Journalistic Activity Research Articles

МЕХАНІЗМ АДАПТАЦІЇ КОМПОНЕНТІВ ЖУРНАЛІСТСЬКОЇ ЕТИКИ У ПРОФЕСІЙНІЙ ПРАКТИЦІ ЖУРНАЛІСТІВ-ПОЧАТКІВЦІВ

<p><strong><em>The purpose</em></strong><em> of the article is to clarify the differences between the theoretical and practical foundations of professional journalistic ethics, which arise at the junction of the processes of mastering the academic approach to the issue and its actual effectiveness in everyday journalism.</em></p><p><strong><em>Research methodology.</em></strong><em> The basic research methods are synthesis and analysis, which are used to develop the theoretical and empirical basis, which is demonstrated in tables, figures and listed in the literature.</em></p><p><strong><em>Research results.</em></strong><em> An alternative mechanism of adaptation of certain elements of journalistic ethics for students and graduates of the Department of Journalism, who are beginners in practical professional activity, is considered and presented. To outline the parallels and interaction between the theory and practice of journalism, the main textbooks on journalistic ethics are given, in which the manifesto of professional values is demonstrated. The study presents generalized ethical principles of journalism, which reveal the question of what a journalist should and is entitled to. These data are a thesis set of postulates of the mentioned bibliography.</em></p><p><strong><em>The novelty</em></strong><em> of the work is that the approach to the study of the adaptation of the ethical component in journalistic practice has not been a field of comprehensive research by domestic scholars over the past five years. The results of the consideration of the ethical component and the issues related to it signal the problems of adaptation of novice journalists in the production environment.</em></p><p><strong><em>Practical significance.</em></strong><em> The problem is posed through consideration of the main documents on which the principles of journalistic ethics are based, and a comparison of their key postulates with production problems in practice. The practical significance of the study offers alternative algorithms of action to honestly carry out professional journalistic activities within the modern labor market. This will help to adapt the professional and ethical components and help to avoid false vectors of professional activity. In the article based on separate postulates of the basic journalistic standards concerning the declared problems algorithms of actions according to the theory of journalism are presented.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><strong><em>words:</em></strong><em> journalistic ethics, novice journalists, professional moral standards, ethical values, moral choice, independent media.</em></p>

Bernard Shaw: Book Critic

ABSTRACT As a journalist, Shaw displayed an uncanny versatility, penning opinion articles, open letters, music and drama criticism … and book reviews, perhaps the least known of his journalistic activities. These reviews—stylistically valuable in themselves—contain a wealth of information on Shaw's art. Indeed, in this early work one can find many of the ideas he would later rework in his plays and some of the distinguishing technical and formal features of his trade as a playwright. Thus, this article provides a thematic and stylistic account of the content of some of these reviews, in order to demonstrate, first, that Shaw's critical style deserves praise and attention in its own right; and then, that these critical pieces provide a faithful picture of the reading public of the time, and a true index of Shaw's intellectual and literary interests as well as the blueprint of Shaw, the playwright.

Постать Михайла Грушевського в історії української журналістики

Abstract. Mykhailo Sergiiovych Hrushevskyi, an outstanding scientist, a man of broad erudition, extraordinary diligence, takes one of the honorary places in the history of Ukrainian science and culture of the late 19th – first third of 20th century. Possessing encyclopedic scientific knowledge, the ability to comprehensively analyze and reproduce historical processes in an artistic form, he clearly manifested himself in many fields of knowledge: history, archeography, literary studies, folklore, and others. But first of all, Mykhailo Hrushevskyi is a prominent historian and patriot of his people, who created the first most complete, generalizing study of the history of Ukraine from ancient times to the second half of the 17th century. The scientific concept of Mykhailo Hrushevskyi is based on the organic unity of high professionalism of materials presentation, deep knowledge of literature and sources, and originality of their interpretation. As a politician, he worked his way from the founder of the National Democratic Party of Galicia and the Society of Ukrainian Progressives in Kyiv to the creator of the foundations of an independent Ukrainian state. He was Chairman of the Central Rada, and later recognized the Soviet regime in Ukraine and expressed readiness to serve it. His views were changing; socio-political concepts and philosophical perceptions of life were evolving but love for his people and for the historical truth for him have always been the highest standard in scientific creativity and political activity. Mykhailo Hrushevskyi was the son of his time. As well as many other prominent figures of Ukraine, he presented the tragic historical fate of the Ukrainian lands dismembered by political borders, which were deprived of their own statehood, in his works. As a scientist and politician, Mykhailo Hrushevskyi was deeply saddened by the fate of his people. Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, prominent Ukrainian historian, politician, writer, publicist, editor, publisher, also made a significant contribution to the development of the native journalism. Work and studying of the bibliographic sources, important periods in the creative life and work of Mykhailo Hrushevskyi allowed to identify the main periodicals that he edited and published or acted as a leading publicist (reviewer, reader, literary critic, author of iconic and travel essays, notes, articles, etc.). The article enlights the organizational talent in the field of publishing and editorial skills in the newspaper and magazine area of Mykhailo Hrushevskyi in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The purpose of this article is to trace the main milestones of the journalistic activity of the scientist and politician, to find out the essential issues reflected by Mykhailo Hrushevskyi in the pages of newspapers and magazines.

