Favorable Judgments Research Articles

“The struggle isn't real”: How need for cognitive closure moderates inferences from disfluency

Prior research suggests that disfluency leads to unfavorable product judgments and can be mitigated by debiasing techniques (i.e., explicit warnings about disfluency). We suggest a moderating role for the need for cognitive closure (NFCC), such that when information about a favorable brand is present, disfluency leads to less favorable judgments for low NFCC consumers but not for high NFCC consumers. Moreover, warnings about disfluency mitigate the negative effect for low NFCC consumers, but backfire for high NFCC ones. Across five experiments, we demonstrate these effects through individual trait differences and cognitive load manipulations of NFCC. We suggest that the backfiring effect among high NFCC consumers is due to shifts in attention away from brand reputation towards the experience of disfluency, making disfluency (vs. brand reputation) the primary judgmental cue. Implications of the findings for consumer inference are discussed.

Research on Investment Decision of Substation Project Based on Life Cycle Cost

In this paper, the life cycle cost theory is applied to the study of investment decision-making of substation engineering, and the scientific, reasonable and objective comprehensive evaluation of substation engineering is realized. Based on the analysis of the calculation method of life cycle cost, a theory-based investment decision model for substation engineering is established. Finally, taking a substation project as an example, it proves that the model can effectively analyse the investment cost of different schemes, objectively reflects the economic differences between schemes, and provides a favorable judgment basis for investment decision-making of Power Grid Substation projects, which has a certain practical value.

A imprescindibilidade dos critérios linguístico-textuais na produção de documentos com força probatória e a garantia do devido processo legal

Evidence, along with a persuasive address, is presented to the judge to support a petition, in the hope of securing a favourable judgment. In tax proceedings, in both administrative and judicial courts, the evidence is predominantly documentary and produced either by the taxpayers or by the public administrators, by means of documents such as tax infraction notices, overdue liability certificates, licenses etcetera. However, for these documents to be valid, some prescriptive rules must be followed. This article presents an analysis of such documents produced by public officials and to do so uses logical-semantic Constructivismderived from studies produced by Paulo de Barros Carvalho. These analyses show the importance of linguistic criteria for interpreting legal texts in the area of taxation and for helping to reduce subjectivity in litigation. This article analyses cases judged by the Brazilian Supreme Court to show the exibilisation of due process when the law is applied to distortions and linguistic problems in legal texts which result in the relaxation of due process.

Voice pitch modulation in human mate choice.

Inter-individual differences in human fundamental frequency ( F0, perceived as voice pitch) predict mate quality and reproductive success, and affect listeners' social attributions. Although humans can readily and volitionally manipulate their vocal apparatus and resultant voice pitch, for instance, in the production of speech sounds and singing, little is known about whether humans exploit this capacity to adjust the non-verbal dimensions of their voices during social (including sexual) interactions. Here, we recorded full-length conversations of 30 adult men and women taking part in real speed-dating events and tested whether their voice pitch (mean, range and variability) changed with their personal mate choice preferences and the overall desirability of each dating partner. Within-individual analyses indicated that men lowered the minimum pitch of their voices when interacting with women who were overall highly desired by other men. Men also lowered their mean voice pitch on dates with women they selected as potential mates, particularly those who indicated a mutual preference (matches). Interestingly, although women spoke with a higher and more variable voice pitch towards men they selected as potential mates, women lowered both voice pitch parameters towards men who were most desired by other women and whom they also personally preferred. Between-individual analyses indicated that men in turn preferred women with lower-pitched voices, wherein women's minimum voice pitch explained up to 55% of the variance in men's mate preferences. These results, derived in an ecologically valid setting, show that individual- and group-level mate preferences can interact to affect vocal behaviour, and support the hypothesis that human voice modulation functions in non-verbal communication to elicit favourable judgements and behaviours from others, including potential mates.

