Journalistic Activity Research Articles

Official pronouncement of the Holy See on euthanasia

On 5 May 1980 the Supreme Authorities of the S.C. for the Faith signed a Declaration on Euthanasia with the approval and mandate of the Holy Pontiff, but it was published in L'Osservatore Romano on 26 June, when in Urbe ‘calores maximi esse solent’, and all over the world journalistic activity was slowed down due to the holidays; there was no presentation in the press room which documents of this kind usually enjoy.

Interference with the legal professional activities of journalists: public danger and immediate objects

It is indicated that freedom of speech and self­expression are key components of any modern democracy. International and national legislation provides everyone with the right to freedom of thought, speech, and the free expression of their views and beliefs. At the same time, the practical implementation of these fundamental freedoms remains a difficult task. In Ukraine, the professional activity of journalists is under the protection of the state, and the legislative norms regulating this protection are generally sufficient. However, despite this, cases of obstruction of the legal professional activity of media representatives do not stop, as evidenced by judicial practice The work reveals main provisions on the public danger of obstructing legitimate professional activity of journalists (Article 171 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), the direct main and additional objects of this tort. To clarify the content of these elements of the composition of a criminal offense, the concept of the object of a criminal offense as a legal relationship is taken as a basis. It has been established that the social danger of obstructing the legal activity of a journalist lies in the fact that this criminally illegal act has such a negative impact on society in general and the journalist in particular: 1) restricts freedom of speech, i.e. the right to freely express one’s thoughts; 2) hinders citizens’ access to information; 3) directly threatens democratic processes in the state; 4) leads to self-censorship; 5) negatively affects public consciousness, makes it more vulnerable and can lead to its manipulation; 6) threatens psychological and physical safety of journalists, their property, honor, dignity, etc., depending on the manifestation of interference with their legal activities. It is proposed to recognize state-protected legal relations in the sphere of the legitimate professional activity of journalists, which determine the order of such activity, as the main direct object of the criminal offense provided for in Art. 171 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. It is argued that the criminal offense provided for in Art. 171 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, usually includes direct additional optional objects, which can be legal relations related to the provision of criminal law protection of life, health, honor, dignity, property of a journalist, public order, normal activity of an organization, the right of citizens to obtaining reliable and objective information, etc. At the same time, direct additional mandatory object takes place only in case of committing the specified tort by an official using his official position.

СПЕЦІАЛЬНІ НОРМИ ЩОДО КРИМІНАЛЬНО-ПРАВОВОГО ЗАХИСТУ ЖУРНАЛІСТСЬКОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ (ст. ст. 345-1, 347-1, 348-1, 349-1 КК УКРАЇНИ): НАУКОВО-ПРАКТИЧНИЙ КОМЕНТАР ОКРЕМИХ ДИСКУСІЙНИХ ПОЛОЖЕНЬ

У роботі надано науково-практичний коментар окремих положень статей 345-1, 347-1, 348-1, 349-1 КК України, за результатами проведення якого було, по-перше, сформульовано рекомендації щодо вирішення тих дискусійних питань, відсутність відповідей на які може завадити ефективному застосуванню вказаних заборон, по-друге, виявлено притаманні відповідним нормам недоліки, наявність яких уже негативно позначається на результативності перших, та висловлено пропозиції щодо усунення останніх. Зокрема, наведено додаткові аргументи на користь висловленої в юридичній літературі пропозиції щодо поміщення всіх норм, присвячених кримінально-правовій охороні журналістської діяльності, у розділ V «Кримінальні правопорушення проти виборчих, трудових та інших особистих прав і свобод людини і громадянина» Особливої частини КК України. Доведено, що застосування до журналіста ударів та інших насильницьких дій, що завдали фізичного болю і не спричинили тілесних ушкоджень, а також мордування та катування вимагає кваліфікації за сукупністю за ст. 171 та ч. 1 (ч. 2) ст. 126 або ст. 127 КК України, а не за ст. 345-1. Водночас підтримується точка зору щодо доцільності згадування в оновленій ст. 345-1 КК України про відповідні і наразі не вказані у ній види насильства. Висловлено наукову гіпотезу стосовно того, що у випадку, коли погроза насильством (крім погрози вбивством) та насильство, що були застосовані до журналіста, були об’єднані єдиним умислом, вчинене потребує кваліфікації лише за ч. 2 ст. 345-1 та без посилання на ч. 1 ст. 345-1 КК України. Аргументовано, що у випадках, коли погроза або насильство щодо журналіста здійснюються з метою перешкоджання законній професійній діяльності останнього, вчинене має кваліфікуватися за сукупністю за ч. 1 (ч. 2) ст. 171 та відповідною частиною ст. 345-1 КК України; у випадку ж переслідування за виконану професійну діяльність дії винного мають отримувати кримінально-правову оцінку з посиланням вже на ч. 2 ст. 171 та ст. 345-1 КК України.

