Journal Of Parasitology Research Articles

Location of biomphalaria glabrata (say) by miracidia of schistosoma mansoni sambon in natural standing and running waters on the West Indian Island of St. Lucia

Upatham E. S. 1973. Location of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say) by miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon in natural standing and running waters on the West Indian Island of St. Lucia. International Journal of Parasitology 3: 289–297. The ability of S. mansoni miracidia to locate B. glabrata in natural ditches and streams was investigated. Miracidia located and infected snails at distances of 9–14 and 97-54 in horizontally in standing and running waters respectively. In running water, no infection occurred above a velocity of 13.11 cm sec . In both types of habitat, infection rates in snails increased with increasing levels of miracidia but decreased as the location of caged snails moved away from the miracidial point of entry. Laboratory experi- ments showed that the number of daughter sporocysts was proportional to the number of miracidia. Judging by the number of daughter sporocysts recovered only a small percentage of miracidia succeeded in locating and penetrating snails (6.8–13-7 % and 1.4–6.2 % in standing and running waters respectively). In standing water, infection may be inhibited by the limited ability of miracidia to move horizontally. In running water, the flow extends significantly the effective scanning capacity of the miracidia, giving them a better chance of coming into contact with snails, which is of importance in the epidemiology of schistosomiasis. Owing to a con- siderable wastage of miracidia and the higher relative efficiency of miracidia at lower densities in detecting snails, control measures such as chemotherapy or provision of safe water supplies designed to lower egg output and reduce contamination may not seriously influence transmission unless S. mansoni egg production or contamination is massively reduced.

Structure of the Oocysts and Excystation Processes of Four Eimeria spp. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from the Colorado Pika, Ochotona princeps

Oocysts of Eimeria banffensis Lepp, Todd, and Samuel, 1972, Eimeria cryptobarretti sp. n., Eimeria princepsis sp. n., and Eimeria calentinei sp. n. are described from the Colorado pika, Ochotona princeps, collected from 3 mountain sites in Colorado. Subspherical oocysts of E. banffensis measure 23 to 34 by 18 to 25 p (mean 27.6 by 23.0 p ) with ovoid sporocysts 10 to 16 by 7 to 10 p (mean 12.5 by 8.5 p ) . A micropyle, oocyst residuum, and polar granule are absent, but a sporocyst residuum, Stieda body, and substiedal body are present. The ellipsoidal oocysts of E. cryptobarretti measure 24 to 35 by 18 to 22 p (mean 29.8 by 20.6 p ) with distinct, elongate bulb-shaped sporocysts 13 to 18 by 7 to 11 p (mean 15.2 by 8.4 p ) . A micropyle, sporocyst residuum, and Stieda body are present, but a polar granule and oocyst residuum are absent. Ellipsoidal oocysts of E. princepsis measure 19 to 24 by 15 to 19 p (mean 21.5 by 17.3 p ) with ovoid sporocysts 10 to 14 by 5 to 8 p (mean 12.3 by 7.3 p ) . A