Journal Of Geophysical Research Research Articles

Retraction Statement: Time‐Dependent Cryospheric Longwave Surface Emissivity Feedback in the Community Earth System Model

Retraction: Kuo, C., Feldman, D. R., Huang, X., Flanner, M., Yang, P., & Chen, X. (2018). Time‐dependent cryospheric long wave surface emissivity feedback in the Community Earth System Model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123, 789–813. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JD027595. The above article from Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, published online on 3 January 2018, has been retracted by agreement between the authors; the journal Editor‐in‐Chief, Minghua Zhang; the American Geophysical Union; and Wiley Periodicals LLC. The retraction has been agreed because in the experimental setup of the original paper, surface temperature over the oceans was from the sea‐surface temperatures (SST) in the radiative transfer calculation of the CESM rather than from the correct weighted average of liquid and sea‐ice temperature (TS). This error affects the quantitative results of warmer wintertime Arctic surface temperatures, which were attributed in the original paper to the proposed spectral distribution of surface emissivity.

Reply to Comment by Troshichev et al. on “The Use of Invalid Polar Cap South (PCS) Indices in Publications”

AbstractThe publication by Stauning (2022b, 10.1029/2022JA030355): “The use of invalid Polar Cap South (PCS) indices in publications.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 127, e2022JA030355 is based on values of the PCS indices derived at the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) by the authors of the Comment and made available at the web portal maintained by the International Service of Geomagnetic Indices (ISGI) supported by the International Association for Geomagnetism and Aeronomy and also at the web portal maintained by AARI. One PCS version (“pre‐2021PCS”) comprises a series of indices spanning 1997–2021 published by AARI up to December 2021 and by ISGI up to April 2022. Since no other PCS version has been in play at AARI prior to 2021, this version, labeled “provisional” by ISGI, was beyond doubt used in the 9 publications listed in the commented publication by Stauning (2022b, 10.1029/2022JA030355). A modified PCS version (“post‐2021PCS”) was published by AARI in December 2021 and recently by ISGI (May 2022). The pre‐2021PCS version has been proven invalid by many examples of unfounded excessive index excursions and also by comparisons with indices of the post‐2021PCS index version. Its devaluating imprints on the publications issued by AARI between 2014 and 2021 are indisputable regardless of later modifications of the PCS index series.

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Introduction to Special Collection “The Exceptional Arctic Stratospheric Polar Vortex in 2019/2020: Causes and Consequences”

AbstractThis paper introduces the special collection in Geophysical Research Letters and Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres on the exceptional stratospheric polar vortex in 2019/2020. Papers in this collection show that the 2019/2020 stratospheric polar vortex was the strongest, most persistent, and coldest on record in the Arctic. The unprecedented Arctic chemical processing and ozone loss in spring 2020 have been studied using numerous satellite and ground‐based data sets and chemistry‐transport models. Quantitative estimates of chemical loss are broadly consistent among the studies and show profile loss of about the same magnitude as in the Arctic in 2011, but with most loss at lower altitudes; column loss was comparable to or larger than that in 2011. Several papers show evidence of dynamical coupling from the mesosphere down to the surface. Studies of tropospheric influence and impacts link the exceptionally strong vortex to reflection of upward propagating waves and show coupling to tropospheric anomalies, including extreme heat, precipitation, windstorms, and marine cold air outbreaks. Predictability of the exceptional stratospheric polar vortex in 2019/2020 and related predictability of surface conditions are explored. The exceptionally strong stratospheric polar vortex in 2019/2020 highlights the extreme interannual variability in the Arctic winter/spring stratosphere and the far‐reaching consequences of such extremes.

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Biases in the thermodynamic structure over the Southern Ocean in ERA5 and their radiative implications

AbstractThe thermodynamic structure of the lower troposphere in the 37 standard levels ERA5 reanalysis has been evaluated against 2,186 high‐resolution upper air soundings collected over the Southern Ocean (SO). The reanalysis, which incorporated these soundings, was found to be skilled in depicting the general synoptic meteorology and thermodynamic structure as defined by the cluster analysis of Truong et al. (2020) Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 125, e2020JD033214. Using dew‐point depression as a proxy for cloud, however, we found a significant reduction in the number of inferred cloud layers, which is inherited from a bias in the specific humidity in the ERA5 reanalysis, most notably over the high latitudes of the SO, where a multilayer cloud structure is frequently observed. The reanalysis was also found to have thinner inferred cloud geometric layer and shallower cloud top heights. Further analysis showed that the reanalysis displays a greater percentage of soundings having no inversion with this bias being more pronounced at high latitudes that tends to be associated with the colder sea surface temperature. While the statistics of the main inversion height are largely consistent, the average inversion strength in the ERA5 reanalysis is found to be weaker than the observations. We anticipate the 137‐level ERA5 reanalysis simulation yields a smoothed vertical structure, from which the 37 standard levels ERA5 reanalysis is linearly interpolated. An examination of the sensitivity of the radiative transfer to cloud macrophysics suggests that the correct representation of thin multiple cloud layers can help reduce the amount of downward shortwave surface radiation over the SO.