Dominik Tatarka and His Journalist Dimension

The study focuses on the Slovak writer Dominik Tatarka and his aspect of journalism. Although he is primarily a personality who belongs to the artistic-literary space, he was also heavily involved as a journalist at one time. However, the recognition of this journalistic line remains in the background, while it had a societal impact and was a serious testimony of the writer’s turbulent opinion development, turns, and attitudes. The writer radically succumbed to the communist regime at some point in his life, but after realizing the destruction that the totalitarian regime was perpetrating, he subsequently radically moved away from these positions and became its loud critic. Naturally, these positions of opinion are also copied by his journalistic activity, the reflection of which, as we have already stated, remains somewhat in the background. The study therefore has the ambition to eliminate this deficit at least partially. Based on the research of collected journalistic texts and analytical probe into their semantic space, our goal is to make available the hitherto undisclosed semantic dimensions of his journalistic communications, put them in relationships and context and thus expand the portfolio of information about this distinctive, at that time key figure of the Slovak cultural space. With regard to the limited spatial possibilities of the contribution, we focus on Tatarka's journalistic activities in the period of the second half of the 1940s to approximately the first half of the 1950s. This is the period in which he manifested himself most strongly as a journalist and his activities in this direction took on serious social dimensions.The study aims to expand the scope of information about this prominent Slovak social and cultural figure and to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of him. Keywords: writer, journalist, communist regime, newspaper article, journalism, print media

Spanish journalists in exile

The title of this paper refers to both the personality and work of two Spaniards, who, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, had to abandon their homeland fleeing from the absolutism of King Ferdinand VII (1784–1833). The exile of the Spanish liberal writers started in 1814 and was characterized by two major milestones: the first between 1814 and 1820, where Great Britain was the main destination; and a second wave which began in 1823 and ended in 1833, wherein France gained prominence as a reception centre. Although the journalistic activities that were both undertaken in Paris were less relevant than those carried out by other writers in London, the truth is that with their reading, we can better understand the study of this exile journalism and the subsequent liberal journalism that was developed in Spain when the conditions allowed it.

Development and problems of the national journalistic model of Kazakhstan, considering social, ethical, managerial, and marketing mechanisms of the media environment

ABSTRACT Journalistic activity in Kazakhstan is a complex system that occupies an important place in the development and promotion of a national modernized model of public consciousness. The purpose of the study is to analyze the features of the development of the communicative model of the periodical press of Kazakhstan. The following methods were used to achieve the objectives: systematization, survey, and comparative. The results of the study determined that journalistic activity manifests itself in both professional and civil contexts, while outlining the saturation of content on the Internet. The survey of correspondents and journalists determined that the most influential topic that forms the public consciousness of Kazakhs is politics. Due to the active promotion of innovative technologies and the Internet, the media market is overflowing with various information, including fake, which negatively affects the consciousness of society. In order to effectively create a national model of society, representatives of the mass media must adhere to the principles of ethics, and actively promote the fight against fake information together with government agencies and society. The practical significance lies in the use of the results of the study by academics and specialists in journalism and communication.