micropyle, polar granule, sporocyst residuum, and Stieda body are present, but an oocyst residuum is absent. Ovoid oocysts of E. calentinei measure 26 to 32 by 18 to 23 p (mean 28.5 by 20.0 p ) with ovoid sporocysts 10 to 14 by 6 to 9 p (mean 12.0 by 7.4 p) . A polar granule is absent, but a micropyle, oocyst and sporocyst residuum, and Stieda body are present. The in vitro excystation of sporozoites of E , cryptobarretti and E , calentinei is described. Sporozoites of E. banffensis and E , princepsis did not excyst after exposure to the excysting fluid for 60 min. Possible reasons for this are discussed. The first report of coccidia of pikas (OchoRESULTS AND DISCUSSION tona princeps) from North America was by Eimeria banffensis Lepp, Todd, and Samuel, 1972 Barrett and Worley (1970) in Montana, but (Figs. 1-3) they did not describe oocysts. Recently, Lepp Description et al. (1972a, b ) and Duszynski and Brunson Oocysts subspherical (Fig. 1 ) ; oocyst wall of (1972) described oocysts from pikas in Canuniform thickness, about 2, consisting of 2 layers: ada and Colorado, respectively. outer layer green, > 1, finely pitted (Fig. 2 ) ; inner layer yellow, < 1, smooth (Fig. 2 ) ; microDuring July and August 1970, 30 pikas pyle, oocyst residuum, and polar granule absent; were collected from three mountain sites in sporulated oocysts ( n = 100, 15 to 35 from each two counties in Colorado. The localities of of 4 host specimens) 23 to 34 by 18 to 25 (27.6 the hosts varied from 11,000 to 13,200 ft by 23.0), with shape indices 1.04 to 1.36 (1.20); sporocysts ovoid, 10 to 16 by 7 to 10 (12.5 by above sea level. Intestinal contents from each 8.5), with shape indices 1.22 to 1.70 (1.46); host were examined for coccidia and four Stieda body present with closely apposed subspecies of Eimeria were observed. One of the stiedal body (Fig. 3 ) ; sporocyst residuum granEimeria, E. banffensis, was recently described ular, in a diffused band between sporozoites (Fig. (Lepp et al., 1972b) and additional data on 3 ) ; structure of sporozoites in intact sporocysts difficult to distinguish. its structure are presented. The other three Host: Ochotona princeps; Larimer and Clear Eimeria species are described as new. Creek counties, Colorado. Location in host: Unknown. Oocysts recovered MATERIALS AND METHODS from contents of small and large intestines. Preoalence: Present in 7 of 30 pikas examined. All techniques involved in collecting and proThese included 5 of 14 hosts collected on Mt. cessing fecal material, measuring, studying, and Evans (elev. 12,800 to 13,200 f t ) and 1 of 4 crushing oocysts, and excysting sporozoites were collected on Goliath Peak (elev. 11,600 to 12,000 previously reported (Duszynski and Brunson, f t ) , both in Clear Creek County and 1 of 12 col1972). Measurements are in microns with the lected from Crown Point (elev. 11,000 to 11,500 means given in parentheses following the ranges. f t ) in Larimer County. Sporulation t ime: Most oocysts were completely Received for publication 13 April 1972. sporulated after 72 hr at 30 C. Duszynski & Brunson in Journal of Parasitology (1973) 59. Copyright 1973, American Society of Parasitologists. Used by permission.

