Judgment Of Orientation Research Articles

The Neuropsychological Profile of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Lewy Body Dementias.

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) have substantial clinical and biological overlap, with cognitive deficits typically observed in the executive and visuospatial domains. However, the neuropsychological profiles of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) associated with these disorders are not well understood. This systematic review examined existing literature on cognition in MCI due to LB disease (MCI-LB) and PD (PD-MCI) using an electronic search of seven databases (Medline, Embase, Psychinfo, PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, and ScienceDirect). MCI-LB results were reviewed narratively given the small number of resulting papers (n = 7). Outcome variables from PD-MCI studies (n = 13) were extracted for meta-analysis of standardised mean differences (SMD). In MCI-LB, executive dysfunction and slowed processing speed were the most prominent impairments, while visuospatial and working memory (WM) functions were also poor. MCI-LB scored significantly lower on verbal memory tests relative to controls, but significantly higher than patients with MCI due to Alzheimer's disease. Quantitative analysis of studies in PD-MCI showed a similar profile of impairment, with the largest deficits in visuospatial function (Benton Judgement of Line Orientation, SMD g = -2.09), executive function (Trail Making Test B, SMD g = -1.65), verbal ability (Naming Tests, SMD g = -0.140), and WM (Trail Making Test A, SMD g = -1.20). In both MCI-LB and PD-MCI, verbal and visuospatial memory retrieval was impaired, while encoding and storage appeared relatively intact. The findings of this systematic review indicate similar neuropsychological profiles in the MCI stages of DLB and PDD. Executive impairment may at least partially explain poor performance in other domains.

Auditory Perceptual History Is Propagated through Alpha Oscillations.

SummaryPerception is a proactive, “predictive” process, in which the brain relies, at least in part, on accumulated experience to make best guesses about the world to test against sensory data, updating the guesses as new experience is acquired. Using novel behavioral methods, the present study demonstrates the role of alpha rhythms in communicating past perceptual experience. Participants were required to discriminate the ear of origin of brief sinusoidal tones that were presented monaurally at random times within a burst of uncorrelated dichotic white noise masks. Performance was not constant but varied with delay after noise onset in an oscillatory manner at about 9 Hz (alpha rhythm). Importantly, oscillations occurred only for trials preceded by a target tone to the same ear, either on the previous trial or two trials back. These results suggest that communication of perceptual history generates neural oscillations within specific perceptual circuits, strongly implicating behavioral oscillations in predictive perception and with formation of working memory.

Neuropsychological Assessment of First‐Year Architecture Students’ Visuospatial Abilities: Overview

AbstractFirst‐year architecture students are expected to utilise visuospatial abilities to generate/construct, retain, rotate and manipulate space mentally and physically through physical and digital representations. This study of 57 female and 23 male participants was conducted to investigate first‐year architecture students’ visuospatial abilities by means of the Beck Depression Inventory, Logical Reasoning Test and Judgment of Line Orientation (JLO) test. Participants’ sexes, cognitive development level, depression scale scores, university entrance exam results, vision disorders, physical competences, art training prior to university and error types were the study’s main parameters. The results showed that academic scores of the participants both to enrol in the program and complete the first‐year studio did not correlate with their JLO scores. Nondepressed participants performed better in JLO. Error analyses demonstrated that there is a concentration on certain items according to the test stimulus line positions, especially in females. Those who reported limited physical and visual competency made more mistakes in the same items. The study concludes that sex, depression, and individual differences in physical and visual competency, and art training, are significant variables for visuospatial performance. Judging visuospatial parameters through spatial design exercises is different from having proper methods and instruments to assess the achievements of the students regarding those abilities in architectural design education. It is important to map students’ visuospatial abilities individually from a developmental perspective. There is a strong need to develop 4D psychometric instrument to assess visuospatial abilities.