PENERAPAN SEARCH ENGINE OPTIMIZATION PADA PEMBERITAAN DI MEDIA SIBER

The presence of the internet has changed the practice of journalistic activities in the mass media, especially cyber media. Cyber media editorial policies have also adjusted to the advancement of information technology by utilizing Search Engine Optimization (SEO). The implementation of SEO techniques in journalistic activities in cyber media is very necessary so that cyber media can survive and make it easier for the community to get information that suits their needs. Currently, cyber media has a higher attention in search engines because today's internet users will search for information through search engines every day. The purpose of this study is to find out the editorial policy of Pojoksatu.id cyber media in implementing Search Engine Optimization (SEO) in carrying out journalistic activities. The research was conducted using a qualitative approach with a descriptive nature and using the case study method. The results of the study show that the editorial policy of implementing SEO in news production in Pojoksatu.id still prioritizes journalistic principles. The resulting news products combine the needs of readers and utilize search engine technology in a balanced manner. The implementation of SEO in Pojoksatu.id includes three things. First, crawling is an automated process to collect and index data from various sources so that the news produced can be automatically read by search engines. Second, pay attention to the availability of adequate equipment so that journalistic activities can be carried out optimally and the news made by journalists can be on page one. Third, policies related to human resource development and editorial, Pojoksatu.id management continuously provides training to journalists and editors to be able to write news in accordance with SEO. Journalists and editors must be able to apply the right keywords in the news to be indexed by search engines and spread news links to social media.

Make America hate again? Before and after Trump, there were differences in how Muslims and Islam were portrayed in American media

ABSTRACT Islamophobia has historically been used to refer to racism, prejudice, and securitization, indicating that these are structural, cognitive, or cultural aspects of the issue. The term now refers to an Islamophobic social structure in the West, where people tend to act in a way that is hostile against Islam and everything that it represents, according to the current study. The prefix neo has thus been introduced by the researchers to this phrase to account for the psychological aspect of Islamophobia, which shows itself in behaviors and discourses. In order to comprehend the nature of Islamophobia in the UK and the USA, this research aims to investigate Islamophobic discourses in the media of these two Western cultures. Using the DHA analytical methodology, it examines 446 top stories from The Washington Post (The Post editorial board has supported Democratic candidates for federal, state, and municipal offices in the great majority of U.S. elections. Decisions on endorsements and the editorial board of the newspaper are made independently of journalistic activities. It wasn't until 1976 that the Post consistently endorsed candidates for president. The Post has never backed a Republican for president in the general election since it endorsed Jimmy Carter in 1976. Instead, it has consistently supported Democrats in presidential contests. Despite this, the Post declined to either Republican nominee Vice President George H. W. Bush or Democratic candidate Governor Michael Dukakis in the 1988 presidential contest. Obama in 2008 and 2012, Clinton in 2016, and Biden in 2020 were all backed by the Post editorial board (The Washington Post, 2020).) and The Independent (The Independent is typically characterized as liberal, liberal-left, and center to center. The paper's founders believed that readers from The Times and The Daily Telegraph would be its primary audience when it was first founded in 1986 and aimed for its political stance to match the middle of the British political spectrum. It is more of a rival to The Guardian because of perceptions that it leans left on the political spectrum. On economic matters, The Independent, however, leans liberal and pro-market. The Independent described itself as a proudly liberal publication on Sunday (Luce, 2019).) between November 2016 and December 2017. This study finds that although Neo-Islamophobia is more prevalent in the US, where it is considered as a challenge to the socio-political order, classic Islamophobia is more prevalent in the UK, where Islam is seen as a threat to Europe's symbolic identity. It suggests a cycle of neo-Islamophobia that starts with problematizing Islam and moves on to ultimately securitizing Muslims.