US court refuses to grant summary judgment in favour of Beyoncé over FEYONCÉ products

US court refuses to grant summary judgment in favour of Beyoncé over FEYONCÉ products

Influence of response instructions and response format on applicant perceptions of a situational judgement test for medical school selection

BackgroundThis study examined the influence of two Situational Judgement Test (SJT) design features (response instructions and response format) on applicant perceptions. Additionally, we investigated demographic subgroup differences in applicant perceptions of an SJT.MethodsMedical school applicants (N = 372) responded to an online survey on applicant perceptions, including a description and two example items of an SJT. Respondents randomly received one of four SJT versions (should do-rating, should do-pick-one, would do-rating, would do-pick-one). They rated overall favourability and items on four procedural justice factors (face validity, applicant differentiation, study relatedness and chance to perform) and ease-of-cheating. Additionally, applicant perceptions were compared for subgroups based on gender, ethnic background and first-generation university status.ResultsApplicants rated would-do instructions as easier to cheat than should-do instructions. Rating formats received more favourable judgements than pick-one formats on applicant differentiation, study-relatedness, chance to perform and ease of cheating. No significant main effect for demographic subgroup on applicant perceptions was found, but significant interaction effects showed that certain subgroups might have more pronounced preferences for certain SJT design features. Specifically, ethnic minority applicants – but not ethnic majority applicants – showed greater preference for should-do than would-do instructions. Additionally, first-generation university students – but not non-first-generation university students – were more favourable of rating formats than of pick-one formats.ConclusionsFindings indicate that changing SJT design features may positively affect applicant perceptions by promoting procedural justice factors and reducing perceived ease of cheating and that response instructions and response format can increase the attractiveness of SJTs for minority applicants.

Teachers’ and preservice teachers’ stereotypes, attitudes, and spontaneous judgments of male ethnic minority students

The current research investigated German preservice and experienced teachers’ implicit stereotypes, attitudes, and explicit cognitions with respect to male ethnic minority students. Using the Implicit Association Test, Study 1 revealed negative implicit stereotypes as preservice and experienced teachers more strongly associated ethnic minority students with negative learning and working behaviors than ethnic majority students. Study 2 showed negative implicit attitudes toward ethnic minority students. Explicit cognitions in both studies were positive. In addition to characterizing teachers’ attitudes, Study 2 explored the role of attitudes in spontaneous judgments. Participants with more negative implicit attitudes made less favorable judgments of ethnic minority students. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for ethnic minority students and classroom interactions as well as for teacher education programs.

A HOMOLOGAÇÃO DA TERRA INDÍGENA RAPOSA/SERRA DO SOL E SEUS EFEITOS: UMA ANÁLISE PERFORMATIVA DAS 19 CONDICIONANTES DO STF

O presente artigo elabora uma análise crítica da decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) com relação à homologação da Terra Indígena Raposa/Serra do Sol (TIRSS). O julgamento favorável à homologação condicionada por dezenove salvaguardas constituiu uma decisão inédita no país e vem oferecendo um pretexto para manobras revisionistas e condicionadoras de outras terras indígenas em diversas frentes da administração pública, da Justiça federal e do Parlamento. Para o desenvolvimento desta análise, adotou-se uma abordagem proveniente da filosofia da linguagem e da linguística pragmática com o objetivo de indagar o que as condicionantes “fizeram” ao “dizer o direito” sobre a TIRSS Depreende-se da análise que o STF não visava apenas reconhecer a homologação da TIRSS, mas produzir um novo consenso jurídico em torno do direito originário dos povos indígenas às suas terras ancestrais.

Where to seat the applicant? How spatial distance influences the effect of self‐promotion on interviewer evaluations