Cognitive profile of patients with manganese-methcathinone encephalopathy

Manganese-methcathinone encephalopathy (MME) is a rare parkinsonian syndrome described in drug addicts who have self-injected a home-made mixture containing methcathinone and manganese. We assessed 14 patients with MME and compared their results with 14 matched control subjects. The patients had a parkinsonian syndrome with symmetrical bradykinesia, dystonias, and postural, gait and speech impairment, with moderate restrictions in activities of daily living. Their cognitive status was assessed with the Russian version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and with tests of attention (Trail Making Test, Bourdon-Wiersma Dot Cancellation Test), memory (Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure), motor skills (Grooved Pegboard), visuospatial skills (Money Road Map Test, Benton Judgment of Line Orientation), and executive abilities (Verbal Fluency, 5-Point Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test). Only a few significant differences emerged. After controlling for multiple comparisons, the results in the WAIS Object Assembly subtest, the Grooved Pegboard test (dominant and nondominant hand) and the Verbal Fluency test remained significant.

The oblique effect: The relationship between profiles of visuospatial preference, cognition, and brain connectomics in older adults

The oblique effect (OE) describes the visuospatial advantage for identifying stimuli oriented horizontally or vertically rather than diagonally; little is known about brain aging and the OE. We investigated this relationship using the Judgment of Line Orientation (JLO) in 107 older adults (∼age = 67.8 ± 6.6; 51% female) together with neuropsychological tests of executive functioning (EF), attention/information processing (AIP), and neuroimaging. Only JLO lines falling between 36-54° or 126–144° were considered oblique. To quantify the oblique effect, we calculated z-scores for oblique errors (zOblique = #oblique errors/#oblique lines), and similarly, horizontal + vertical line errors (zHV), and a composite measure of oblique relative to HV errors (zOE). Composite z-scores of EF and AIP reflected domains associated with JLO performance. Graph theory analysis integrated T1-derived volumetry and diffusion MRI-derived white matter tractography into connectivity matrices analyzed for select network properties. Participants produced more zOblique than zHV errors (p < 0.001). Age was not associated with zOE adjusting for sex, education, and MMSE. Similarly adjusted linear regression models revealed that lower EF was associated with a larger oblique effect (p < 0.001). Modular analyses of neural connectivity revealed a differential patterns of network affiliation that varied by high versus low group status determined via median split of zOblique and zHV errors, separately. Older adults exhibit the oblique effect and it is associated with specific cognitive processes and regional brain networks that may facilitate future investigations of visuospatial preference in aging.

Is Simpler Always Better? Effects of Perceptual Detail and Viewpoint on Spatial Cognition and Metacognition

Abstract When making spatial judgments, people tend to prefer to use artifacts and displays with a high level of perceptual detail or realism. Sometimes, increasing detail is helpful. But sometimes it leads to an information overload that degrades performance. Very little prior research has examined the effect of perceptual detail on orientation judgments. Such judgments require a person to flexibly adopt various novel viewpoints within a space. We hypothesized that perceptual details would help people construct flexible representations of a novel space and that people would be more confident when perceptual information was available at study. Sixty participants memorized a map of a novel location, made judgments of relative direction, and gave confidence estimates about those judgments; one group studied a high-detail satellite map and the other studied a low-detail schematic map. People who studied the high-detail map were more confident and accurate in their later judgments about the map. Overall, the study suggests that perceptually vivid maps may improve performance and confidence in spatial judgments about a newly learned space.

Impact of Huntington's Disease on Mental Rotation Performance in Motor Pre-Symptomatic Individuals.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a genetic disorder known for affecting motor control. Despite evidence for the impact of HD on visual cortico-striatal loops, evidence for impaired visual perception in early symptomatic HD patients is limited; much less is known about what happens during the HD prodrome. The goals of this study were to evaluate perceptual processing in motor pre-manifest HD gene-carriers (Pre-HDs) during a visual mental rotation task. To achieve this goal, 79 participants including 24 Pre-HD participants and 55 healthy matched controls were scanned using functional MRI as they performed a mental rotation task. Another group of 36 subjects including 15 pre-HDs and 21 healthy age/gender matched controls participated in a control behavioral test of judgment of line orientation outside the scanner. We found that, although Pre-HDs (in this stage of disease) did not demonstrate slower response times, their response accuracy was lower than controls. On the fMRI task, controls showed a significant decrease in activity in the occipito-temporal (OT) visual network and increase in activity in the caudo-fronto-parietal (CFP) network with mental rotation load. Interestingly, the amount of mental rotation-related activity decrease in the OT network was reduced in Pre-HDs compared to controls while, the level of CFP response remained unchanged between the two groups. Comparing the link between the evoked BOLD activity within these networks and response accuracy (i.e., behavior), we found that the models fit to data from controls were less accurate in predicting response accuracy of Pre-HDs. These findings provide some of the earliest functional evidence of impaired visual processing and altered neural processing underlying visual perceptual decision making during the HD prodrome.