Proceedings of PAME: Second National Conference 2014.

doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12669/pjms.305.6056How to cite this:Jawaid SA. Proceedings of PAME Second National Conference 2014. Pak J Med Sci 2014;30(5):1161-1176. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12669/pjms.305.6056This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) bispinosa Neumann (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae): Evidence for Consideration as an Introduced Species in the Malay Peninsula and Borneo

In much of India and neighboring nations, Haemaphysalis (K.) bispinosa parasitizes wild and domestic Carnivora and Artiodactyla alike. However, in the Malay Peninsula, where 12,030 ticks were collected from 459 wild Carnivora and Artiodactyla and 5,555 ticks were taken from 388 domestic animals, H. (K.) bispinosa was represented by 34 (0.28%) specimens from the wild hosts and by 4,907 (88.33%) specimens from the domestic hosts. Although widely distributed in the Malay Peninsula, this parasite has biological characteristics of an introduced species that has not adapted to the Malayan forest environment and fauna. Several old specimens of bispinosa from Borneo [British Museum (Natural History) collections] may represent erroneous labeling or samples of introduced ticks that do not appear to have established a permanent population on this island. Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) bispinosa Neumann is an ubiquitous, medically important parasite of various wild and domestic mammals and birds in much of India and Ceylon, the terai (lowlands) of Nepal, certain areas of West Pakistan, East Pakistan, and western Burma (Hoogstraal, in preparation). Reports of H. (K.) bispinosa in many other regions of Southeast Asia, China, USSR, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia, and Oceania have been shown in a series of papers recently published in the Journal of Parasitology to be based on misidentification of other species. Thus, it has been of considerable interest when analyzing data resulting from the Malayan Tick Survey to find that in the Malay Peninsula H. (K.) bispinosa displays all the biological characteristics of an introduced parasite, one restricted chiefly to domestic animal hosts and seldom found parasitizing wild vertebrates or in collections from forest vegetation. Received for publication 20 May 1969. * From Research Project MF12.524.009-3010, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Department of the Navy, Washington, D. C. The Malayan Tick Survey, from which these data are largely derived, is a collaborative study between the Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, the Zoology Department, University of Maryland, and NAMRU-3, Cario, supported in part by U. S. Army Research and Development Command grant number DADA-17-67-C-7003. t Head, Medical Zoology Department, U. S. Naval Medical Research Unit Number Three, Cairo, Egypt, UAR. + Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ? Department of Zoology, University of Maryland, College Park. Flagging lowland forest vegetation where H. (K.) bispinosa is endemic in the Indian subregion often yields many specimens of this species and infestation rates on wild and domestic Carnivora and Artiodactyla are excellent indicators of the presence of this parasite. During the current Malayan Tick Survey, all areas of the peninsula have been explored. All the common tick species known from Malaya are represented in great numbers and comparatively large numbers of the less common and rare species have also been collected. Particular attention has been given to obtaining specimens by flagging forest vegetation. Numerous wild vertebrates, especially mammals, some reptiles, and a few birds have been examined. Domestic animals have been searched for ticks in each natural area. Other results of the Malayan Tick Survey are given by Hoogstraal et al. (in press). FIELD COLLECTION DATA Malayan data for ticks from forest vegetation and from domestic and wild Carnivora and Artiodactyla are briefly summarized. Ticks from vegetation Only eight of 630 collections from Malayan forest vegetation yielded H. (K.) bispinosa (4 d &, 2 Y9 , 5 nymphs). Over 10,000 tick specimens were taken from forest vegetation; the other species were Dermacentor auratus group (at least three species), Amblyomma testudinarium, A. geoemydae, Haemaphysalis calvus, H. c. cornigera, H. hylobatis, H. koningsbergeri, H. nadchatrami, H. obesa, H. semermis, H. traguli, and H. wellingtoni.

Helminths of the Western Jumping Mouse (Zapus princeps) in Western Montana

Helminths of the Western Jumping Mouse (Zapus princeps) in Western MontanaAuthor(s): John M. KinsellaSource: The Journal of Parasitology, Vol. 54, No. 2 (Apr., 1968), p. 309Published by: The American Society of ParasitologistsStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3276941 .Accessed: 08/12/2013 17:52

Uptake and Incorporation of Glucose, Tyrosine, Leucine, and Thymidine by Adult Philophthalmus megalurus (Cort, 1914) (Trematoda), as Determined by Autoradiography

Uptake and Incorporation of Glucose, Tyrosine, Leucine, and Thymidine by Adult Philophthalmus megalurus (Cort, 1914) (Trematoda), as Determined by Autoradiography

Serology of Marine Trematodes. II. The Action of Antisera against the Cercariae of Certain Heterophyids

Serology of Marine Trematodes. II. The Action of Antisera against the Cercariae of Certain Heterophyids

Use of Thiabendazole-Medicated Feed for Prophylaxis of Four Common Roundworm Infections in Dogs

Use of Thiabendazole-Medicated Feed for Prophylaxis of Four Common Roundworm Infections in Dogs

Host-Parasite Relationships of Fasciola hepatica in the White Mouse. II. Studies on Acquired Immunity

