Judgments Of Others Research Articles

Humans feel too special for machines to score their morals.

Artificial intelligence (AI) can be harnessed to create sophisticated social and moral scoring systems-enabling people and organizations to form judgments of others at scale. However, it also poses significant ethical challenges and is, subsequently, the subject of wide debate. As these technologies are developed and governing bodies face regulatory decisions, it is crucial that we understand the attraction or resistance that people have for AI moral scoring. Across four experiments, we show that the acceptability of moral scoring by AI is related to expectations about the quality of those scores, but that expectations about quality are compromised by people's tendency to see themselves as morally peculiar. We demonstrate that people overestimate the peculiarity of their moral profile, believe that AI will neglect this peculiarity, and resist for this reason the introduction of moral scoring by AI.

Safety first, but for whom? Shifts in risk perception for self and others following COVID‐19 vaccination

AbstractVaccines can affect the mind as well as the body. Research on the psychological impact of vaccines has largely focused on risk‐related judgments and behaviors involving the recipient. Here, we extend this work to risk‐related judgments of others. In a prospective cohort study involving three samples and two timepoints (N = 588 adults), we tested competing hypotheses about the effects of receiving a COVID‐19 vaccine on perceived risks to the unvaccinated: (1) a self/other differentiation hypothesis (vaccination will lead to estimation of lower risk for the self but higher risk for others) versus (2) a self/other correspondence hypothesis (vaccination will lead to estimation of lower risk from contracting COVID‐19 for both self and others). Results revealed risk estimates as well as preferences for COVID‐related social policies more consistent with the former hypothesis. We discuss potential psychological mechanisms and implications of these findings.

Crippled with Remorse and Judgment of Others: A Phenomenological Study of Suicide Attempts in Men Dealing with Substance Use

Background: Suicide is one of the biggest concerns of the World Health Organization. Every year, around 703,000 people end their lives. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to provide a phenomenological study of suicide attempts in men dealing with substance use. Methods: This is a qualitative study with a hermeneutic phenomenological approach. The participants of this study were 12 men who had a history of substance use and suicide attempts. The participants were chosen through an objective sampling method to participate in semi-structured interviews. The collected data were analyzed by the seven-stage Diekelmann et al. (1989) analysis method. Results: The participants' experiences were analyzed on two separate themes. The first theme was "inefficient personality traits," having the two sub-themes of "impulsive behavior" and "emotional instability." The second theme was "the stigma related to addiction." Furthermore, this study resulted in a constitutive pattern known as crippled with remorse and judgment of others. Conclusions: Inefficient personality traits and the stigma related to addiction drive men with substance use to suicide attempts, and they are prone to commit suicide again if these conditions continue to prevail. Mental health consultants and psychiatrists can take effective measures to reduce and prevent suicide attempts if they consider this study's findings.

Skepticism and the Form of Thomas Hoccleve's Series

In his Series, the fifteenth-century English poet Thomas Hoccleve repeatedly expresses skepticism about his ability to know himself and about the ability of others to know him. While he repeatedly seeks outside validation from a mirror, from the judgments of others, and from a trusted Friend, each source of knowledge proves to be unreliable. By questioning not only his own perception but that of others—his neighbors, his readers, his characters—Hoccleve sets up the question of skepticism as the central problem of the Series. The disordered, fragmented frame narrative of the Series embeds this problem into the formal characteristics of the poem. In narrating his own writing process, with its interruptions, changes of purpose, and revisions, Hoccleve undercuts the reliability of the frame narrative structure and questions whether his poetry can provide stable knowledge.

Replication: Knowledge and Luck

Is a belief true when it is due to a lucky guess? This study replicated Turri and colleagues' (2014) study investigating how we make judgments of others' knowledge (i.e., what they know). In this replication, 97 participants completed a short survey that compared three different conditions-one in which the character made the right decision due to their knowledge ("Knowledge"), one in which the character made the right decision due to a lucky guess ("Gettier"), and one in which the character was wrong ("Ignorance"). It was found that subjects attributed knowledge and reasonableness to the characters depending on the condition they were in. Subjects attributed higher knowledge ratings to the characters in the Gettier condition than in the Knowledge and Ignorance conditions. However, ratings for reasonableness, the soundness of the character's conclusions, were higher in the Knowledge condition than the Gettier and Ignorance conditions. Overall, findings were in line with the Turri et. al (2014) study, demonstrating that these effects can replicate. We also found support for an additional hypothesis for gender differences in knowledge ratings: the female character ("Emma") was rated lower in knowledge that the male characters ("Darrel" and "Gerald") regardless of the condition.