Remote ischemic conditioning improves cognition in patients with subcortical ischemic vascular dementia

BackgroundSubcortical ischemic vascular dementia (SIVD) is very common among the older people, but has no approved treatment. Preclinical trials show that remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) reduces recurrence of ischemic stroke. We hypothesize that RIC may also be an effective therapy for patients with SIVD.MethodsThirty-seven consecutive SIVD cases were enrolled in this randomized control study. Eighteen RIC patients underwent five brief cycles of conditioning (bilateral upper limb compression at 200 mmHg) followed by reperfusion twice daily over 6 consecutive months. Nineteen control patients underwent the same process, but at a pressure of 60 mmHg which caused no restriction on the blood flow of the upper limb. The primary outcome measures were changes in neuropsychological assessments. The secondary outcomes included the changes in high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) concentration, white matter lesion volume (WMLV), diffusion tension imaging (DTI) metrics of white matter. All data were collected at baseline and follow-up.ResultsA significant treatment difference favoring RIC at 6 months was observed on performance of Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R), Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT), Trail Making Test A and B (TMT-A & TMT-B), and Judgment of Line Orientation (JLO) (p < 0.05). The control group did not show much improvement after the treatment, and only with a slight change in HVLT-R and TMT-R (p < 0.05). Covariance analysis of efficacy between the two groups suggested that RIC patients performed better on JLO than control patients at the 6-month follow-up (RIC 23.10 vs. control 18.56; p = 0.013). Although DTI metrics were comparable, Hs-CRP levels and WMLV in RIC patients showed a declining trend.ConclusionsOver the 6-month treatment period, we found that RIC was safe and effective for improving cognitive function in SIVD patients.Trial registrationClinical Trial Registration (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov), Unique identifier: NCT 03022149; Retrospectively registered; Date of registration: January 16, 2017.

Panayiotopoulos syndrome and Gastaut syndrome are distinct entities in terms of neuropsychological findings

BackgroundAlthough the courses of self-limited focal epilepsies of childhood are considered as benign, a handful of studies suggested that these children may suffer from cognitive problems. Implementing tailor-made educational strategies would aid these children to reach their full potentials. Therefore, it is crucial to understand and differentiate the complete neuropsychological and behavioral profiles of these rather common syndromes. We aimed to examine the distinct cognitive and behavioral profiles of the Panayiotopoulos syndrome (PS) and the Gastaut syndrome (GS), comparatively. MethodTwenty patients with PS, 20 patients with GS, and 20 healthy controls have been recruited. The testing protocol included Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised, Conner's Continuous Performance Test, Verbal Fluency Test, Stroop Color and Word Test, Color Trails Test, Tower of London Test, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, California Verbal Learning Test-Children's Version, Rey Complex Figure Test, Benton Face Recognition Test, Benton Judgment of Line Orientation, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Reading and Writing Test, Child Behavior Checklist, Conner's Parent Rating Scale-48, and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. Demographical, clinical, electrophysiological data, and imaging findings have also been evaluated. ResultsWith regard to intelligence, the patients with PS scored less in all scales compared to the healthy controls. However, only the performance IQ (intelligence quotient) scores differed significantly between the patient groups, with the patients with PS scoring lower than the patients with GS. Verbal memory problems were eminent in both of the patient groups; whereas, visual memory was impaired only in the group with PS. Psychomotor speed was affected in both groups. Reading problems were prominent only in the patients with PS. Writing and arithmetic skills were defective in both patient groups. There were no noteworthy behavioral problems in comparison to healthy subjects. ConclusionUsing neuropsychological profiles, this study demonstrated that the GS and the PS are two distinct entities. Cognitive dysfunction is a more prominent and widespread feature of the patients with PS; whereas, the patients with GS suffer only from milder and isolated cognitive problems.

