Judgment Of Damage Research Articles

The Recognition of the U.S. Punitive Damages Judgments and the Application of Public Policy and Morals

The Recognition of the U.S. Punitive Damages Judgments and the Application of Public Policy and Morals

Numerical Simulation Analysis of Chinese Timber Frame Ancient Buildings - An Example of the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City

Chinese ancient architecture is renowned for its unique large wooden structures and standards. However, the safety of the wooden structures in the Forbidden City has gradually deteriorated over long-term use. At present, most building safety evaluation methods rely on qualitative assessments rather than quantitative identifications. In the process of conducting safety evaluations, it is necessary to conduct sufficient analysis and judgment of building damage to determine the safety status of ancient buildings. To ensure the safety of the buildings, this study takes the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City as an example, using numerical simulation methods to analyze the components of Chinese wooden ancient architecture through finite element analysis, with the aim of quantitatively protecting China's traditional architectural cultural heritage. This study provides a scientific basis for the protection of China's traditional architectural cultural heritage and has high practical significance. The results showed that the deformation peak and internal force were within the allowable range according to relevant specifications.

Tensile Damage Study of Wind Turbine Tower Material Q345 Based on an Acoustic Emission Method.

As essential load-bearing equipment to support the nacelle and blades, the tower is subjected to the whole wind turbine loading. This study proposes a new method of combining acoustic emission and normalized accumulation parameters to characterize wind turbine towers Q345 steel damage. First of all, tendency analysis of the acoustic emission signal parameter was conducted to determine damage degree during the damage stage. Secondly, we normalized the accumulation of amplitude and other parameters to compare the proportion of each accumulation parameter at different stages, while studying the spectra of common acoustic emission signals. Finally, comparing the differences and similarities of the normalized accumulation parameters between three different rates, we analyze the effect of rate on the normalized accumulation parameters. These results indicate that the normalized cumulative duration parameter is suitable for characterizing the yield damage occurrence, the normalized cumulative energy parameter is very sensitive to the fracture stage, the normalized cumulative energy parameter is least influenced by the loading rate, and the energy parameter is a sensitivity factor for normalized expression, which to realizes the stage of damage judgment.

Bridging across functional models: The OFC as a value-making neural network.

Many functions have been attributed to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)-some classical roles, such as signaling the value of action outcomes, being challenged by more recent ones, such as signaling the position of a trial within a task space. In this paper, we propose a unifying neural network architecture, whose function is to generate a value from a set of attributes attached to a particular object. Our model reverses the logic of perceptual choice models, by considering values as outputs of (and not inputs to) the neural network. In doing so, the model explains why univariate value signals have been observed in both likeability rating and economic choice tasks, while the features associated with a particular task trial can be decoded using multivariate analysis. Moreover, simulations show that a globally positive correlation with subjective value at the population level can coexist with a variety of correlation coefficients at the single-unit level, bridging typical observations made in human neuroimaging and monkey electrophysiology studies of OFC activity. To better explain binary choice, we equipped the neural network with recurrent feedback connections that enable simultaneous coding of values associated with currently attended and previously considered objects. Simulations of this augmented model show that virtual lesions produce systematically intransitive preferences, as observed in patients with damage to the OFC. Thus, our neural network model is sufficiently general and flexible to account for a core set of observations and make specific predictions about both OFC activity during value judgment and behavioral consequence of OFC damage. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Tort Immunity in the Pandemic

A fundamental premise of our common law tort system is that the risk of liability will help deter unsafe behavior. Yet, as we continue to battle the COVID-19 pandemic, proposals abound to shield businesses from tort liability. Politicians have even conditioned fiscal-stimulus for our ailing economy on passage of tort liability shields. This essay examines the pros and cons of such shields, and concludes that their questionable benefits do not justify loss of the deterrent value of tort liability. Although businesses would surely prefer to avoid lawsuits, those that act reasonably--even without tort immunity--face little risk of damage judgments and would be hard prey for plaintiff personal-injury lawyers. To be found negligent, businesses would need to flaunt such basic precautions as social distancing, gloves, masks and disinfecting measures. Presumably, we should not encourage such behavior by removing the tort system’s incentives to operate safely. And even if a business arguably could have done more to keep their customers and employees safe, plaintiffs would still have the tall burden of establishing causation--that they caught the disease because of the defendant’s neglect as opposed to other sources. Beyond all that, businesses already enjoy the protection of workers’ compensation laws, and strong defenses like regulatory compliance. On the other side of the equation, creating immunity shields may signal to employees and customers that they return to work or patronize business at their own peril--creating an anxiety that undermines the trust and confidence we want to instill to restart of our economy. Finally, other systems, such as insurance and government compensation funds, can be used to encourage businesses to reopen and stay open.

Research on Human Erythrocyte's Threshold Free Energy for Hemolysis and Damage from Coupling Effect of Shear and Impact Based on Immersed Boundary-Lattice Boltzmann Method.