Alternative Media on the Front Lines: Unicorn Riot and Activist Journalism’s New Urgency

ABSTRACT Alternative media has typically defied the status quo both in journalistic practice and in ways that challenge commonly held tenets of press ethics. Unicorn Riot’s alternative coverage of the 2020 social justice protests marked a milestone in decentralized, street-level storytelling shattering norms of both journalistic production and digital modes of publication, in the process renewing public and academic discourse on journalistic principles. This study argues that Unicorn Riot’s unique brand of alternative media can function as a form of activist journalism capable of meeting the urgent needs of the 2020 protests through methods liberated from comparatively restrictive, and in some cases moribund, journalistic storytelling forms and production practices. IndyMedia, a network of alternative news organizations, has faded in visibility given its reliance on free labor and its non-compliance with government entities. Unicorn Riot’s production practice, which relies on hours-long livestreaming video featuring interviews with protesters and community members rather than government officials, prompts reconsideration of digital journalism principles of objectivity and citizen journalism while bringing new meaning to the role of advocacy in activist reporting. Interpretive critical analysis of media texts suggests several core principles of journalism have been preserved, transformed, and/or threatened in the example of Unicorn Riot.

#DearSister and #MosqueMeToo: adversarial Islamic feminism within the Western-Islamic public sphere

ABSTRACT In the present paper I define Mona Eltahawy’s viral Twitter campaigns, #DearSister (2017) and #MosqueMeToo (2018), and her broad journalistic activism as a novel form of Islamic feminism, “adversarial Islamic feminism.” Provocative, angry, and highly performative, it is found on social media platforms, representing a new chapter in the articulations of the politics, ethics, and aesthetics of the Muslim female body, often caught between the Scylla of liberal and colonial fantasies of empowerment and emancipation, and the Charybdis of religiously ordained submission to patriarchy. I discuss adversarial Islamic feminism first as a novel intervention in academic and specialized debates within Islamic feminism, and second, I place it within the framework of a transnational, highly mediatized, feminist Western-Islamic public sphere, which is precarious, experimental and utopian. Eltahawy’s utopian project has its radical horizon: the concept of global feminist uprising, visible and orchestrated on social media, led by Muslim women and women of color but articulated in universal language relevant to women everywhere.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПІДГОТОВКИ МАЙБУТНІХ ЖУРНАЛІСТІВ В УМОВАХ МУЛЬТИМЕДІЙНОЇ ЖУРНАЛІСТИКИ: МЕТОДОЛОГІЙНО-ІСТОРИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ

Modern Ukrainian society requires journalism to create high-quality analytical materials that contribute to the formation of the socio-political position of citizens and influence the adoption of political decisions by representatives of government structures. This, in turn, requires journalists to have competence, the ability to think critically, evaluate, analyze, and forecast. Creation of high-quality journalistic materials requires the development and application of the methodological tools of journalism, the formation and replenishment of which occurs at the intersection with other sciences and through related fields of activity. The article is devoted to the actual topic of the methodological aspects of journalism. Main attention is paid to the problem of methodological instruments of journalism.The article analyses various reasons of factual mistakes in the mass media. Special attention is paid to violation of factological adequacy norms in newspaper, magazine and publications.The author analyzes various approaches to the classification of methods used in journalistic activities. The definition of methods of journalism can be decided only at the methodological level, which involves the generalization of already existing forms and methods of journalistic activity with all other forms of human activity. The article drew attention to the expediency of the transformation of general scientific methods of cognition and their specific use in journalism, the replenishment of the traditional journalistic arsenal of methods with new ones, the individual creation by the journalist in practice of his own methods, which later become generally known. Knowledge and skilful use of techniques and historical methods are the essence of the journalist's methodological culture. Its components are the general methodology of social cognition, the general journalistic methodology, the methodology for obtaining empirical data, and the methodological basis for interpreting the information obtained.

Current Trends in Journalism Education as Responding to Professional Journalistic Standards and Demands of Media Industry

In this study, we discuss the training of mass communication specialists in terms of competence approach and compliance with professional standards. The relevance of the topic of the study is due to changes in journalism education in Russia and abroad, the emergence of organizational innovations in higher education, and the development trends of the system of professional journalism. The study examined the formation of professional competencies, job responsibilities, knowledge, skills, and abilities in students as a result of mastering the basic educational curriculum for Bachelor's and Master's degree programs in journalism. The study was based on the educational standard and the basic educational program for Bachelor's and Master's degrees in Journalism at the Institute of Philology and Journalism of the National Research University Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod. The methodology allowed us to study effective strategies in contemporary media education and a comparative typological analysis of the types of professional journalistic activities. To evaluate the quality of education and the professional standing of future journalists on the labor market, journalism students of the Institute of Philology and Journalism of Lobachevsky University were asked to fill out a questionnaire. The survey participants were 2nd–4 year undergraduate students and first-year graduate students. The experience of the Institute of Philology and Journalism of Lobachevsky University in developing and implementing self-established educational standards illustrates one of the vectors of modernizing the basic educational program for Bachelor's and Master's degrees in Journalism, which represents a balanced combination of the needs of employers, the traditions of classical education, and an awareness of the social, cultural and educational role of journalism in society. The authors concluded that it is necessary to continuously work on improving the process of training future specialists in the field of mass communication, in accordance with the opportunities for further professional self-fulfillment of graduates. The results of this study may be of interest to the developers of educational programs in the field of journalism, the staff of educational and methodological commissions, and the executive staff of educational institutions of higher education.

The Problem of Deheroization of the Image of a Terrorist in Mass Media Publications

In the era of globalization, the problem of terrorism in all of its forms and aspects is one of the most important issues for the global society. This article reviewed the problem of deheroization of the image of a terrorist in modern mass media. Since the media today operate in a constantly updated digital space, the authors have tried to develop an algorithm of deheroization. In this regard, the sequence of creative operations is analyzed and presented, for a journalist or another subject of information activity is able to deprive a terrorist or a criminal group of a hero halo and any other aspects of solidarity with them. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research was scientific works devoted to the problems of counter-terrorism activities and the role of the mass media in its implementation. The empirical basis of the study was the thematic monitoring of 112 texts that covered the resonant terrorist acts of 2016–2021. Comparative analysis and secondary data analysis were used as well. Using concrete examples, it is proved that the algorithm of deheroization of the image of a terrorist, developed on the basis of legislative and ethical aspects of journalistic activity, should be characterized by discreteness, certainty, effectiveness, and should also contain some properties of the heuristic process. It is noted that the structural-thematic, socio-psychological, lexical and semantic characteristics of the broadcast texts both increase and remove their uncertainty, which ultimately determines the effectiveness of the media activity. The proposed recommendations, an analysis of techniques and methods of deheroization, can contribute not only to counter-terrorism activities, but also could be applicable in other information situations. The developed algorithm is useful for a wide range of journalists, media managers and students of creative study programs.