B-11 Cognitive Performance in Depressed and Non-Depressed Patients with de novo Parkinson’s disease

Abstract Objective Compare cognitive performance in early-stage Parkinson Disease (PD) participants with and without depression. Method Data from the Parkinson’s Progression Marker Initiative were utilized. We examined data from 422 participants diagnosed with PD within the previous two years (age = 61.7±9.7 years, education = 15.6±3.0 years). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) using a cutoff score of ≤5 to indicate the absence of clinical depression. Cognitive tests included Hopkins Verbal Memory Test-Revised (HVLT-R), Judgment of Line Orientation (JLO), Letter-Number Sequencing (LNS), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), and Category Fluency. Motor scores were measured by the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part III. Demographic and clinical variables for the two groups were compared using independent samples t-tests and chi-square analyses. Results The non-depressed group (n = 280) was significantly older; t(246.08) = 2.25, p = .026 and had higher education; t(420) = 2.35, p = .019; and duration of PD symptoms; t(170.58) = -2.13, p = .035 than the depressed group (n = 142). The groups did not differ in terms of race, gender, handedness, side of onset, or severity of motor symptoms. There was no significant differences in performance on HVLT, JLO, SDMT, or Category Fluency; however, the non-depressed group performed better on LNS than the depressed group, t(420) = 2.05, p = .041. Conclusion(s) There is no significant difference in cognitive performance between early-stage PD participants with and without depression, with the exception of significantly lower working memory performance in the depressed group.

Long-term impact of subthalamic stimulation on cognitive function in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (DBS-SN) on cognitive function in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) 5 years after surgery. Material and methodsWe conducted a prospective study including 50 patients with PD who underwent DBS-SN (62.5% were men; mean age of 62.2±8.2 years; mean progression time of 14.1±6.3 years). All patients were assessed before the procedure and at one year after surgery; 40 patients were further followed up until the 5-year mark. Follow-up assessments included the following neuropsychological tests: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS), letter-number sequencing of the WAIS-III (WAIS-III-LN), clock-drawing test, Rey auditory verbal learning test (RAVLT), Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT), Judgment of Line Orientation (JLO) test, FAS Phonemic Verbal Fluency Test, Stroop test, and the Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). ResultsPatients were found to score lower on the MMSE (−0.89%), clock-drawing test (−2.61%), MDRS (−1.72%), and especially phonemic (−13.28%) and sematic verbal fluency tests (−12.40%) at one year after surgery. Delayed recall on the RAVLT worsened one year after the procedure (−10.12%). At 5 years, impairment affected mainly verbal fluency; scores decreased an additional 16.10% and 16.60% in semantic and phonemic verbal fluency, respectively. Moderate decreases were observed in immediate recall (−16.87%), WAIS-III-LN (−16.67%), and JLO test (−11.56%). DiscussionIn our sample, DBS-SN did not result in global cognitive impairment 5 years after surgery. Verbal function was found to be significantly impaired one year after the procedure. Impaired learning and visuospatial function may be attributed to degeneration associated with PD.

Lower volume, more impairment: reduced cholinergic basal forebrain grey matter density is associated with impaired cognition in Parkinson disease

ObjectiveA major contributor to dementia in Parkinson disease (PD) is degeneration of the cholinergic basal forebrain. This study determined whether cholinergic nucleus 4 (Ch4) density is associated with cognition in...

Inhibition of return modulates the flash-lag effect.

Transient events are known to draw exogenous attention, and visual processing at the attended location is transiently facilitated, but after several hundred milliseconds, attentional processing at the cued location becomes poorer than processing elsewhere, resulting in a slower reaction to a target stimulus that subsequently appears at the cued location. Despite a number of previous studies on this effect, termed inhibition of return (IOR), it is still unclear whether a perceptual process related to the subjective onset time of the target stimulus is disrupted when IOR occurs. In the present study, we used a distinct visual phenomenon termed the flash-lag effect (FLE) as a tool to quantify IOR. The FLE is an illusion in which a flashed stimulus appears to lag behind a moving stimulus, despite being physically aligned. We used an identical stimulus configuration and asked observers to conduct two independent tasks in separate sessions. The first was a simple reaction task to measure the onset reaction time (RT) to an abruptly appearing target. The second was an orientation judgment task to measure the degree of the FLE. Both the RT and the FLE were found to be altered in accordance with IOR, and a significant correlation was demonstrated between the changes in the RT and those in the FLE. These results demonstrate that the perceptual process related to the stimulus onset can be compromised by IOR.