Researches on the principle of human red blood cell's (RBC) injuring and judgment basis play an important role in decreasing the hemolysis in a blood pump. In the current study, the judgment of hemolysis in a blood pump study was through some experiment data and empirical formula. The paper forms a criterion of RBC's mechanical injury in the aspect of RBC's free energy. First, the paper introduces the nonlinear spring network model of RBC in the frame of immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM). Then, the shape, free energy, and time needed for erythrocyte to be shorn in different shear flow and impacted in different impact flow are simulated. Combining existing research on RBC's threshold limit for hemolysis in shear and impact flow with this paper's, the RBC's free energy of the threshold limit for hemolysis is found to be 3.46 × 10−15 J. The threshold impact velocity of RBC for hemolysis is 8.68 m/s. The threshold value of RBC can be used for judgment of RBC's damage when the RBC is having a complicated flow of blood pumps such as coupling effect of shear and impact flow. According to the change law of RBC's free energy in the process of being shorn and impacted, this paper proposed a judging criterion for hemolysis when the RBC is under the coupling effect of shear and impact based on the increased free energy of RBC.

Uniformity: The effects of organizational attire on judgments and attributions

AbstractDespite their prevalence in the marketplace, little empirical attention has been paid to how employee uniforms affect consumer reactions to service experiences. We propose that employee uniforms facilitate the shared categorization of employees and their organization in the mind of the customer, which affects many of the inferences that customers draw following service encounters. Study 1 shows that uniforms lead to greater attribution of responsibility to the company for employee behavior, especially following poor service. Studies 2 and 3 show that uniforms also lead to more assimilation of judgments across employees, increasing the impact of one employee's behavior on judgments of other employees of the same organization. Study 3 shows that employee uniforms lead to more extreme judgments of the company following service encounters. It also shows that bad (good) service from a uniformed employee makes competing companies look better (worse), indicating that uniforms can elicit contrast effects across companies. In sum, the mere presence of a uniform on an unsatisfactory service or retail employee can damage judgments of the organization and its employees and improve judgments of rival organizations compared to identical service from a nonuniformed employee. Managers seem unaware of these negative consequences. These same principles are likely to apply to a wide variety of uniformed services, including police, military, firefighters, and health‐care providers.

Clinical implication of microproteinuria and urine enzyme in the detection of early renal damage by antibiotics

Objective To analyze the clinical significance of serial microproteinuria and urease detection in early diagnosis of antibiotics damage to kidney by observing the changes of urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio(mAlb/Cr), transferrin(TRF), IgG, α1-microglobulin(α1-MG), β2-microglobulin(β2-MG), retinol-binding protein(RBP) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase(NAG). Methods A total of 161 children with pneumonia whose test results were normal of urine protein, blood urea nitrogen(BUN) and serum creatinine(Scr), and had no related history of kidney diseases were selected.All the patients were divided into three groups according to antibiotics for the treatment, the penicillins(penicillin G, amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate, ticarcillin and potassium clavulanate) group, the cephalosporins (cefazolin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, cefoperazone, ceftazidime) group and the macrolides(erythromycin, azithromycin)group.Changes of mAlb/Cr, TRF, IgG, α1-MG, β2-MG, RBP, NAG, BUN, Scr levels of the patients one week before and after use the antibiotics were observed, and statistically analyzed. Results In the penicillins group and macrolides group, the results showed that none of the serial microproteinuria and urease changed(all P>0.05). In the cephalosporins group, the urine mAlb/Cr, TRF, β2-MG and NAG were higher than before using the antibiotics[(15.56±5.98)mg/g vs.(21.08±10.88)mg/g, (1.61±0.14)mg/L vs.(1.66±0.14)mg/L, (0.25±0.09)mg/L vs.(0.28±0.11)mg/L, (4.62±3.80)U/L vs.(4.98±3.97)U/L, t=-5.11, -3.24, -2.29, -2.04, P 0.05). Conclusion Combined detection of serial microproteinuria and urease has great clinical significance in judgment and warning of early renal damage by antibiotics. Key words: Anti-bacterial agents; Renal damage; Kidney function tests; Drug monitoring; Child

Guide waves-based multi-damage identification using a local probability-based diagnostic imaging method