Nature of Mass Communication and Media Construction of Fears

The research examined correlation between essential characteristics of mass communication, caused by its nature, and origin, and spread of fears and anxieties in society. We analyzed the role of such essential components of mass communication as subjects of mass communication, features of mass information, its production and distribution, media news in causing fears and anxieties. Academic works covering the problems of mass communications were theoretical-methodological basis of research. Results of the leading state sociological services’ surveys and regional researches were used as empirical basis for research. We used comparative analysis and secondary data analysis. The study also looked at the roles of mass media's founder and journalist in the development of audience’s fears. The study highlighted that the journalist’s perception of an audience, the idea of social mission of journalism, audience's attitude towards journalistic activity transformed under the influence of commercialization of all aspects of social life in the post-Soviet Russia and it played a crucial role in emergence of anxieties and fears. The study analyzed the impact of information entropy on generation and circulation of population's fears. We found that, on the one hand, media become means of stabilizing public attitudes in crisis situations, and, on the other hand, controversial image of social reality created by media produces state of confusion and provokes growth of population's anxieties and fears. Analysis of the news' role in creating fears and anxieties is based on the idea of their non-normativity that deroutinize everyday reality, which may also happen due to creating a show of catastrophic events by the media.

Объективное и субъективное в метафорике В.М. Пескова

The article considers the features of metaphorics in the journalism of Vasily Mikhailovich Peskov — a well-known publicist, TV-presenter, traveler and nature expert. The appeal to journalism in terms of the study of the figurative and aesthetic side of its texts determines the relevance of the article. The novelty is connected with the consideration in the linguistic aspect of the means of translating the objective and subjective in the metaphorical comparison of nature and human in journalistic texts, which characterizes the features of the pragmatic attitudes and worldview of the author’s linguistic personality. The aim is to describe the objective and subjective in V.M. Peskov’s metaphorics in the light of the evaluation of idiostyle features, which are manifested in the selection and combination of language resources. Research methods: general scientific (observation, analysis, synthesis), structural-semantic, elements of component analysis in combination with contextual analysis. The practical and theoretical significance of the research is connected with the conclusion that the comparison of nature and human, with the realization of their inseparability in the unifying field of life, is the main motive of all V.M. Peskov’s journalistic activity; with the first characterization of lexicalized units in various syntactic functions as metaphors; showing the role of bisubstantial sentences in creating a metaphor. The materials can be used in the further study of the idiostyle of V.M. Peskov, in the author’s lexicography, when reading university courses in stylistics, language of the media.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ ОСНОВНИХ КОНЦЕПЦІЙПАМФЛЕТИСТИКИ МИКОЛИ ХВИЛЬОВОГО В УКРАЇНСЬКОМУ ПУБЛІЦИСТИЧНОМУ ДИСКУРСІ

The purposeof the article is to interpret the main determinants of the literary discussion of 1925–1928 years in the development of Ukrainian journalism during the XXth –early XXIst centuries.Research methodsthat enablethe implementation of the purpose and objectives: cultural-historical, comparative and hermeneutic, as well as the method of receptive aesthetics.Results and discussion. The article examines the ways of transformation of key provisions from the pamphletsof Mykola Khvylovyi in the journalistic activity of the scientist Yurii Sherekh, the writer Oksana Zabuzhko and the theater director Vlad Troiitskyi. Ideas such as “psychological Europe”, “Asian renaissance” and “romance of vitalism” are taken into account.It is proved that the concept of “psychological Europe” is significantly transformed in the works of Yurii Sherekh and Oksana Zabuzhko. Unlike Mykola Khvylovyi, the diaspora scholar notes the impossibility of such a value orientation, because provincialism as a central set of Ukrainians (according to Yurii Sherekh), in fact denies this possibility.It is noted that Oksana Zabuzhko, on the other hand, continues to develop this determinant in her essays, agreeing with the pamphleteer, but in modern coordinates it is necessary to focus on psychological America, not Europe. Thus, two interpretive views on this concept are traced and substantiated that is complete denial and rewriting of the idea.The comprehension of “Asian Renaissance” and the “romance of vitalism” determinants is interpreted through skepticism and the impossibility of these processes (Yurii Sherekh), through the addition of the concept –“Afro-Asian Renaissance” –to the unconscious support and relevance of the idea in modern Ukrainian processes.Conclusions.The study confirms the development and longevity of the concepts that are implemented in journalism, because chronologically the article covered materials written in different periods –from the first decades of the twentieth century tothe first decades of the twenty-first century.