The association between number magnitude and space is dependent on notation: Evidence from an adaptive perceptual orientation task

Research on adults' numerical abilities suggests that number representations are spatially oriented. This association of numbers with spatial response is referred to as the SNARC (i.e., spatial–numerical association of response codes) effect. The notation-independence hypothesis of numeric processing predicts that the SNARC effect will not vary with notation (e.g., Arabic vs. number word). To test such assumption, the current study introduced an adaptive experimental procedure based on a simple perceptual orientation task that can automatically smooth out the mean reaction time difference between Arabic digits and traditional Chinese number. We found that the SNARC effect interacted with notation, showing a SNARC effect for Arabic digits, but not for verbal number words. The results of this study challenged the commonly held view that notation does not affect numerical processes associated with spatial representations. We introduced a parallel model to explain the notation-dependent SNARC effect in the perceptual orientation judgment task.

Response-irrelevant number, duration, and extent information triggers the SQARC effect: Evidence from an implicit paradigm.

Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) and Spatial-Quantity Association of Response Codes (SQARC) effects are evident when people produce faster left-sided responses to smaller numbers, sizes, and durations and faster right-sided responses to larger numbers, sizes, and durations. SQARC effects have typically been demonstrated in paradigms where the explicit processing of quantity information is required for successful task completion. The current study tested whether the implicit presentation of task-irrelevant magnitude information could trigger a SQARC effect as has been demonstrated previously when task-irrelevant information triggers a SNARC effect. In Experiment 1, participants (n = 20) made orientation judgements for triangles varying in numerosity and physical extent. In Experiment 2, participants (n = 20) made orientation judgements for triangles varying in numerosity and for a triangle preceded by a delay of varying duration. SNARC effects were observed for the numerosity conditions of Experiments 1 and 2 replicating Mitchell et al. SQARC effects were also demonstrated for physical extent and for duration. These findings demonstrate that SQARC effects can be implicitly triggered by the presentation of the task-irrelevant magnitude.

Spatial asymmetries undermine also the short forms of the Judgement of Line Orientation test.

The Judgment of Line Orientation (JLO) test is one of the most used tasks for the assessment of visuospatial perception. However, JLO items show a left-right structural asymmetry that interacts with the ipsilesional attentional biases of brain-damaged patients, that is, the main target population for which the test is intended, and undermines the test's validity. Left hemisphere-damaged patients are favored by the way the stimulus lines are distributed in the original items, whereas right hemisphere-damaged patients are favored by the opposite distribution, obtained by mirror reversing the items (Treccani, Torri, & Cubelli, 2005). Here we aimed to analyze the short forms of JLO available in the literature, which are often presented as preferable alternatives to the full form. Characteristics of the items of these short forms were scrutinized. By reanalyzing data from Treccani et al. (2005), we also investigated the impact of these characteristics on brain-damaged patients' performance. Seven of the 8 analyzed short forms proved to be even more asymmetric than the full form (e.g., they have a different number of left and right lines), whereas the remaining one, which uses a flexible item-selection criterion, leads to unpredictable results. Like in the full form, these asymmetries affect brain-damaged patients' performance. The presence of spatial asymmetries in JLO items cannot be neglected anymore in the development of any JLO form, given their impact on performance and the resulting detrimental effect on the accuracy and validity of the measurement. We propose to select 5-10 items among those of the original set and present them together with their mirror images to obtain a left-right balanced JLO short version. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Modeling accuracy, response time, and bias in continuous orientation judgments.