Multi-damage identification is an important and challenging task in the research of guide waves-based structural health monitoring. In this paper, a multi-damage identification method is presented using a guide waves-based local probability-based diagnostic imaging (PDI) method. The method includes a path damage judgment stage, a multi-damage judgment stage and a multi-damage imaging stage. First, damage imaging was performed by partition. The damage imaging regions are divided into beside damage signal paths. The difference in guide waves propagation characteristics between cross and beside damage paths is proposed by theoretical analysis of the guide wave signal feature. The time-of-flight difference of paths is used as a factor to distinguish between cross and beside damage paths. Then, a global PDI method (damage identification using all paths in the sensor network) is performed using the beside damage path network. If the global PDI damage zone crosses the beside damage path, it means that the discrete multi-damage model (such as a group of holes or cracks) has been misjudged as a continuum single-damage model (such as a single hole or crack) by the global PDI method. Subsequently, damage imaging regions are separated by beside damage path and local PDI (damage identification using paths in the damage imaging regions) is performed in each damage imaging region. Finally, multi-damage identification results are obtained by superimposing the local damage imaging results and the marked cross damage paths. The method is employed to inspect the multi-damage in an aluminum plate with a surface-mounted piezoelectric ceramic sensors network. The results show that the guide waves-based multi-damage identification method is capable of visualizing the presence, quantity and location of structural damage.

Value of serum MCP-1 and sICAM-1 in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

Objective To study the levels of serum MCP- 1 and sICAM- 1 in neonates with hypoxicischemic encephalopathy(HIE)and to explore the clinical value of serum MCP- 1 and sICAM- 1 for judgment and prognosis of brain damage in neonates with HIE. Methods The levels of serum MCP- 1 and sICAM-1 in the 1st and 7th day after birth of the 53 cases term infant with HIE(29 cases were mild HIE,15 cases were moderate HIE and 9 cases were severe HIE)were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), and compared with 20 cases of normal newborns. Results The levels of serum MCP- 1 and sICAM- 1 in mild, moderate and severe HIE groups were all significantly higher than those in controls(P< 0.05); With increasing of the degree of brain injury, the levels of serum MCP- 1 and sICAM- 1 increased(P< 0.05); Compared with acute period(the 1st day after birth), the levels of serum MCP- 1 and sICAM- 1 were clearly decreased in recovery stage(the 7th day after birth)in all HIE groups. Conclusion MCP-1 and sICAM-1 may play important roles in the pathogenesis of neonatal HIE and have clinical value in the diagnosis and treatment. Key words: Hypoxia-ischemia encephalopathy; MCP-1; sICAM-1; Brain injury

Finite Element Simulation and Comparison of Hydraulic Splitting Fracturing Test of Concrete

I-II mixed mode fracture under two kinds of load manners was carried out, and it was also simulated by the ANSYS, and the test results and the simulation results were compared and analyzed, and the reasonableness of the model built and the effectiveness of test were verified. The failure process of fracture under the loading could be judged through the development of the crack tip combined with the stress nephogram and strain nephogram when cracks initiation at crack tip, and it provided the basis for the crack damage judgment.

The Defamation Injunction Meets the Prior Restraint Doctrine

In Near v. Minnesota, the Supreme Court added the injunction to executive licensing as a prior restraint. Although the Near court circumscribed the injunction as a prior restraint, it approved criminal sanctions and damages judgments. The prior restraint label resembles a death sentence. This article maintains that such massive retaliation is overkill. A judge’s injunction that forbids the defendant’s tort of defamation tests Near and prior restraint doctrine because defamation isn’t protected by the First Amendment. Arguing that the anti-defamation injunction has outgrown outright bans under the prior restraint rule and the equitable Maxim that “Equity will not enjoin defamation” turns out to be formidable. This article examines the Sullivan v. New York Times privileges in defamation, their tension between truth and falsity, and their limitations on compensatory and punitive damages. It tests the injunction against damages by examining several Equitable doctrines: the inadequacy prerequisite-irreparable injury rule, the injunction as preventive relief, the temporary restraining order, the preliminary injunction, the injunction bond, the juryless injunction trial, the task of drafting an injunction to avoids vagueness and over-breadth, the use of motions to modify-dissolve an injunction, and the declaratory judgment, and contempt, compensatory, coercive, or criminal, including the collateral bar rule. It weighs important prior restraint scholarship, including Professor Emerson’s and Professor Blasi’s. The administration of the prior restraint doctrines has expanded its operation beyond the policy reasons that gave it birth. This article concludes that the differences between damages and an injunction don’t warrant different treatment. In Balboa Island VillageInn v. Lemen, the California Supreme Court approved a targeted injunction that forbids a defendant from repeating proved defamation. Influential scholars beginning with Roscoe Pound and including more recently Professors Redish, Jeffries, Schauer, and Ardia have eroded the prior restraint doctrines’ reasoning and application. The procedure leading to an injunction can be augmented by requiring prior notice, adversary adjudication, and narrow drafting. A properly adjudicated and drafted injunction that specifically forbids defendant’s defamation will prevent harmful torts without threatening free-speech values. The article closes by asking for abolition of the Maxim and suspension or qualification of the prior restraint doctrine for defamation.