Dealing with the Black Box: European Journalists and the Threats of Spyware

Revelations from the 2021 “Pegasus Project” investigation into the use of spyware have confirmed long-held concerns about the proliferation of the technology as a surveillance solution to monitor the activities of journalists around the world. Spyware is a particularly malicious form of malware that can potentially expose a target’s entire digital life, sometimes even leaving victims powerless to prevent an attack. As such, spyware appears to be the ultimate tool of oppression that can be used against journalists, and its proliferation is currently taking place with extremely limited transparency and according to "black box" dynamics. The aim of this paper is to shed light on how spyware technology can affect the work and security of journalists by analyzing what threats spyware poses to the practice of journalism. Qualitative and exploratory in nature, and theoretically grounded in surveillance studies and the growing body of literature on information security in journalism, the article is based on a series of qualitative interviews with technologists and reporters conducted to deepen the understanding of the threats posed by spyware and to provide an overview of potential resistance and neutralization practices that journalists can put in place, as well as their effectiveness. Overall, the article aims to contribute to the study of the impact of surveillance on journalism and its implications for press freedom.

The structure of an uncertain world: Combining sequences classification and career life histories to identify narrative schemas in the careers of financial journalists

This article argues in favour of combining statistical sequence analysis with the study of biographical narratives to identify the underlying social structures in the unfolding of professional careers in particularly uncertain worlds. The careers of French financial journalists, whose professional world has been characterised by exceptional turbulence since the 1990s, are used as a case study. The article begins by describing the variety of relationships between trajectories and social structures in social science research that uses sequence analysis techniques. It then shows that by involving the interpretation of career life histories at each stage of sequence analysis, it is possible to highlight relevant regularities, even when trajectories unfold in contexts of high uncertainty. For this purpose, an optimal matching technique that calculates the dissimilarity between each pair of sequences is combined with an agglomeration technique that groups similar sequences into classes. The method is applied here to 297 sequences of professional activities of former and current financial journalists, reconstructed from the information they provided in the LinkedIn socio-professional network or in a professional directory. By comparing these regularities to the interpretations made by journalists in their 37 career life histories, the article examines three narrative schemas constructed by journalists to navigate an uncertain world and which have historically followed one another: the vocational schema, the gateway schema, and the decline schema. It thus describes the conditions for the emergence and decline of these schemas, which are linked not only to changing employment opportunities, but also to the ability of journalists to observe the traces left behind by the career paths of their counterparts.

An analysis of the audio-visual style used in the portrayal of journalism: being and ought to be in The Wire and The Newsroom

The portrayal of journalism in fictional series of the 21st century cannot be fully understood without considering two productions, which are The Wire (HBO, 2002-2008) and The Newsroom (HBO, 2012-2014). However, academic approaches to the two series have focused on aspects related to theme, narrative, and reception, which generally receive more attention in the field of television studies than other equally relevant viewpoints. This paper aims to fill the existing gap with regard to formal approaches by proposing a textual and comparative analysis of the stylistic keys of both series in their approach to journalistic activity. One of the main findings is that although both series are very realistic, The Wire focusses on a formal system built upon the strategies of staging, planning, editing and sound space, with a tendency to descriptively display the facts, while The Newsroom uses an expressiveness that idealises the way the profession is carried out with a sentimental emphasis.

Constitutional Rights of Citizen Journalism in Indonesia: From Maqashid Sharia Perspective

The conception of a democratic rule of law in Indonesia has implications for the social and law order as a protection for the citizens. The protections guarantee the rights and responsibilities of every person regulated or protected by a democratic state. Either of the rights protected by the constitutions of Indonesia is guaranteed in obtaining and conveying information. As a profession, it is a part of journalistic activities, both professional and citizen journalism, as a constitutionally inherent right. The problem encountered is protection for citizen journalism, which is not regulated as protection for journalists in the legal system of the press. This research employed a qualitative model with a normative juridical approach to conceptualise the laws with facts and phenomena of journalistic activities. The analysis aims to assert that every person has a constitutional right to obtain and convey information like a professional journalist. A law is responsible for citizen journalism based on the law system of the press and code of ethics, which places citizen journalism products as a part of the news on press channels or press companies as the objects of the media that publish information. The concept of the principles of citizen journalism is related by maqashid shariah in Islam, which includes al-ahkam al-khamsah, namely religious protection (hifz al-din), protection of the soul (hifz al-nafs), protection of offspring (hifz al-nasl), protection of ideas/thoughts (hifz al-'aql), and protection of property (hifz al-mal).