AbstractIn high‐stakes contexts such as job interviews, people seek to be evaluated favorably by others and they attempt to accomplish such favorable judgments particularly through self‐promotional behaviors. We sought to examine the persuasiveness of job candidates’ self‐promotion by examining job applicants’ subjective hireability from the perspective of construal‐level theory. Construal‐level theory states that perceptions occur from different levels of psychological distance (i.e., distal vs. proximal). This distance is created by other dimensions of distance (e.g., spatial or social distance) and affects how individuals construe incoming information. From a large distance, people more readily process abstract information, whereas from a close distance, people more readily process concrete information. Specifically, construal compatibility occurs when abstract versus concrete features of a stimulus match the psychological distance experienced by message‐recipients. Construal compatibility (vs. incompatibility) makes evaluations (e.g., of messages) more favorable. To apply this principle to self‐promotion, we created self‐promotional videos of a job interview, in which the applicant sat either far away from or close to the hiring manager (manipulating psychological distance); the applicant, then, used either direct or indirect self‐promotion (manipulating message construal level). The results showed participants reported stronger intention to hire the applicant when distance matched (vs. did not match) the type of self‐promotion the applicant used.

Socio-economic and psychological problems of third gender people living with HIV/AIDS: A study in A.P.

Transgender means that one doesn’t view their birth gender as their “true” or “real” gender. Instead, a transgender person finds his or her true “self” somewhere along the spectrum of a wider concept of gender. Transgender people living with HIV/AIDS generally face gender identity crisis. Gender identity refers to a person’s internal deeply felt sense of being either male or female. Their gender expressions are different. Gender identity is internal and personally defined. Gender expression is external and socially perceived either masculine or feminine. Due to their gender identity crisis, they bear the brunt of social, economic and cultural marginalization and discrimination. The Supreme Court given favorable judgment on 15th April, 2014 and stated that these Transgender people should be recognized as” Third gender people or third sex”. It provided legal protection to them by giving education and employment opportunities to them and also any reservation in jobs etc., It also recognized their citizenship as par with other citizens of the country. The Supreme Court declared that they have reservation in education as well as employment opportunities. Welfare activities should be provided by the Central and State Governments. Trans Genders are high risk population in spreading HIV/AIDS. However, they don’t have any awareness on safe methods of following sexual behavior because of illiterate. The recent Supreme Court judgment was also not known to them due to lack of proper education. The police, Doctors, lawyers and the Government employers are the four pillars of our society. However, these people are discriminated by them and they don’t have necessary protection in the society. Family members often do not support transgender.&nbsp

The medico-legal evaluation effect: Asylum grant rate in the metropolitan city of Milan

The Istanbul Protocol (IP) defines standards and procedures in relation to torture. The main body of the protocol relates to medical and psychological examination of the torture victim and to the writing of a medico-legal opinion in those cases. In a refugee situation, the proof that a person suffered persecution and torture in his country of origin or during his journey represents an important piece of evidence in the application process for asylum. Based on our experience, we analyze the asylum grant rate among asylum seekers receiving medical evaluations, in order to identify predictors of grant status. In Milan, local authority and the academic Section of Legal Medicine, have assembled a team, composed by experts in clinical forensic medicine, ethno-psychiatry, psychology and social workers, with the task of examining asylum seekers. After the evaluation, the Territorial Committee, comprised of civil servants, will determine the positive or negative outcome of the asylum application. We compared medico-legal reports, given according to the IP, and judgements from the Committee. Raising the level of consistency between refugee's narrative and analyzed scars, the percentage of subjects with a positive response increases. Furthermore, the positive outcome depends on the type of reported trauma, especially gunshot victims. In addition, both the number and the co-existence of different types of lesions play a role: the larger they are, the more favorable judgment is obtained. These data show forensic assessment may have a relevant weight on the final judgment given by the Committee, but there are still open problems: – the need for more detailed analysis on these subjects during the examination, maybe using imaging, – an implementation of the IP could allow physicians to increase the grade of consistency, – introducing health professionals, “expert in migrations and torture”, as members of the Committee, could help to empathize the physical and psychological effects of trauma on applicants, – organizing a follow-up program for refugees after the Committee judgment.