The "curse of knowledge" when predicting others' knowledge.

To succeed in a social world, we must be able to accurately estimate what others know. For example, teachers must anticipate student knowledge to plan lessons and communicate effectively. Yet one's own knowledge consistently contaminates estimates about others' knowledge. We examine how one's knowledge influences the calibration and resolution of participants' estimates of novices' knowledge. Across four experiments, participants studied trivia questions and estimated the percentage of novice participants who would know the answer across multiple study/estimation rounds. When participants were required to answer the question before estimating what novices would know, studying the facts impaired both the calibration and resolution of the estimates. Studying the facts reduced the validity of one's experiences for predicting novices' knowledge, and estimators utilized their own experiences less when predicting novices' knowledge as they studied. Experimentally reducing reliance on one's own knowledge did not improve the accuracy of estimates. The results suggest that learning impairs the accuracy of judgments of others' knowledge, not because estimators rely too heavily on their own experiences, but because estimators lack diagnostic cues about others' knowledge.

The Influence of Background Music on People’s Judgment of others on Social Media

This study explored whether background music on Social Networking Service (SNS) can influence people’s judgments about others’ personalities. We used the most popular SNS app in Korea and manipulated the background music. Forty-four participants were recruited and randomly assigned one of two conditions: music from either classical or rock genres. After exploring the profile, the participants answered a questionnaire asking them to assess the profile’s owners’ personality. It was found that both male and female participants viewed the profile owner’s personality differently depending on the background music. The implication of personality judgment in an SNS context was discussed.

Conflicting signals: Exploring the socioeconomic implications of gender discordant names

We investigate the educational and employment consequences of having a gender discordant name – one that is also given to people of a different gender. People with discordant names may be more likely to experience stigma due to the conflicting signal between their gender and the perceptions of femininity or masculinity associated with their names. Our primary measure of discordance is based on the percentage of men and women with each first name, using a large administrative dataset from Brazil. We find that both men and women with gender discordant names attain significantly less education. Gender discordant names are also negatively and significantly associated with earnings though, after controlling for educational attainment, only people with the most discordant names have significantly lower earnings. These results are corroborated when using crowd-sourced gender perceptions of names in our dataset, which suggests that stereotypes and the judgments of others are a probable mechanism for the observed disparities.

Musical Novices Are Unable to Judge Musical Quality from Brief Video Clips: A Failed Replication of Tsay (2014).

Research focusing on "thin slicing" suggests in making judgements of others' moods, personality traits, and relationships, we are able to make relatively reliable decisions based on a small amount of information. In some instances, this can be done in a matter of a few seconds. A similar result was found with regard to the judgement of musical quality of ensemble performances by Tsay (2014), wherein musical novices were able to reliably choose the winner of a music competition based on the visual information only (but not auditory or audiovisual information). Tsay argues that this occurs due to a lack of auditory expertise in musical novices, and that they are able to extract quality information based on visual movements with more accuracy. As part of the SCORE project (OSF, 2021), we conducted a direct replication of Tsay (2014). Findings showed that musical novices were unable to judge musical quality at a level greater than chance, and this result held for auditory, visual, and audiovisual presentation. This suggests that 6 s is not a sufficient amount of time for novices to judge the relative quality of musical performance, regardless of the modality in which they were presented.

Being good to look good: Self-reported moral character predicts moral double standards among reputation-seeking individuals.

Moral character is widely expected to lead to moral judgements and practices. However, such expectations are often breached, especially when moral character is measured by self-report. We propose that because self-reported moral character partly reflects a desire to appear good, people who self-report a strong moral character will show moral harshness towards others and downplay their own transgressions-that is, they will show greater moral hypocrisy. This self-other discrepancy in moral judgements should be pronounced among individuals who are particularly motivated by reputation. Employing diverse methods including large-scale multination panel data (N= 34,323), and vignette and behavioural experiments (N= 700), four studies supported our proposition, showing that various indicators of moral character (Benevolence and Universalism values, justice sensitivity, and moral identity) predicted harsher judgements of others' more than own transgressions. Moreover, these double standards emerged particularly among individuals possessing strong reputation management motives. The findings highlight how reputational concerns moderate the link between moral character and moral judgement.