Experimental mice were immunized by two stimulating infections, each with two F. hepatica metacercariae. Afterwards, a challenging infection of the same size was given to them as well as to nonimmunized controls. In the experimental mice, there was an earlier migration of the worms from the liver to the common bile duct, and at 40 days after challenge they harbored significantly fewer worms than the controls. Various host measurements (body weight, total and differential leukocyte numbers, spleen weight, hemagglutinating antibody titer, and liver histopathology) indicated a much more rapid response by the experimental animals. On the basis of the nature and timing of lymphocyte infiltration in, and the histopathology of, the livers, it is suggested that delayed (cellular) hypersensitivity may play a prominent role in the earlier migration of worms to the common bile duct. Several attempts have been made to produce acquired immunity to Fasciola hepatica in laboratory animals. Rats immunized with xirradiated metacercariae and then challenged with nontreated metacercariae showed a reduction in worm burdens (Thorpe and Broome, 1962). However, no attempt was made to separate worms of the two infections, hence the results are not considered by some workers to be conclusive (Dawes and Hughes, 1964). When the latter workers gave mice 20 xirradiated metacercariae and challenged them 21 days later with 10 nontreated metacercariae, acquired immunity was not demonstrated. Also, the use of 40 x-irradiated metacercariae and challenge with five to 10 nontreated metacercariae 22 days later yielded no significant reduction in worm burdens when measured at intervals from 8 to 53 days postchallenge (Dawes, 1964). Therefore, when the present study was undertaken, the evidence for the development of acquired immunity by laboratory hosts was inconclusive. Before designing experiments on acquired immunity, it was necessary to make various determinations after an initial infection. In Received for publication 10 June 1966. * A portion of a dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the University of North Carolina in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Parasitology (1966). t This work was supported in part by a Predoctoral Fellowship (1-Fl-GM-29709-01) from the Institute of General Medical Sciences, NIH. ++ Present address: Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73069. 21 this study, reported elsewhere (Lang, 1966b), mice were infected with two metacercariae. The worms migrated through the liver and reached the common bile duct 30 to 40 days after infection. The measurement, at intervals, of various host responses suggested the following phases of the infection: (1) incubation period, (2) acute phase, and (3) chronic phase with repair. During the acute phase (18 to 35 days after infection), the mice were seriously debilitated and many died, but most of those that survived this phase were able to recover. The worms showed rapid, progressive growth and matured in the common bile duct. It seemed apparent that a second infection, if given at least 30 days after the first and terminated by 60 days, could be identified on the basis of worm size alone. It was evident from the above study that immunity produced by a stimulating infection(s) can be measured, provided the challenging infection is given at least 40 days later to allow the host to recover from the acute phase of the infection and to allow time for the worms of the stimulating infection(s) to reach the common bile duct. These observations opened the way for the present studies on acquired immunity. Three separate experiments were performed, two with a single stimulating infection, the other with two stimulating infections (Lang, 1966a). The present paper will deal specifically with the latter experiment only, but certain information provided by the other two experiments will be given in the Discussion. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.78 on Sun, 19 Jun 2016 07:04:28 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 22 THE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY, VOL. 53, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 1967 MATERIALS AND METHODS A strain of Swiss white mice maintained in this Department for many years was used in this study. Techniques for the maintenance of F. hepatica in the laboratory, infection, killing and necropsy of mice, handling of recovered worms, and determination of host responses, including total body weight, and total plus differential leukocyte counts have been described elsewhere (Lang, 19'66b). In addition, spleen weights, serology, and histopathologic examinations were included.