Criminal liability for interfering with the legal professional activities of journalists (art. 171 of the Criminal Code): a scientific and practical comment

Criminal liability for interfering with the legal professional activities of journalists (art. 171 of the Criminal Code): a scientific and practical comment

Tensions between the professional and academic worlds of journalism: Paradoxes of the Brazilian reality

For 40 years, Brazil was one of the few places in the world in which the regulation of journalistic activity was based on the requirement of a university degree, which associated being a journalist with having an academic qualification and not necessarily a professional one, unlike other countries that established or not licensing/accreditation systems. In the light of historical sociology, this article aims to scrutinize this intricacy of relationships between the professional and academic worlds of journalism, based on the case of the largest media market and scholarship in Latin America. It is shown how, between 1969 and 2013, there was tension and resistance on the part of international press associations, national news media companies and renowned journalists in relation to the mandatory diploma defended by the unions; as well as there were disputes and demands, within the community of professors and researchers, for the emancipation of journalism education in relation to communication studies.

Axiological foundations of a journalist's professional activity

The professional activity of a journalist has a clearly expressed value character, reflecting the ideological and ethical principles of this field. This article analyzes the following values of journalism: 1. The principle of humanity, based on humanistic ideals and responsible attitude towards people. 2. The principle of truthfulness, which implies the accuracy of information transmission and interpretation of facts as a professional duty. 3. The principle of honesty, which assumes not only the prevention of misleading the audience, but also the refusal to harm people. 4. The principle of responsibility, which includes a set of requirements for professionalism, text quality, objectivity and balance. These value orientations represent ideal entities existing in the world of due and target orientations. Being rooted in the philosophical tradition, they streamline and fill the professional activity of journalists with evaluative content, determining its orientation towards serving society and affirming humanistic ideals. The following methods are used in the work: 1. Theoretical analysis of philosophical and scientific literature on the problem of axiological foundations of journalism. 2. A comparative analytical method used in comparing various concepts of values in the philosophical tradition. 3. An interpretive method used for meaningful analysis and evaluative filling of the value principles that form the axiological basis of the professional activity of journalists. Summarizing, we can say that the value system of journalism is characterized by the principles of humanity, truthfulness, honesty and responsibility. These values reflect the ideological and ethical basis of the professional activity of journalists. The analysis allows us to conclude that the values of journalism are ideological and ethical. The key value principles in this professional field are humanity, truthfulness, honesty and responsibility. These values represent the normative guidelines of journalists' consciousness and behavior, which streamline and fill their professional activities with evaluative content. Rooted in the philosophical tradition, they are interpreted as ideal entities existing in a world of due and purpose. Thus, the axiological basis of journalism determines its orientation towards truth, service to society and affirmation of humanistic ideals. This value system sets the ethical vector of media communications, making journalism a socially responsible profession.

The journalistic activity of M. A. Bulgakov in Rabochy newspaper. Bulgakov as a newspaper reporter

The article examines the journalistic activity of M. A. Bulgakov in Rabochy newspaper as a newspaper reporter in the period from March 1 to September 1922. The author explores the initial period of M. A. Bulgakov’s journalistic activity in the Bolshevik press before collaborating with Gudok and The Day Before newspapers. In his article, the author focuses on the fact that the beginning of Bulgakov’s journalistic activity in Soviet periodicals was associated with the genre of newspaper reporting. The author’s research is based on the fundamental works of the main biographers of the writer and dissertations on similar topics, Bulgakov’s diary entries and personal studies of the original files of Rabochy newspaper from the period of 1922.