222Rn Activity Concentration Measurement and its Radiological Risks in the Environment of Barserin Village, Erbil-Iraq

222Rn Activity Concentration Measurement and its Radiological Risks in the Environment of Barserin Village, Erbil-Iraq

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Comments on “Stochastic TEC Structure Characterization” by Charles Rino, Yu Morton, Brian Breitsch, and Charles Carrano, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026958

AbstractRino et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026958) has recently explored the effects of refractive (total electron content [TEC]) and stochastic/diffractive (scintillation) on the GPS carrier phase observable, with the intent to show that the scintillation portion of the total ionospheric effect on the carrier phase is negligible. A major portion of the manuscript is based on “stochastic TEC,” a new term that is not well defined by the authors. If the authors meant this as variations in the phase that does not scale with carrier frequency, then it is not TEC at all. One cannot measure TEC, using phase, if the variations do not scale with frequency. In the data‐driven portion of the paper, there are claims and assumptions made that are incorrect, or not well explained. These include the claim that the TEC and scintillation portions of the carrier phase observable cannot be separated, but previous work has shown that it is possible (McCaffrey & Jayachandran, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ja025759); the use of the C/N0 in calculating the S4 scintillation index, despite C/N0's sensitivity to the phase and amplitude of the carrier; and the negligence of the higher‐order effects of the TEC calculation.

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Research Trends in the Remote Sensing of Phytoplankton Blooms: Results from Bibliometrics

Phytoplankton blooms have caused many serious public safety incidents and eco-environmental problems worldwide and became a focus issue for research. Accurate and rapid monitoring of phytoplankton blooms is critical for forecasting, treating, and management. With the advantages of large spatial coverage and high temporal resolution, remote sensing has been widely used to monitor phytoplankton blooms. Numerous advances have been made in the remote sensing of phytoplankton blooms, biomass, and phenology over the past several decades. To fully understand the development history, research hotspots, and future trends of remote-sensing technology in the study of phytoplankton blooms, we conducted a comprehensive review to systematically analyze the research trends in the remote sensing of phytoplankton blooms through bibliometrics. Our findings showed that research on the use of remote-sensing technology in this field increased substantially in the past 30 years. “Oceanography,” “Environmental Sciences,” and “Remote Sensing” are the most popular subject categories. Remote Sensing of Environment, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, and International Journal of Remote Sensing were the journals with the most published articles. The results of the analysis of international influence and cooperation showed that the United States had the greatest influence in this field and that the cooperation between China and the United States was the closest. The Chinese Academy of Sciences published the largest number of papers, reaching 542 articles. Keyword and topic analysis results showed that “phytoplankton,” “chlorophyll,” and “ocean” were the most frequently occurring keywords, while “eutrophication management and monitoring,” “climate change,” “lakes,” and “remote-sensing algorithms” were the most popular research topics in recent years. Researchers are now paying increasing attention to the phenological response of phytoplankton under the conditions of climate change and the application of new remote-sensing methods. With the development of new remote-sensing technology and the expansion of phytoplankton research, future research should focus on (1) accurate observation of phytoplankton blooms; (2) the traits of phytoplankton blooms; and (3) the drivers, early warning, and management of phytoplankton blooms. In addition, we discuss the future challenges and opportunities in the use of remote sensing in phytoplankton blooms. Our review will promote a deeper and wider understanding of the field.

Homo Sapiens Sapiens Progressive Defaunation During The Great Acceleration: The Cli-Fi Apocalypse Hypothesis

Homo Sapiens Sapiens Progressive Defaunation During The Great Acceleration: The Cli-Fi Apocalypse Hypothesis

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Plain Language Summary Required for Submission to Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

AbstractThe editors of JGR: Solid Earth announce that Plain Language Summaries will be required for all manuscripts.

Yield Function of the DOSimetry TELescope Count and Dose Rates Aboard the International Space Station

AbstractThe Earth is constantly hit by energetic particles originating from galactic sources. The flux of these particles is altered by the magnetized solar wind in the heliosphere and the Earth's magnetic field. For this reason, the ability of a particle to approach a spacecraft in low Earth orbit depends on its energy and the position of the spacecraft within the Earth's magnetosphere. Moreover, there are some areas (radiation belts) where the particles are trapped for a long time and, therefore, the flux of energetic particles is particularly high. Occasionally, solar energetic particles contribute to the energetic particle flux too. DOSimetry TELescope (DOSTEL) is one of the instruments aboard the International Space Station (ISS) that monitors the radiation field within the European module Columbus. Because being installed inside the ISS, particles produced by the interaction between the “primary” radiation and the ISS materials are also measured. To describe the observations in such a complex radiation field, we follow the method by Caballero‐Lopez and Moraal (2012, Journal of Geophysical Research, 117[A12], A12103. doi:10.1029/2012JA017794) to compute the so‐called yield function using precise measurements of the proton and helium energy spectra obtained by alpha magnet spectrometer and the systematic variation of the DOSTEL measurements within the Earth's magnetosphere.