When a Sinner Does a Good Deed: The Path‐Dependence of Reputation Repair

AbstractThis study examines how shareholders will interpret a socially desirable action taken by firms with a damaged corporate reputation status. We first explain theoretically why shareholders’ path‐dependent judgments of a tainted firm increase the likelihood of shareholders making less favourable judgments of the firm's socially desirable actions. We then test the theoretical predictions using a sample of Chinese listed firms that were sanctioned for securities fraud and subsequently made donations to the 2008 Sichuan earthquake relief funds. We find that the shareholders evaluate the donations made by fraud‐tainted firms less favourably than those made by firms that have not been sanctioned for fraud. Furthermore, the shareholders’ evaluations of the donations made by fraud‐tainted firms is less favourable if the firms have committed more serious fraud and undertaken fewer positive remedial actions in the post‐fraud period. Overall, our evidence demonstrates that shareholders’ path‐dependent judgments of fraud‐tainted firms constitute a major obstacle that constrains the effectiveness of reputation repair.

Securing Private Keys in Electronic Health Records Using Session-Based Hierarchical Key Encryption

ABSTRACTPatients want the assurance that the confidentiality of their records accessed through Electronic Health Records (EHR) are safe. With increasing implementation of EHR for health care, privacy concern remains a barrier that limits patients' favorable judgment of this technology. Sensitive records can be compromised and this represents problems in EHRs, which are considered to be more efficient, less error prone, and of higher availability compared to traditional paper health records. In this article, a session-based hierarchical key encryption system was developed that allows patient to have full control over certain nodes of their health records. Health records were organized in a hierarchical structure with records further broken down into subcategories. Cryptography was used to encrypt the health records in their different subcategories. Patients' generate a root keys using Blum Blum Shub Algorithm for pseudorandom number generator from which the session-based subkeys were derived, and only authorize users can access these records within a designated period marked as session. The system development demonstrates one way patients' privacy and security can improve using session-based hierarchical key encryption system for EHR.

Nascent venture's green initiative and investor judgment of legitimacy and funding decision

Previous research has suggested that CSR initiatives are both resource- intensive and long-term oriented, and thus may not suit the limited resource base and time-constraint of nascent ventures. In this context, entrepreneurs have little incentive to invest in this type of activities at the emergence stage of their venture. However, entrepreneurs who hold pro-social beliefs and values often may have a desire to enact these in their venture project even though it may not bring any organizational benefits in the short-term. Our study investigates this tension through two experiments on a sample of 300 angel investors. Our findings indicate that green initiatives lead to favorable legitimacy judgment of the nascent venture, which in turn influences the likelihood of obtaining funding from investors. However, these findings are more likely to hold in a stable and predictable environment.

An Integrated Framework to Understand How Consumer-Perceived Ethicality Influences Consumer Hotel Brand Loyalty

This study aims to examine the influence of consumer-perceived ethicality of a hotel brand on customer brand loyalty through the customer identification with the brand, considering the mediating role of affective commitment and trust. The findings suggest that when consumers have an ethical perception of a company’s behavior, they tend to be more identified with the hotel brand, which results in favorable judgment of the hotel brand in terms of developing affective attachment to the brand (affective commitment) and willingness to rely on that brand (brand trust). This positive evaluation of a hotel brand results in determining the customer long-term relationship with the brand (brand loyalty). This study aims to contribute to the underresearched area of business ethics and hotel brands by examining the relational perspective of brand loyalty, and characterizes the relationship between consumer-perceived ethicality and brand loyalty through customers’ brand identity, brand trust, and affective commitment.

Revisiting the Seeming Unanimous Verdict on the Great Debate on African Philosophy