Plasmodium jefferyi sp. n. from Hylobates lar in Malaya

Plasmodium jefferyi is described as a new species of malaria from the gibbon, Hylobates lar, in Malaysia. In blood-induced infections the parasite runs a mild to moderately severe course. There is a striking level of deep circulation schizogony. The evidence available suggests a tertian periodicity although the possibility of a quotidian cycle cannot be eliminated. P. jefferyi can readily be separated on morphological grounds from the other known species of malaria from this host. It is not infective to the rhesus monkey by the inoculation of parasitized blood. The common gibbon, Hylobates, is found in the jungles of southeast Asia from Indochina west to Assam and south through Malaysia and Indonesia. Three species of plasmodia have been described from gibbons: Plasmodium hylobati Rodhain (1941) from Java; Plasmodium youngi Eyles, Fong, Dunn, Warren, and Sandosham (1964) from Malaya; and Plasmodium eylesi Warren, Bennett, Sandosham, and Coatney (1966) from Malaya. This paper is concerned with the description of a fourth species from Hylobates lar in Malaya which we propose to name Plasmodium jefferyi in honor of our colleague, Dr. G. M. Jeffery, who has made notable contributions to our knowledge of malaria. MATERIALS AND METHODS A juvenile female gibbon, Hylobates lar Linnaeus, obtained in the southern part of the state of Kedah in Malaysia, was made available to us for study in Kuala Lumpur in July 1964. This animal was found infected with malaria. Blood films were stained with Giemsa at pH 7.2. Morphological examination of the parasites was made from thin blood films and parasite densities were determined by the Earle Perez technique. The parasite was studied in the original animal and in three other gibbons infected by the inoculation of parasitized blood. Periodicity was studied by counting growth stages of the parasite in smears of peripheral blood of gibbon No. 32, taken at 4-hr intervals over a period of 7 days. Plasmodium jefferyi sp. n. (Figs. 1-20) Vertebrate host: Hylobates lar. Invertebrate host: Not known. Locality: Southern part of the state of Kedah (Malay states) where cultivated tree crops, priReceived for publication 29 October 1965. * Cytology Section, Laboratory of Parasite Chemotherapy, NIAID, NIH, P.O. Box 190, Chamblee, Georgia. marily rubber, merge with primary and secondary forests. Date of collection of type host: July 1964. Type material: Giemsa-stained blood films will be deposited in the U. S. National Museum. Similar aterials will be added to the collection of the Institute for Medical Research in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and to the collection in the laboratory of Parasite Chemotherapy, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland. Description of the erythrocytic stages Young trophozoites (Figs. 2-4). Forms with a single large circular nucleus with a delicate circle of cytoplasm most common. Many parasites with two chromatin masses of equal or slightly unequal size (Fig. 3). Small accessory chromatin masses frequent. Ameboid forms rare. Multiple infections, marginal forms, stippling, and pigment not present. Host cell not enlarged. Older trophozoites (Figs. 5-9). Typically not ameboid. Nucleus usually at apex of a smooth, slightly flattened oval of cytoplasm enclosing a large v cuole. Pigment scarce and dustlike; color indefinite, contributing a grayish cast to the cytopla m (Figs. 8, 9). Host cell not enlarged. Stippling usually absent. Forms with accessory chromatin masses present (Fig. 9). Mature trophozoites (Figs. 10-12). Generally non-ameboid and with a prominent vacuole frequently open on one side (Fig. 12). Cytoplasm i creased in amount and density over younger forms. Pigment moderate in amount; mostly fine but with a few moderately coarse granules (Fig. 12); tending to concentrate at periphery of parasi (Fig . 10, 12). Host cell not distorted but may show slight enlargement. Mature parasites may almost fill the host cell. Stippling present but not prominent (Figs. 10-12). Young schizonts (Figs. 13-16). Cytoplasm more compact than in trophozoites; sometimes with a reddish tinge as the number of nuclear divisions increases. Twoto four-nuclei stages do not fill host cell (Figs. 13, 14). In older forms (six to eight nuclei) parasites fill host cell; stippling concentrated at periphery of cell but maintaining its granular nature. Pigment evenly distributed in moderately coarse granules. Older schizonts (Figs. 17, 18). Almost mature forms extremely scarce. Parasites with 14 to 17 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.128 on Tue, 06 Sep 2016 04:34:07 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 10 THE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY, VOL. 52, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 1966

Ciliocincta sabellariae gen. and sp. n., an Orthonectid Mesozoan from the Polychaete Sabellaria cementarium Moore