John Huxtable Elliott (1930–2022)

John Huxtable Elliott (1930–2022)

Sophia Devereux Turner and the Troubled Female Mind in the Late-Nineteenth-Century South

Sophia Devereux Turner and the Troubled Female Mind in the Late-Nineteenth-Century South Sylvia D. Hoffert (bio) Late in 1877 a distraught Josiah Turner Jr. wrote to his brother-in-law, "I am unwilling the world should know what a place of torture and torment my house has been made to my children and myself, these many years. I must find some place for Sophia other than my house. I am sure neither God [n]or Society require that I should longer tolerate and suffer; nor will I attempt to say how much agony and anguish this announcement creates." He and his wife, Sophia Devereux Turner, lived just outside Hillsborough, North Carolina, a small Orange County village on the Eno River. Sophia was addicted to morphine. Desperate to be rid of her, Josiah used emotional blackmail to induce her to seek treatment and convinced the doctors at the North Carolina Hospital for the Insane in Raleigh to admit her in 1878.1 A great deal of ink has been devoted to the subject of mental illness and its treatment in nineteenth-century America. Historians have focused on the development of insane asylums, the reform-minded male doctors who ran them, and the therapies they used to treat their patients.2 Specialists in women's history have noted the degree to which [End Page 681] social and cultural considerations, including the assumption that women's reproductive capacity predisposed them to insanity, guided male doctors in their diagnosis and treatment of female mental disorders.3 And feminist literary scholars have critiqued the post–Civil War memoirs of northern women who protested their involuntary commitment to that region's mental hospitals in an effort to bring about legal reform.4 Little attention has been paid, however, to the intellectual and emotional life of drug-addicted women diagnosed as insane who populated southern insane asylums in the late nineteenth century. One exception is John S. Hughes's edition of Andrew Moore Sheffield's letters, published in 1993. Accused of arson; known to abuse chloral hydrate, an opiate used to induce sleep; and fond of alcohol, Sheffield was committed to the Alabama Insane Hospital (eventually called Bryce Hospital) in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, by her brother and father in 1890. An intelligent, socially prominent, single woman of forty-one, she was noted for refusing to conform to prevailing social conventions pertaining to women. Despite her angry and persistent pleas for release, her lobbying efforts failed, and she remained in the asylum for almost thirty years, until her death in 1920. Sheffield's letters are particularly valuable for the details they provide about conditions in insane asylums and the care that patients diagnosed as mentally ill received in the South after the Civil War.5 The case of Sophia Turner offers another perspective on life among the mad in the South. Family correspondence relating to the time she spent in the hospital provides further evidence of the willingness of laypeople and their doctors to equate drug addiction with mental illness. [End Page 682] The compellingly introspective poems that Sophia wrote during the almost three years she spent as an asylum patient provide extraordinary insight into the way that one afflicted woman dealt with the consequences of a diagnosis of insanity. The poems also allow us to enter not just the world of the asylum but also the mind of an inmate experiencing separation from her loved ones, treatment for an addiction she could not control, and life among strangers.6 Unlike the reminiscences and memoirs of former asylum patients, Sophia's poems served as a vehicle that allowed her to express feelings and emotions in the moment, raw and uncensored by the passage of time or concern about the judgment of others.7 Carefully dated, they helped her keep track of time in an environment where one day could be very much like every other. The act of writing poetry as much as any treatment prescribed by her doctors served as a balm to her troubled mind as well as a vehicle that allowed her to transcend her identity as an obedient wife, devoted mother, and dutiful housekeeper in a southern culture that...

Terapi kognitif untuk menurunkan kecemasan mendapat penilaian negatif pada individu dewasa

Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE) is a condition in which individuals are afraid to get negative evaluations from others, stay away from situations related to evaluation, and expect others to evaluate negatively. This is in accordance with the subject where she experiences anxiety when interacting with strangers, expresses opinions in many people's forums and finds it difficult to interact with men. This condition is caused her belief will be judged negatively by others. The assessment was carried out using interviews, observation. Graphic tests (Draw a Person, BAUM, House Tree Person) and Sack’s Sentences Completion Test. Cognitive therapy with cognitive restructuring are given yo reducing anxiety that is judged negatively by others. The results show that the subject can realize that her thoughts are not always correct, so she no longer focuses on the negative judgments of others

A data-driven, hyper-realistic method for visualizing individual mental representations of faces.