沿岸地域の生産施設に対する地震・津波被害の判定方法

This paper proposes a determination method of earthquake and tsunami damage to the storage facility at the production facility in the coastal areas. Earthquake and tsunami damage determination was performed combining three dimensional tsunami analysis and structural analysis. First of all, the pressure applied to the structure is calculated by three dimensional tsunami analysis. Next, the structural analysis model which can express a damage situation was created, and seismic response analysis and tsunami response analysis were conducted. Finally, damage judgment was determined by stress and the amount of deformation of the plate. From this result, analysis of the proposed method showed the usefulness by damage simulation of the earthquake and tsunami that apply to the structure.

Remedies for moral damage before the European Court of Human Rights: Cyprus v. Turkey case

This article provides the overview of the Cyprus v. Turkey judgment, a recently decided case before the Grand Chamber of the European Court for Human Rights. This is the first inter-State case which ended with pecuniary judgment for moral damages. The article begins with the overview of factual and legal issues in the Cyprus v. Turkey case which is followed by contextualizing this judgment within the general legal framework regarding moral damages and remedies available. The second part provides the insight into the case law of the International Court of Justice, European Court for Human Rights and international investment arbitration in order to assess the status of moral damages under general international law. While all international courts and tribunals recognize moral damage as a cause of action, they seem to respond differently to the issue of remedies. International Court of Justice seems to favour declaratory over pecuniary judgments; European Court of Human Rights tend to award both non-pecuniary and pecuniary remedies for moral damages; international investment tribunals seem to favour pecuniary remedies for moral damages. A separate issue is whether international law permits or rather proscribes punitive damages. While the ILC finds that general international law does not allow for punitive damages there are different opinions, at least within the ECHR setting, that moral damages are inherently punitive for fault-based conduct of the responsible state.

Methods of Gear Damage Assessment Based on Modal Parameter Identification

With the evolution and degradation of mechanical fault, changes of the structural inherent characteristics will directly affect the overall response of system. Spur gear, which worked as the research object, is to be explored on the changes of modal parameters under different damage state. Optimum driving-point mobility and modal parameter identification is achieved by comprehensive utilization of experimental modal analysis and finite element analysis. is used to determine the experiment results is whether accurate or not. Then comparing with the differences of modal parameters, the preliminary judgment of gear damage can be made. According to the experimental data of different gears, theis taken to complete the correlation analysis and to judge the degree of the damage. The results shows that provide an effective basis for the identification of vibration mechanism and vibration characteristic of fault gear.

Damage Judgment of Utatsu Bridge Affected by Tsunami due to Great East Japan Earthquake

Damage Judgment of Utatsu Bridge Affected by Tsunami due to Great East Japan Earthquake

Damage Evaluation Method for Integrated Electronic Information

Battle damage level classification and judgment rule are established in order to evaluate battle damage for integrated electronic information system. The function index system of integrated electronic information system is established based on its function hierarchy decomposition through analyzing its function requirements. Using the ideas of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and analytic hierarchy process, an evaluation method of battle damage assessment for integrated electronic information system is proposed based on the function index system. The correctness and validity of the proposed method is verified through a calculation example. The result of the example indicates that the damage level of integrated electronic information system can be achieved from the proposed method correctly.

Proposal of a Practical Ensemble System for Multiple Feature Selection in Damage Judgment of Bridge

Proposal of a Practical Ensemble System for Multiple Feature Selection in Damage Judgment of Bridge

Study on detecting lumber damage using acoustic radiation

The method using the sound caused by knocking the lumber to detect its damages has applied for a long time, but it mostly depends on the people’s experience and the subjective elements which could cause great errors to the judgment of damage. This paper analyzed the relationship between the lumber vibration impulse response and acoustic radiation properties. The analysis results showed that lumber acoustic radiation time-domain and frequency-domain signal characteristics depend on the structural characteristics of lumber. By testing the lumber acoustic radiation properties, it was known that the differences of damage and its location could change the main vibration frequency, energy of the lumber and waveform of time-domain. Based on these characteristics, it is effective to identify the damage of the lumber and its location.

Studies on nanosecond laser induced damage to fused fibers

The properties of high_peak pulsed laser induced damage to fibers have been investigated by damage experiments. It was found that all of damaged parts are located on fiber endings, and the damage topography fall into three classes: the pit damage, fusion damage and sputtering damage. The experimental setup of laser induced damage to fibers, fiber damage judgment criterions and data processing methods were developed and validated. The zero probability damage threshold was calculated by linear fitting to be 3.85GW/cm2. The processes of laser induced damage to fibers were summarized and the fiber end face damage mechanism was studied. The experimental results indicated that the main factor that makes the fiber end faces susceptible to laser induce damage is the existence of surface imperfections. The nanosecond laser induce damage to fiber end faces are detected experimentally; the central areas of input end faces are damaged probably because the input laser beam is Gaussian. So the use of uniform beam for injecting the fiber is favorable to the laser-induced damage resistance.