research allowed us to establish that currently in the Russian Federation there are cases of corruption in the judicial system, where one of the main directions is the imposition of an illegal and unjustified court order, and in some cases the acquittal of a person who committed a crime. In this regard, it is proposed to reform the process of justice, which is based on the concealment of information about the identity of the presiding judges.

Rungkad Hakekat Penuntutan dalam penjelasan Pasal 132 Undang-Undang nomor 1 tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP BARU) dan Kegalauan Penyidik/ Penyidik Pembantu Polri

This is different from the term Wetboek van Strafprocesrecht, which in Indonesian means "Criminal Procedure Code". According to legal expert from Hasanuddin University Makassar; Hamzah (1985:13) the Dutch Minister of Justice emphasized that the term "Strafvordering" covers all criminal prosecution procedures. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Criminal Procedure Code in Indonesia is not a descendant of Dutch blue blood/a colonial product, while also confirming that the current Criminal Procedure Code does not merely discuss prosecution procedures. The explanation of Article 132 of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code reads "in this provision what is meant by "prosecution" is the judicial process which begins with an investigation". The explanation of Article 132 of the new Criminal Code is a butterfly effect phenomenon if not receiving special attention will certainly damage the essence of prosecutorial authority which is neatly structured in the Indonesian criminal procedural justice system. The explanation of Article 132 of the new Criminal Code does not at all understand Stufenbau's legal theory where the expanded role of prosecutors is in direct contrast to Article 30 paragraph (4) of the Law. -The 1945 Constitution which is the ground norm or basic norm. Apart from that, the Explanation of Article 132 of the New Criminal Code is too vulgar to rebel against the principle of Functional Differentiation which is already compatible with the Indonesian criminal procedural justice system. It requires awareness of all Polri personnel through education about the latent dangers of the explanation of Article 132 of the New Criminal Code. This is in order to explain that this article slightly confuses the existence of investigators/assistant investigators of the National Police so that investigative authority should not be compromised.

Seasonal Decomposition of Sexual Victimization-Related Cases in Hyderabad, Pakistan

The issue of sexual assault is a serious concern that contributes to abuses of human rights and risks to public health. Evaluating situations like these is absolutely necessary in order to make the judicial process easier for both the victim and the person who committed the crime. When the seasonality of sexual assault-related incidents is determined, it can provide the community and law enforcement authorities with information that can help them implement preventative measures. Objective: To assess the seasonality of sexual assault-related cases at casualty department of a teaching hospital in Hyderabad, Pakistan. Methods: In current descriptive/prospective study, ninety two sexual assault-related medico-legal cases (MLCs) were included. This study based on the seasonality of sexual assault-related MLCs using seasonal decomposition of three-year from January 2020 to December 2022 data from a leading tertiary care teaching hospital in the Hyderabad region. Results: Most of the cases (N=42) were reported in the year 2021. The percentage of sexual assault-related MLCs was found to be concentrated from June to August (10.86% to 14.13%). The highest number of sexual assault-related MLCs occurred in July. The seasonal decomposition also showed pronounced peaks in summer, with intense peaks in July for rape and total sexual assault cases. Conclusions: The number of sexual assault-related cases was aggregated in mid-year, showing a higher trend in summer season. Efficient preventive measures in certain seasons and education of vulnerable groups can minimize sexual violence in the community

THE ROLE OF MEDIA INFLUENCE ON THE JUDICIAL PROCESS IN INDIA: AN ANALYSIS

In the bustling streets of Delhi, amidst the cacophony of vendors hawking their wares and the incessant honking of cars weaving through congested lanes, lies a cornerstone of India's democracy in the courtroom. Within its solemn confines, the wheels of justice turn relentlessly, unfolding stories of triumph, tragedy, and the pursuit of truth. Here, amidst the hushed whispers of legal arguments and the weighty pronouncements of judges, unfolds a tale as old as time as a clash of rights, a struggle for justice, and the delicate balance between law and morality. Yet, amidst this age-old drama, another character stealthily emerges, its presence weaving seamlessly into the fabric of the narrative of the media. Like an unseen hand guiding the plot from the shadows, media influence in the Indian judicial process has evolved into a formidable force, akin to a secondary protagonist in this theatrical production of justice. With its omnipresent gaze and insatiable appetite for stories, the media casts its spotlight on courtroom dramas, transforming legal proceedings into riveting spectacles that captivate the nation's attention.

The Evolution of Case Management System (CMS) in Indian District Judiciary

The rapid evolution of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) presents a dual scenario of opportunities and challenges in service delivery systems, especially in meeting the expectations of digitally literate citizens. As various sectors move towards online platforms for service provision, including food delivery, healthcare, and retail, a critical need arises to extend similar conveniences to the judicial domain. By embracing technology, we can enhance the accessibility and efficiency of legal services, benefiting individuals across diverse demographics and instilling hope for a more efficient and accessible judicial system. In India, the judicial system, overseen predominantly by Judicial Service Officers, has undergone significant transitions, departing from historical practices involving Civil Service Officers. This paper makes a unique contribution to the discourse on modernising judicial processes by exploring the adoption of technology-driven solutions such as the Case Management System (CMS) in the District Judiciaries of India. Through a comprehensive investigation into the dynamics of case management within Indian District Courts, with a specific emphasis on the utilisation and impact of CMS, this research aims to foster accessibility, transparency, and the consolidation of the rule of law. Additionally, the paper reviews global experiences, such as the implementation of e-court initiatives in various countries, including Malaysia and the United Kingdom, shedding light on the transformative potential of technology in enhancing judicial efficiency and service quality. This study highlights the significance of efficient case management in ensuring timely justice delivery, resource optimisation, litigant satisfaction, transparency, and upholding the rule of law, but also provides practical insights into the evolution of Case Information System (CIS) in Indian district courts. From CIS 1.0 to the latest iteration, CIS 3.2, this research delves into the technological advancements and potential challenges and solutions associated with their implementation. Ultimately, this research advocates for a forward-looking approach to leveraging technology to create a more efficient, transparent, and accessible judicial framework in India and beyond.

Settlement of Traffic Offences: A Shift in the Presumption of Innocence and the Impact on Legal Justice

Traffic offences are a serious issue in Indonesia, creating complex challenges for the justice system and social costs. Although Law No. 22/2009 has defined the rules, the high number of accidents and offences indicates the ineffectiveness of law enforcement. This study aims to investigate the impact of traffic offences on legal justice, the effectiveness of sanctions, and the shifting presumption of innocence in Indonesia. The research methodology included both quantitative and qualitative approaches, involving analyses of accident data and interviews with authorities. The results showed a high number of offences, a lack of effectiveness of Law No. 22 of 2009, and the phenomenon of "peace in place." The implementation of ETLE cameras became an alternative, despite internet access constraints. Perma No. 12/2016 changed the judicial process, moving from a presumption of innocence to a presumption of guilt. This shift provides uniform sanctions without considering individual circumstances. The limitation of violators' rights in ticket hearings violates the principle of justice. The implementation of e-ticket technology shows advantages, but the dependence on the internet and the potential for misuse are obstacles. The shift to the presumption of innocence in the Perma raises doubts about the fairness of the justice system. Improving fairness requires a re-evaluation of the application of sanctions, technological improvements, and a deeper understanding of the rights of offenders. These recommendations are expected to improve the justice system related to traffic offences in Indonesia.