An orthonectid parasitizing the sabellariid polychaete Sabellaria cementarium Moore has been studied with the aid of a method of impregnation with activated silver albumose (Protargol). This technique differentiates the boundaries of many of the cells, and also brings out the kinetosomes of cilia, thereby permitting a precise analysis of the pattern of ciliation. In adult individuals, the cells of the outer jacket are arranged in rings around the axial mass. Certain of the jacket cells are characterized by presence of conspicuous granules and at least one transverse row of cilia, whereas others have neither obvious granules nor cilia. In both sexes, the first three rings of jacket cells bear three transverse rows of cilia; all other ciliated cells have either one row of cilia near the posterior margins or a row near both the anterior and posterior margins. In typical males, there are 26 or 27 rings, of which rings 6, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20, and 22 are unciliated. In typical females, there are 36 or 37 rings, of which rings 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 are unciliated. In the male, the mass of gametes or prospective gametes occupies the posterior half of the axial mass. In the female, there is a column of 9 to 12 oocytes occupying the posterior four-fifths of the axial mass. The name Ciliocincta sabellariae gen. n., sp. n. is proposed for this orthonectid. The type locality is near Dot Rock (long 122047.8/ W; lat 48?29.5' N), San Juan Archipelago, Washington. Of 88 worms of the host species examined from this locality, only two (both males) were infected. The few known species of orthonectid mesozoans are parasites of acoel, rhabdocoel, and polyclad turbellarians, nemerteans, polychaete annelids, gastropod and pelecypod molluscs, and ophiuroid echinoderms. Except for one report of an orthonectid parasitizing a nemertean collected near Woods Hole, Massachusetts (Meinkoth, 1956), all published accounts deal with species occurring in the Mediterranean Sea or in the Atlantic waters of Europe. That these interesting organisms will eventually be found in a variety of hosts in North America and elsewhere may confidently be predicted, but attempts to find them on the Pacific coast in invertebrates of the same taxonomic groups as those which they are known to parasitize have until recently been unsuccessful. My discovery of orthonectids, at the Friday Harbor Laboratories of the University of Washington, came about in a nearly fortuitous manner. On 14 July 1962 I collected a large number of brittle stars (Ophiura sarsi) with a view to examining them for orthonectids. After disReceived for publication 31 August 1964. 37 secting over 80 specimens with negative results, I liberated the rest of the catch. Returning to the laboratory, I decided to examine a few specimens of the polychaete Sabellaria cementarium Moore (Sabellariidae) which had been collected on the same dredging trip. From previous experience, I knew that this species was regularly infected by a so-called schizogregarine of the genus Selenidium. As the first worm was opened, hundreds of male and female orthonectids emerged from the tissue of the body wall. Over a period of several days, I examined a total of 88 worms (47 males, 41 females) from the same locality. The sixtysixth specimen to be opened also was infected. Both of the parasitized worms were mature males carrying sperm, and before examination appeared to be completely normal. The orthonectid from S. cementarium, for which I propose the name Ciliocincta sabellariae gen. n., sp. n., resembles certain species of Rhopalura. However, its precise pattern of ciliation is decidedly different from that described by any of the European investigators. It is possible that if the morphology of other This content downloaded from 207.46.13.114 on Thu, 26 May 2016 06:30:46 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 38 THE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY, VOL. 51, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 1965 orthonectids were investigated carefully, some of them would be found to have an organization similar to that of C. sabellariae. The type locality for C. sabellariae is near Dot Rock (long 122o47.8' W; lat 48?29.5' N), San Juan Archipelago, Washington. The material was collected at a depth of 7 fathoms. Syntype slides have been deposited in the United States National Museum (USNM No. 23734).

Fluorescent Antibody Reactions against Six Species of Simian Malaria in Monkeys from India and Malaysia