The great debate on African Philosophy refers to the debate as to whether African Philosophy does exist or not. The debate aroused great interest among Philosophy scholars who were predominantly polarized into two opposing positions - those who denied the existence of African Philosophy and those who insisted on the existence of African Philosophy. The basic questions in the debate include: What constitutes the ‘African’ in African Philosophy? What body of knowledge qualifies as the proper content of the ‘Philosophy’ in African philosophy? The debate raged in the early nineteen seventies and, in fact, throughout the rest of the 20 th century. In recent times, a few writers have assumed the arbiter position and, in their writings, passed judgment in favour of the debaters who held that there is African philosophy. Such writers hinge their judgments predominantly on the fact that African philosophy is recently studied in the Philosophy departments of some universities. True as this may seem, the problems are: One, what percentage of African universities study African philosophy? Two, in those Philosophy departments where African philosophy is studied, how many African philosophy courses are studied? Three, at the postgraduate level where sometimes provision is made for students to study African Philosophy as a major course in the programme, what is the ratio of African philosophy courses to other philosophy courses in the curricula of the departments in question. Using the hermeneutic method, this paper takes a critical look at the above-mentioned problems vis a vis finding out whether the acclaimed correct verdict about the great debate on African philosophy actually stands. At a cursory glance, the work may seem a contraction but the crux of the matter is that for Africans to claim to do African philosophy, much more needs to be done in order to sustain the verdict that African Philosophy exists.

Assessing virtue: measurement in moral education at home and abroad

How should we assess programs dedicated to education in virtue? One influential answer draws on quantitative research designs. By measuring the inputs and processes that produce the highest levels of virtue among participants according to some reasonable criterion, in this view, we can determine which programs engender the most desired results. Although many outcomes of character education can undoubtedly be assessed in this way, taken on its own, this approach may support favorable judgments about programs that indoctrinate rather than educate, because education in character entails teleological thinking that is volitional not merely determined. I argue instead that proper assessment of virtue requires an expansive view of character education in both particular and common goods that avoids the tendency to indoctrinate and an inclusive conception of measurement that takes into account qualitative in addition to quantitative methodologies.

Effects and side effects of Flemish school inspection

Despite the increased importance of school inspection in recent years, the current knowledge base does not provide a clear view on the effects and side effects of being inspected. More evidence is needed in more diverse educational contexts. This article responds to this need with a quantitative study on the effects and side effects of school inspections on Flemish schools. In total 2624 respondents from 130 primary and secondary schools participated in the study. The article discusses the conceptual, instrumental, symbolic and strategic effects of inspection and its impact on self-efficacy and collective efficacy. Regarding side effects, the emotional impact is discussed alongside disturbing effects, misleading activities by schools and individual teachers and the impact on staff members’ personal lives. Furthermore the article distinguishes between the responses of staff members from schools with a positive inspection judgement and those with a less favourable judgement, and between the responses of teachers and of members of the school management teams. This study is embedded in the Flemish educational context. The results of our study are put in perspective next to results of studies in other educational contexts. Several particularities of the Flemish educational context (and how they may have affected our results) are discussed.

Effect of perceived warmth on positive judgment

PurposeThis paper aims to explore how color-based visual sensation affects people’s judgment of other people and their environment. The authors focus primarily on uncovering the causal mechanism in which such effect is mediated by warmth stereotype.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used data collected from experiments and field surveys in the USA and South Korea.FindingsPilot study shows that an anonymous person against a warm color background (vs neutral and cold color background) is perceived to be one with warmer personality. Study 1 shows that warm (vs neutral) color in advertising increases a perceiver’s warmth stereotype and trust and, consequently, a favorable attitude toward the advertiser. Study 2 shows that color-based warmth of an e-commerce website increases a web user’s warmth stereotype and trust of the website and higher intention to purchase. Study 3 shows that the nurses’ perception of warmth from a hospital’s ambient color affects their favorable judgment of the hospital and intention to take on an extra role. Importantly, all effects observed across studies were mediated by the activation of warmth stereotype.Practical implicationsThe findings provide practical guidelines to companies for the usage of colors in crafting advertising artifacts, designing a website and creating a workplace environment to induce positive attitudes and motivations toward each target.Originality/valueThe extant research on warmth experiences focuses on tactile sensation as a key independent variable and transient mood as a dominant mediator. This study extends the stream of research by adopting perceived visual sensation as an independent variable and warmth stereotype as a new mediating construct.

“They’re creepy and they’re kooky” and They’re Copyrighted: How Copyright Is Used to Dampen the (Re-)Imagination

“They’re creepy and they’re kooky” and They’re Copyrighted: How Copyright Is Used to Dampen the (Re-)Imagination