Legal Regulation of Spreading Opinions and Beliefs through TV Broadcasting

The research is focused on the problems of legal regulation of spreading opinions and beliefs through TV broadcasting. The scientific novelty of the research consists of the provisions on the need to amend the legislation on establishing the procedure for inspection and monitoring of television organizations by the National Council on Television and Radio Broadcasting. The author has studied legislative acts regulating the activity of mass media and works of scholars, where the peculiarities of the legal status of television organizations are covered. It has been stated that the constitutional right to free expression of one’s opinions and beliefs can be exercised through TV broadcasting. The legal basis for the activities of television organizations has been determined. The legal principles for the activities of journalists of television organizations have been clarified. Forms of disseminating one’s own views through television have been established. It has been emphasized that the creation of one’s own television organization by a citizen or a legal entity is the first way to spread opinions and beliefs. The participation of well-known politicians or public figures in television programs has been recognized as a separate form of disseminating the relevant concepts to a wide audience. At the same time, broadcasting an interview given by a well-known public or political figure to the TV channel’s journalists is an important method of disseminating the relevant information. Legal restrictions on the dissemination of certain information by television have been defined. It has been stated that the right to information may be limited by law in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public morality. The general characteristics of monitoring and supervisory powers of the National Council on Television and Radio Broadcasting have been provided. The author has formulated propositions for amending the current legislation regulating the activities of the National Council on Television and Radio Broadcasting.

Legal Regulation of Expressing Opinions and Beliefs in Print Mass Media

The research is focused on the problems of legal regulation of expressing opinions and beliefs in print media. The scientific novelty of the research constitutes propositions on supplementing the Law of Ukraine “On Print Mass Media (Press) in Ukraine” with a new norm that would regulate the work of electronic pages of the print media. The constitutional right to free expression of opinions and beliefs can be exercised by disseminating certain concepts in the media. Ways of expressing one’s own opinions and concepts in the press have been determined. It has been stated that a public organization or a political party can spread own opinions by creating own printed publication. An interview with a well-known public figure or politician in order to publish the text of a conversation in the press is also one of the ways to spread one’s own worldview. Another form of expression of one’s beliefs is the publication of an article prepared by a public or political organization, a well-known person in a newspaper or magazine. The author has provided characteristics of the procedure for the foundation of the printed edition. Features of the legal status and activities of journalists to collect information about the opinions and beliefs of well-known people are also reflected in the work. The legal principles for the relationship between journalists, media owners and public figures in order to spread opinions and beliefs have been clarified. The problems of legal regulation of placement of printed mass media materials on the Internet have been outlined. The author has analyzed propositions of scholars on legal regulation of disseminating information on the Internet. Suggestions on amending the legislation regulating the activities of print media on the placement of press materials on the Internet have been formulated.

Профессиональная этика журналиста в контексте конфликта интересов (на основе российского и британского опыта)

The paper aims to reveal essence of journalistic ethics in a conflict-of-interest situation. Relying on domestic and foreign sources, the article analyses axiological and normative components of journalistic ethics, classifies conflict-of-interest situations associated with journalistic activity. Scientific originality of the study is conditioned by the fact that journalistic ethics is for the first time examined taking into account its axiological component. The following conclusions are justified: journalistic ethics is a system of axiological principles and normative rules; journalists’ professional ethics is determined by a conflict-of-interest situation associated with journalistic activity.

«ВПРАВЕ ТРЕБОВАТЬ СЕБЕ ВСЕХ БЛАГ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ»: ДОКЛАД ГЛАСНОГО ЕНИСЕЙСКОЙ ГОРОДСКОЙ ДУМЫ М.П. МИНДАРОВСКОГО О НЕОБХОДИМОСТИ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА ЖЕЛЕЗНОЙ ДОРОГИ ДО ЕНИСЕЙСКА (1916 ГОД)