Sera from 45 Malaysian and 51 Indian monkeys were tested for fluorescent antibody response to antigens of Plasmodium fieldi, P. gonderi, P. inui, P. coatneyi, P. knowlesi, and P. cynomolgi bastianellii. A total of 17 Malaysian and 33 Indian monkey sera had positive antibody responses with the larger number reacting with P. fieldi and P. gonderi. The results suggest the possibility of prior malaria infection or of nonspecific antibody to other parasites. The intensity of this response to heterologous or common antigens may be sufficient to mask a species-specific response. The use of monkeys having no initial fluorescent antibody titer for Plasmoclium is suggested for studies involving antibody in monkey malaria. The staining of monkey malaria parasites using the fluorescent antibody (FA) technique was first reported by Ingram et al. (1961) using Plasmodium cynomolgi bastianellii. Additional studies by Tobie and Coatney (1961) and Tobie et al. (1962) showed cross-reactions between P. vivax and P. cynomolgi bastianellii. Reported here are the fluorescent antibody reactions of monkey sera from Malaysia and India against six different species of monkey malaria. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thin blood films, containing the parasites of P. fieldi, P. gonderi, P. inzi, P. coatneyi, P. knowlesi, and P. cynomolgi bastianellii, were prepared and stored without fixation at -70 C in a mechanical freezer. Prior to use, they were raised to room temperature in a desiccator and then fixed for 30 min in acetone at -20 C. The slides were dried and then dehemoglobinized by immersion for 5 min in 0.1% HC1, followed by 1-min rinses each in distilled water and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.0. The antigen slides were then ready for immediate use. Rabbit antiserum (globulin fraction) to monkey globulin conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate was obtained commercially (Sylvana Chemical Company) and prepared by absorption once with rabbit liver powder and once with rabbit bone marrow powder, and stored at 1: 40 in PBS at -20 C. The 1: 40 dilution was used throughout the studies. Received for publication 28 July 1964. 81 A Leitz SM fluorescence microscope with an Osram HBO-200 light source was used with BG-12 and UG-2 exciter filters and a Wratten 2A barrier filter. For each test, several drops of the serum dilution to be tested were applied to the antigen slide and allowed to react for 20 min at room temperature in a moist chamber. The slide was then given 3 5-min rinses in PBS. Several drops of the labeled rabbit antimonkey globulin were applied and allowed to react for 20 min. The slide was again given three 5-min rinses in PBS and then mounted under a cover slip in buffered glycerine. Fluorescence was graded 1+ to 4+. A reading of 2+ was considered positive and reproducible. Each serum sample was titrated simultaneously against all six antigens. The test sera were from several species of Macaca and Presbytis monkeys collected in the Selangor, Pahang, and Perak states of Malaysia in 1961, and from Macaca mulatta monkeys arriving in our laboratory from New Delhi, India, in 1963. Of the Malaysian monkeys, only one (C-22) was infected with Plasmodium (species undetermined) at the time of collection. Since these were field-collected sera, slides were made only the 1 day. It is therefore impossible to determine if other of these monkeys were suffering from chronic infections. None of the Indian monkeys had malarial infections as determined by the microscopic examination of blood films taken on two separate days. Previous laboratory studies had shown that monkeys having chronic infection with Plasmodium sp. had FA end points of 1: 40 or greater. Even though all the sera were tested starting at the 1: 10 dilution, it was decided to report only those FA reactions of 1 : 40 or greater as being positive. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.249 on Wed, 03 Aug 2016 05:47:52 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 82 THE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY, VOL. 51, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 1965 TABLE I. Fluorescent antibody test reactions (expressed as reciprocal of titer) of 17 positive sera from Presbytis sp. and Macaca sp. monkeys collected in Malaysia in 1961. Monkey Monkey Species of Plasmodium species no. species no. P. fieldi P. gonderi P. inui P. coatneyi P. obscura 0-61 40 40 P. cristatus C-18 40 C-22 40 40 -25 40 160 C-27 40 C-28 40 40 -29 40 40 C-31 40 C-32 160 C-38 40 M. irus M-312 40 -313 80 M-314 40 M-315 40 M-316 40 M. nemestrina N-93 80 N-94 40 Positive responses 13 4 1 4 Control sera from monkeys known to be free of previous malarial infection gave negative responses. In addition, the labeled antimonkey globulin alone failed to give any response. Monkeys having previous malaria reacted strongly both to homologous and heterologous antigens.

Comparative Pathogenicity in Ovis aries of Homologous and Heterologous Strains of Haemonchus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) from Domestic and Wild Sheep

Comparative Pathogenicity in Ovis aries of Homologous and Heterologous Strains of Haemonchus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) from Domestic and Wild Sheep

In vitro Culture of the Mosquito Phase of Avian Malaria

In vitro Culture of the Mosquito Phase of Avian Malaria

The Life Cycle and Morphology of Ascaridia columbae (Gmelin, 1790) Travassos, 1913 (Nematoda:Ascarididae) in the Domestic Pigeon (Columba livia domestica)

The Life Cycle and Morphology of Ascaridia columbae (Gmelin, 1790) Travassos, 1913 (Nematoda:Ascarididae) in the Domestic Pigeon (Columba livia domestica)

Measurements of the Acquired Resistance of Rats and Mice to Plasmodium berghei Infections

Measurements of the Acquired Resistance of Rats and Mice to Plasmodium berghei Infections