Research in person and face perception has broadly focused on group-level consensus that individuals hold when making judgments of others (e.g., “X type of face looks trustworthy”). However, a growing body of research demonstrates that individual variation is larger than shared, stimulus-level variation for many social trait judgments. Despite this insight, little research to date has focused on building and explaining individual models of face perception. Studies and methodologies that have examined individual models are limited in what visualizations they can reliably produce to either noisy and blurry or computer avatar representations. Methods that produce low-fidelity visual representations inhibit generalizability by being clearly computer manipulated and produced. In the present work, we introduce a novel paradigm to visualize individual models of face judgments by leveraging state-of-the-art computer vision methods. Our proposed method can produce a set of photorealistic face images that correspond to an individual's mental representation of a specific attribute across a variety of attribute intensities. We provide a proof-of-concept study which examines perceived trustworthiness/untrustworthiness and masculinity/femininity. We close with a discussion of future work to substantiate our proposed method.

The effects of facial expressions on judgments of others when observing two-person confrontation scenes from a third person perspective.

When building personal relationships, it is important to select optimal partners, even based on the first meeting. This study was inspired by the idea that people who smile are considered more trustworthy and attractive. However, this may not always be true in daily life. Previous studies have used a relatively simple method of judging others by presenting a photograph of one person’s face. To move beyond this approach and examine more complex situations, we presented the faces of two people confronted with each other to participants and asked them to judge them from a third-person perspective. Through three experiments, participants were asked to judge which of the two persons was more appropriate for forming alliances, more trustworthy, or more attractive, respectively. In all experiments, images were shown for a short (500 ms) or a long time (5 s). In all three experiments, the results showed that participants were more likely to choose persons with happy faces than those with neutral, sad, or angry faces when the image presentation was short. Contrarily, the facial expressions did not affect those judgments when the image presentation was long. Instead, judgments were correlated with personality estimated from the model’s neutral face in a single-person presentation. These results suggest that although facial expressions can affect the judgments of others when observing two-person confrontations from a third-person perspective, when participants have more time to elaborate their judgments, they go beyond expressions.

From drafts to drafting: genre work, time, and the fragility of managerial expertise in South Korea

ABSTRACT This article develops an approach towards managerial expertise as a practice organized around and dependent on what I describe as drafting time. The empirical focus is on an employee satisfaction survey at a South Korean conglomerate where I conducted ethnographic research between 2014 and 2015. Departing from approaches that see drafts in service of organizational function or as a production-line model, the article describes how drafting time is a state of work in which claims to expertise, and claims against a lack of expertise, are worked out away from the judgment of others. I describe how high-level human resources managers within the conglomerate Sangdo fashioned themselves as internal consultants through the development of a sophisticated employment survey. When the claims of the survey did not work out as they expected, they were able to re-draft their internal roles vis-a-vis other managers. The article highlights how drafting time is one way for knowledge workers to craft their expertise, particularly through the assemblage of different kinds of genres where their expertise might be properly recognized.

Integral Ecology As Theosemiotic: A Case For A Pragmatist Theological Ethics

Integral Ecology As Theosemiotic: A Case For A Pragmatist Theological Ethics

The Extended Social Relations Model: Understanding Dissimilation and Dissensus in the Judgment of Others

The Social Relations Model (SRM), which has been an important tool for personality researchers, presumes the variabilities in the SRM components, perceiver, target, and relationship effects, are consistent across perceivers and targets. We introduce the extended SRM (eSRM) to examine individual differences in the variances of each component of the SRM. We explore the tendency for perceivers to see targets in different ways, Dissimilation, and the tendency for targets to be viewed in different ways, Dissensus. Furthermore, slopes are used to tap the extent to which perceivers agree with other perceivers, Sensitivity, and the extent to which target judgments depend on how perceivers generally see others, Prototypicality. Moreover, the correlation of a perceiver’s judgments with how the target is generally viewed measures Accuracy, and the correlation of judgments of a target with how the perceiver generally views others measures Amplification. Standard deviations assess how a perceiver uniquely views targets, Differentiation, and how a target is uniquely viewed by perceivers, Volatility. A study illustrates the utility of these elements to understand response styles, the accuracy of judgment, and the meaning of SRM effects. The eSRM is discussed in relation to Funder’s Realistic Accuracy Model and Biesanz’s Social Accuracy Model.

The influence of signs of social class on compassionate responses to people in need.