Journalism in times of war: challenges and opportunities in the digital age

The current conditions of journalistic activity demonstrate the importance of the ability to work properly in times of conflict and instability. The peculiarities of such work determined the purpose of the article - to study the problems of conflict-sensitive journalism as one of the trends of our time. This goal was achieved through the use of scientific methods. First of all, we are talking about the method of content analysis of professional scientific literature, the use of methods of generalisation and systematisation. The results of the study show that for objective coverage of events, it is recommended to use the idea of a ‘just’ war, to carefully assess the opinions and views of different segments of the population regarding the war, not to be in the position of propagandists, to focus on the coverage of the process, to demonstrate the interests and concerns of the warring parties, avoiding the understanding of war as a concept of struggle for the same ideas. As shown in the article, it is important to avoid ‘hate speech’, which is the basis for the development of discriminatory policies. The conclusions note that journalistic work should not be understood as entertainment or selfish practice.

Hierarchy Needs of Investigation Journalist in Spotlight Movie: The Semiotics Study

Spotlight movie explains about investigation journalist activities on The Boston Globe office. Editor in chief of The Boston Globe interests in the case of childhood sexual abuse in the US. While the team investigates it, they encounter many obstacles on the field. They get the threat and intimidate from any parts. The key sources do not want to talk about the incident. They do not provide important data about this case. In the end, Spotlight team managed to uncover the truth. Their investigation was successful and also get a Pulitzer award. This research use hierarchy of needs theory to analyze the motivations of investigative journalist. The hierarchy of needs illustrates the level of a person’s needs, start from psychological needs; safety needs; love and belonging needs; self-esteem; and self-actualization. This research also uses Ferdinand de Saussure theory to analyze signs, signifiers and signified that indicate about fulfillment needed of humans. The findings of this study show that Spotlight journalist has reached the highest human needs, namely self-actualization. Investigation journalists have big motivation to occur the optimal work as a social warrior to reveal facts and uphold justice.

Adolf de Herz și comedia de bulevard

Considered one of the first authors of boulevard comedies in Romania, A. de Herz is almost absent from the pages of the of Romanian literature history. Nevertheless, the theater history gives him an important place, through his light comedies, with great appeal to the interwar audience. If the plays of historical inspiration remained without an echo when they were published, the comedies "Păianjenul" (“The Spider”), "Bunicul" (“The Grandfather”), "Sorana", "Mărgeluş" (“Tiny Bead”) and "Încurcă-lume" (“The Fumbler”) have been performed on numerous stages in the country, including the National Theater of Bucharest and the National Theater of Craiova. An important chapter in his theatrical activity is the collaboration with C. Tănase and the “Cărăbuș” Theatre. In several plays he performed secondary roles, very well received by the public. With extensive journalistic activity at "Dimineața", "Adevărul", "Adevărul literar și artistic", "Rampa", "Convorbiri critice" etc., Herz was for a good period of time one of the well-known theatre columnists of that epoch. Often, in order to create a relaxed atmosphere for the audience, the author chose to explore current topics, but without great pretensions, full of mundane conversations and expressions with claims of aphorisms. Director of the National Theater of Craiova (1930-1935), A. de Herz prematurely ended his existence, leaving only a few pale traces of his entire creation over time.

Implications for Hybrid Newswork from the Work-from-Home Activities of Local US Television Journalists During COVID

ABSTRACT In response to the COVID-19 crisis, many local television (TV) newsrooms decided to have employees work from home (WFH) or from the field rather than from the newsroom, creating a kind of hybrid work characterized by a mix of work locations. From a review of research on telework and WFH, we identified possible impacts of WFH on work and on workers, with a particular focus on news work and news workers. Data on the impacts of hybrid work are drawn from interviews with local television news directors and journalists in the United States and observations of WFH. We found that through the creative application of technology, WFH news workers could successfully create a newscast, albeit with some concerns about story quality. However, WFH did not seem to satisfy workers’ needs for socialization or learning individually or as a group and created some problems coordinating work. Lifted restrictions on gatherings have mitigated some of the experienced problems, but we expect to see continued challenges to news workers’ informal learning in hybrid work settings.