Despite the prevalence of real-world and laboratory tasks where people select among many options, cognitive models have traditionally focused on choices among small sets of alternatives. This has resulted in theoretical and empirical gaps in understanding the decision processes that go into selections among many alternatives or responses that fall along a continuum. This paper addresses these issues by modeling decisions in a perceptual study where participants produce continuous orientation judgments. The experiments showed that manipulations of stimulus difficulty and time pressure have parallel effects to binary choice, with greater stimulus difficulty yielding slower and less accurate responses and time pressure resulting in faster responses at the expense of accuracy. These effects were well accounted for by the circular diffusion model developed by Smith (2016), with drift magnitude parameters shifting with difficulty and threshold parameters shifting with time pressure. However, a manipulation of bias using a predecision cue resulted in bimodal distributions of responses that cannot be explained by the model in its original formulation. To account for this result, I developed a theory of bias based on split attention and racing 2D diffusion processes. This model suggests that responses are determined by both cue-driven and stimulus-driven evidence accumulation processes, such that the winning process determines responses and response times (RTs). As a result, it predicts critical features of responses and response times in the conditions with predecision cues, including bimodal distributions of responses and the longer RTs observed when there was a discrepancy between cue and stimulus orientations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

The processing of color preference in the brain

Decades of research has established that humans have preferences for some colors (e.g., blue) and a dislike of others (e.g., dark chartreuse), with preference varying systematically with variation in hue (e.g., Hurlbert and Owen, 2015). Here, we used functional MRI to investigate why humans have likes and dislikes for simple patches of color, and to understand the neural basis of preference, aesthetics and value judgements more generally. We looked for correlations of a behavioural measure of color preference with the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response when participants performed an irrelevant orientation judgement task on colored squares. A whole brain analysis found a significant correlation between BOLD activity and color preference in the posterior midline cortex (PMC), centred on the precuneus but extending into the adjacent posterior cingulate and cuneus. These results demonstrate that brain activity is modulated by color preference, even when such preferences are irrelevant to the ongoing task the participants are engaged. They also suggest that color preferences automatically influence our processing of the visual world. Interestingly, the effect in the PMC overlaps with regions identified in neuroimaging studies of preference and value judgements of other types of stimuli. Therefore, our findings extends this literature to show that the PMC is related to automatic encoding of subjective value even for basic visual features such as color.

Orientation Perception in Real and Virtual Environments.

Spatial perception in virtual environments has been a topic of intense research. Arguably, the majority of this work has focused on distance perception. However, orientation perception is also an important factor. In this paper, we systematically investigate allocentric orientation judgments in both real and virtual contexts over the course of four experiments. A pattern of sinusoidal judgment errors known to exist in 2D perspective displays is found to persist in immersive virtual environments. This pattern also manifests itself in a real world setting using two differing judgment methods. The findings suggest the presence of a radial anisotropy that persists across viewing contexts. Additionally, there is some evidence to suggest that observers have multiple strategies for processing orientations but further investigation is needed to fully describe this phenomenon. We also offer design suggestions for 3D user interfaces where users may perform orientation judgments.

Facial expressions modulate the gaze orienting effect on sound localization judgement

ABSTRACTRecent studies have shown that cueing eye gaze can affect the processing of visual information, and this phenomenon is called the gaze-orienting effect (visual-GOE). Emerging evidence has shown that the cueing eye gaze also affects the processing of auditory information (auditory-GOE). However, it is unclear whether the auditory-GOE is modulated by emotion. We conducted three behavioural experiments to investigate whether cueing eye gaze influenced the orientation judgement to a sound, and whether the effect was modulated by facial expressions. The current study set four facial expressions (angry, fearful, happy, and neutral), manipulated the display type of facial expressions, and changed the sequence of gaze and emotional expressions. Participants were required to judge the sound orientation after facial expressions and gaze cues. The results showed that the orientation judgement of sound was influenced by gaze direction in all three experiments, and the orientation judgement of sound was faster when the face was oriented to the target location (congruent trials) than when the face was oriented away from the target location (incongruent trials). The modulation of emotion on auditory-GOE was observed only when gaze shifted followed by facial expression (Exp3); the auditory-GOE was significantly greater for angry faces than for neutral faces. These findings indicate that auditory-GOE as a social phenomenon exists widely, and the effect was modulated by facial expression. Gaze shift before the presentation of emotion was the key influencing factor for the emotional modulation in an auditory target gaze-orienting task. Our findings suggest that the integration of facial expressions and eye gaze was context-dependent.