A field experiment (N = 4,536) examined how signs of social class influence compassionate responses to those in need. Pedestrians in two major cities in the United States were exposed to a confederate wearing symbols of relatively high or low social class who was requesting money to help the homeless. Compassionate responding was assessed by measuring the donation amount of the pedestrians walking past the target. Pedestrians gave more than twice (2.55 times) as much money to the confederate wearing higher-class symbols than they did to the one wearing lower-class symbols. A follow-up study (N = 504) exposed participants to images of the target wearing the same higher- or lower-class symbols and examined the antecedents of compassionate responding. Consistent with theorizing, higher-class symbols elicited perceptions of elevated competence, trustworthiness, similarity to the self, and perceived humanity compared to lower-class symbols. These results indicate that visible signs of social class influence judgments of others’ traits and attributes, as well as in decisions to respond compassionately to the needs of those who are suffering.

The Formation and Perception of Authenticity and its Organizational Outcomes

Given the benefits of authenticity for individuals and their organizations, the goal of this symposium is to explore how authenticity is constructed, maintained, and perceived in organizations. In addition, we examine the consequences and outcomes associated with authenticity for organizations, individuals, and leaders. In our first presentation, we consider how individuals experience authenticity within their organizations. Specifically, Horton and colleagues examine the psychological outcomes of a physical decision that we make each day—what to wear. They examine the relationship between authenticity and power as predictors of the important organizational outcome of workplace engagement. Across two multi-day experiments, participants generally reported feeling more authentic when they wore casual attire, relative to professional attire or a mixed strategy. In addition, this casual attire prompted greater workplace engagement. Thus, this paper examines how attire can impact psychological outcomes, and the unique ways attire impacts power and authenticity. In the following two presentations, we consider the relationship between physical expressions, specifically facial expressions, and authenticity. First, Liu finds that emotion expression variability in leaders is an important predictor of perceived authenticity. Specifically, in six studies she describes the benefits of emotion expression variability in leadership using naturalistic and experimental settings. Greater emotion expression variability is associated with greater authenticity judgments which increased leadership effectiveness. Second, Rees considers how sensitivity to being judged impacts the judgment of others’ authentic or inauthentic expressions. In two studies, she finds that when perceivers believe that being respected by others is important, i.e., they are socially sensitive, they are more likely to be influenced by the perceptions of another person’s authenticity. First, she finds that those higher on sensitivity indicate that they pay more attention to interpersonal cues than those less sensitive. They also judge hypothetical coworkers smiling (in)authentically as more(less) authentic, warm, competent, and like a good coworker. She also finds that priming judgers to expect (in)authentic expressions influences judgments even when the actual expression does not differ. In the final two presentations, we turn towards expressions of authenticity. First, Bailey and colleagues explore how social judgments about authenticity can stem from, and prompt greater social status. They investigate how being perceived as authentic results in greater respect and admiration. They find that the reverse is also true, such that individuals of higher status are assumed to be more authentic. These findings speak to the reciprocal relationship between perceptions of authenticity and societal value associated with competence and expertise. In the final presentation of the session, Van Zant explores how inauthenticity via self-promotion underlies the pervasive organizational issue of overconfidence. In three studies, he finds that the prevalence of overconfident advice is not due to a failure to hold advisors accountable for their overconfidence. Rather, actors engage in strategic self-promotion when they deliberately attempt to project competence to an audience. Following the presentations, the discussant, Dana Carney, will discuss what makes authenticity distinct from related concepts such as deception, and the implications of authenticity for theory and practice. Taken together, these presentations consider the antecedents and formation of authenticity within an organization through physical expressions of attire and emotions. This set of papers also considers the important outcomes associated with authenticity, examining work engagement, leadership effectiveness, respect, and admiration. The Impact of Attire on Remote Worker Authenticity, Power, and Engagement Presenter: Erica Bailey; Columbia Business School Presenter: Carl Blaine Horton; Columbia U. Presenter: Adam Galinsky; Columbia U. Does Emotion Expression Variability Help or Hinder Leaders? Presenter: Zaijia Liu; Columbia U. How Sensitivity to Being Judged Shapes Judgments of Others’ (In)Authentic Expression Presenter: Laura Rees; Oregon State U. The Reciprocal Relationship Between Social Status and Perceived Authenticity Presenter: Erica Bailey; Columbia Business School Presenter: Isaac Raymundo; Columbia Business School Presenter: Sheena S. Iyengar; Columbia U. Strategically Overconfident (to a Fault): How Self-Promotion Motivates Advisor Confidence Presenter: Alex Bryant Van Zant; Rutgers Business School