The article presents the publication of the report of the local City Duma member Mikhail Mindarovsky, which was preserved in the fonds of the Yeniseisk City Archive. The report was read in June 1916 at a meeting of City Duma members in the presence of a representative of the Ministry of Railways, engineer A.M. Vikhman. The text presents the arguments of the supporters of the project of building a railway between the Yeniseisk and Achinsk, which was considered as an integral link necessary for the successful functioning of the Northern Sea Route and ensuring the successful development of the Yenisey Siberia. M.P. Mindarovsky expressed concern about the future fate of Yeniseisk and the adjacent territory, outlined possible prospects for the development of the city, associated with its transformation into a major northern port — a transshipment base for unloading goods from ships arriving through the Arctic Ocean and then transporting them to various regions of Siberia by railway. The author of the report paid special attention to the criticism of the position of some residents of the provincial center, who saw the railway to Yeniseisk as a potential threat to the welfare of Krasnoyarsk. The preserved source expands the existing ideas about the journalistic heritage and social activities of M.P. Mindarovsky, introduces the ideas about the prospects for the development of the northern Siberian regions that are widespread among his contemporaries, and reveals the details of the interaction between the government and society in the development of the Siberian North.

Law, Journalistic Profession and Mass Media Ethics

In law and mass media studies, morals and ethics are linked to the obligations of journalists, such as; the implementation of journalistic code of ethics in every journalistic activity is subject to legal institutions and regulations to carry out with good etiquette as the provisions in the law, which are a set of principles and rules that have generally been accepted and approved by the public. In this regard, ethical principles for the journalistic profession provide a legal basis for managing news in the media in an orderly manner in the relationship between legal subjects. In developments in media institutions in Indonesia, the aspects of share ownership in the media (leadership), economics and media marketing will greatly determine the ideology that is promoted by the media, where this ideology, if it leads to a political economy approach, will create media actors who are less familiar with communication ethics. Communication ethics here are positioned as mere instruments and become less meaningful in determining program content, program quality and media actors' respect for human rights that are represented by individuals as sources of information. This choice raises communication ethics on media actors who are considered to have experienced a reduction. Media players as a profession have taken a shortcut by referring to the principle of benefit, prioritizing the principle of benefit in its coverage and news, which is also paradoxical with the professional ethics it carries. To make matters worse, the absence of respect for the presumption of innocence in the name of the public's interest in obtaining information will increasingly make the mass media and media actors as dominant persons in reconstructing and manipulating social reality. Up to this point, the choice of the tendency to interpret the political economy approach or the ethical approach, in fact both of them do not have obvious legal implications, all of them are returned to each individual who is involved in activities in mass media institutions.

Changing Journalistic Information-Gathering Practices? Reliability in Everyday Information Gathering in High-Speed Newsrooms

ABSTRACT It is generally assumed that the journalists’ strive for reliability of information is taken over by the increased need for speed in today’s newsrooms. However, little empirical evidence supports that assumption. This study explores how journalists in high-speed newsrooms gather information, how gathering activities are temporally structured and how reliability manifests itself in information-gathering activities. Data were collected through micro-observations of information-gathering activities of individual journalists in eight Dutch newsrooms, with a variety of professional practices and temporal affordances. Analysis of these micro-observations suggests that journalists’ striving to achieve reliability manifests in recurring checking and completing activities. The temporal structuring of information-gathering practices is, partly due to the story-driven character of news work, loose, multi-serial and often non-linear. The findings suggest that the assumed augmented tension between reliability and immediacy needs rethinking, at least with regard to everyday information-gathering practices. Even in high-speed newsrooms, immediacy is not as omnipresent as presumed and, although on occasion postponed, reliability is approached in a ‘classic' manner.

Journalism in conflictogenic environment: general principles and prospects

Recently, the world faced with a fragileness of social balance and destructive functions of the media while the escalation of the conflicts. The information boom and hegemony of social networks have demonstrated the risks of hybrid wars, the power of "flexible power" of images and active communities. Journalism acts as an information catalyst for conflicts, exposing existing social contradictions at the micro, meso and macro levels of the social structure. That is why the responsibility of the media extends far beyond the objective coverage of information and contains a certain choice, which has also an ethical dimension. The article focuses on the ethical issues of the role of journalism in conflict, the ability of journalists to reduce the risk of violence in a conflict-ridden environment, and to increase efficiency in finding alternative solutions to conflict resolution. It raises the question of the constructive and destructive consequences of the conflict, as well as discusses the issues of the stage of the conflict, at which journalistic interventions are possible. The main thesis of the article relates to the principles of conflict-sensitive journalism, how idealistic they are and what organizations are interested in developing and promotion of the peace-building journalism.The analysis of various sources raises the question of the responsibility of journalists for choosing a particular model of journalistic practice during a conflict: from the objective and neutral position of the observer to active intervention as advocacy for peace and peace-building. The final conclusion is whichever path is chosen, finally we are facing the consequences of journalistic activity, the questions of moral choice and responsibility for a certain worldview. Ultimately, we need to disclose the category "truth" and find out its meaning in the epoch of metamodernism and post-truth.