Precipitins in Sera of Swine Infected with Stephanurus dentatus

Precipitins for antigens in a whole-worm extract of Stephanurus dentatus were detected at various times during the prepatent period in sera from 16 of 17 swine exposed to experimental infection with this nematode. Precipitation patterns visualized by a micro-Ouchterlony method were distinguishable from those seen with sera from helminth-free swine or from swine infected with other nematodes. In its present form, however, the number of samples required for some degree of confidence in the procedure as a diagnostic test would be prohibitive under field conditions. Tromba and Baisden (1960) reported that exlayer of tap water. After 7 to 10 days at 70 F, perimental kidney worm disease in swine could the infective larvae were recovered in a Baermann apparatus and used immediately to infect swine be diagnosed during certain periods of prey oral administration of larval of various ages by oral administration of larval patency by an agar diffusion technique using suspension in tap water. The number of larvae whole-worm antigen. Since then, we have given was estimated by dilution count except that applied this technique to determine the inwhen doses of 30 larvae were used actual counts in were made. A schedule of infections is given in ception and duration of specific precipitins in Table I and Text Figure 1. Blood samples were the blood of other groups of experimentally obtained from these experimentally infected aniinfected swine. Data from these experiments mals at weekly or irregular intervals. are presented with a critical evaluation of Sera from 54 swine exposed to natural infection with kidney worm were obtained from two groups the technique as a field diagnostic test for in a program for management control at Tifton, stephanuriasis. Georgia, similar to that described by Stewart and Tromba (1957). Group 1 consisted of 36 swine MATERIALS AND METHODS farrowed in the fall of 1959 on pastures which had Ova of Stephanurus dentatus were recovered been contaminated with kidney worm eggs from from urine by filtration and cultured in a shallow patent sows for several months prior to April 1959, but not thereafter. Sera were obtained once just Received for publication 29 September 1961. before marketing in February 1960. Group 2 conTABLE I. Necropsy results of swine infected with single or multiple doses of kidney worm larvae at different ages. Age (weeks) Pig number Infections Necropsy findings Necreopsy 1st 2nd 3rd Liver fibrosis Perirenal area1 72 8 42 50 Moderate Juveniles 58 10 44 76 Moderate Juveniles and adults 57 10 44 51 76 Severe Juveniles and adults 56 10 44 51 76 Severe Juveniles and adults 34 52 80 Severe2 Negative 81 11 23 45 None3 Negative 90 11 46 None Juveniles and adults 83 11 23 45 Slight Juveniles and adults 84 11 23 45 Slight Juveniles and adults 85 11 45 Slight Juveniles and adults 86 11 23 46 Slight2 Negative 87 11 23 44 Moderate Juveniles and adults 88 11 28 Severe Juveniles 89 23 40 Moderate2 Negative 49 16 17 40 Moderate Juveniles 48 16 40 Moderate Juveniles 46 16 17 40 Moderate Juveniles 50 40 Negative Negative 1 Includes kidneys, iureters, surrounding fat, and psoas muscles. 2 Larval forms in liver. 3 No worms found in liver. 633 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.104 on Mon, 20 Jun 2016 05:58:34 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY

Studies on Trichostrongylus axei (Cobbold, 1879). VIII. Some Quantitative Aspects of Experimental Infection of the Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)

Studies on Trichostrongylus axei (Cobbold, 1879). VIII. Some Quantitative Aspects of Experimental Infection of the Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)

Some Observations on the Amabiliid Cestode, Tatria duodecacantha Olsen, 1939

Some 33 specimens of an amabiliid tapeworm, herein identified as Tatria duodecacantha Olsen, 1939, were found in the intestine of a piedbilled grebe (the type host), Podilymbus podiceps (Linnaeus, 1758), collected near Stillwater, Oklahoma, in August 1939. The worms were fixed in Bouin's fluid, stained in borax carmine, and mounted in toto. When a manuscript in which the parasite was described as new was submitted to the JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY, the writer was informed of Olsen's description then in press. Later, a direct comparison of the writer's specimens with paratypes of T. duodecacantha revealed the conspecificity of the two lots. In general the author's findings are in complete agreement with those of Olsen. Because of certain differences in interpretation the writer feels justified in offering for publication his drawings (Figs. 1-7) originally intended to illustrate a new species, his comment upon two differences in observation, and a new key to the species of Tatria to include T. fuhrmranni, unfortunately overlooked by Olsen.

On a Sex Difference in the Infection Rate of Birds with Syngamus trachea

In 1937 a short paragraph by Whitlock appeared in the Journal of Parasitology commenting on the fact that there appeared to be a sexual difference in the degree of infection with Syngamus trachea of some Hungarian partridges which were being confined at the Michigan State Game Farm. Of 34 infected birds that he examined, 32 were females. He puts forward the suggestion that the strain of egg laying had lowered the vitality of the females to such an extent as to allow of the establishment of the parasite. We must assume therefore that all these birds were fully adult and that they were examined in the spring or early summer.