الحمایة القانونیة للصحفیین ومشروعیة عملهم

يعتبر الصحفي من أصحاب مهنة نبيلة، فهو شاهد الحقبة ومؤرخ اللحظة، ويتعرض للمخاطر أثناء قيامه بعمله، لذلک تکفل معظم القوانين الحماية للصحفيين من منطلق حماية حرية الرأى والتعبير، حيث إن حرية الصحافة هى جزء لا يتجزأ من حرية الرأى والتعبير التي هى حق من حقوق الإنسان کفلتها المواثيق الدولية، فضلا عن دساتير دول العالم. ونجد أن کل وثائق القانون الدولى الإنسانى بما فيها اتفاقيات جنيف الأربع والبرتوکولين الملحقين بها لم تتعرض لدى مشروعية النشاط الصحفي، إلا أنها تستند فى مشروعيتها على مبدأ حرية الصحافة الوارد فى کثير من الوثائق الدولية والداخلية. وقد تعرضت فى هذا البحث لمفهوم الصحفى والصحافة فى القانون المصري والأردني والفرنسي، ثم بينت المبحث الأساس القانوني لحماية الصحفيين، حيث تعرضت لحرية الرأى والتعبير باعتبارها أصل الحريات جميعا ومنها حرية الصحفيين. A journalist is considered to have a noble profession, as he is a witness of the era and a historian of the moment, and he is exposed to dangers while carrying out his work, so most laws guarantee protection for journalists in terms of protecting freedom of opinion and expression, as freedom of the press is an integral part of freedom of opinion and expression, which is a human right It is guaranteed by international conventions, as well as by the constitutions of the countries of the world. We find that all international humanitarian law documents, including the four Geneva Conventions and the two protocols attached to them, have not been exposed to the legitimacy of journalistic activity. However, they are based on the principle of freedom of the press contained in many international and internal documents. In this research, I was exposed to the concept of the journalist and the press in Egyptian, Jordanian and French law. Then the study showed the legal basis for the protection of journalists, as it was exposed to freedom of opinion and expression as the root of all freedoms, including freedom of journalists.

The dialectic of purpose and means in the life, work, and worldview of I.A. Dedkov

The article deals with I.A. Dedkovs views on the ratio of the goal and the means on the way to the high social ideal. The analysis reveals the humanistic ontology of his worldview. I.A. Dedkov was a convinced anti-Stalinist, a supporter of the 20th Communist Party of the Soviet Union Congress decisions. Throughout his life and creative work, in his letters, diary entries, literary-critical and practical activities he consistently denounced the anti-humanist principle the end justifies the means, drawing arguments from the traditions of Russian classical literature and Russian prerevolutionary liberal-oriented philosophy, as well as from the Western European existentialism. This article reveals the latent humanistic-minded intension that existed in the Soviet period in the literary heritage of the critic and journalist I.A. Dedkov. The main methods used by the author in preparing this publication are elements of systematic and comparative (comparative) analysis, biographical, discursive and narrative research methods. The main conclusions from this study are the disclosure of the humanistic nature of I.A. Dedkovs worldview, sharply different from the amoral methodology of political expediency, which neglects the choice and use of ethically justified and adequate to the goal of its implementation. This position is supported by textual analysis of a number of sources, including Yu.V. Trifonovs story Impatience from the series Fiery revolutionaries about the revolutionary folk activist A.I. Zhelyabov. I.A. Dedkov consistently defended his theoretical and ideological postulates based on rejection and rejection of anti-human and inhumane political practices in his literary and journalistic activities, as well as in his personal life, maintaining his devotion to the socialist (communist) ideal in its humanistic (anthropocentric) ideal.