Joseph Fourier Research Articles

Statins in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia and death: Still only a hope*

Medical Intensive Care Unit, Albert Michallon Hospital, UFR Medicine, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France, Equipe d'acceuil “Outcome of cancers and critical illness”, Integrated Research Center, Albert Bonniot Institute, La Tronche, France (Timsit) Physiology Department, Hospital Cochin, Pierre et Marie Curie University, APHP, Paris, France (Adrie) The authors have not disclosed any potential conflicts of interest.

The Warming papers: the scientific foundation for the climate change forecast

Preface. Part I Climate Physics. 1 The Effect. On the Temperatures of the Terrestrial Sphere and Interplanetary Space (Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1824)). 2 Wagging the Dog. On the Absorption and Radiation of Heat by Gases and Vapours, and on the Physical Connexion of Radiation, Absorption, and Conduction (John Tyndall (1861)). 3 By the Light of the Silvery Moon. On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground (Svante Arrhenius (1896)). 4 Radiative Transfer. The Influence of the 15 m Carbon-dioxide Band on the Atmospheric Infra-red Cooling Rate (G. N. Plass (1956)). 5 The Balance of Energy. Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Given Distribution of Relative Humidity (Syukuro Manabe and Richard T. Wetherald (1967)). The Effect of Solar Radiation Variations on the Climate of the Earth (M. I. Budyko (1968)). A Global Climatic Model Based on the Energy Balance of the Earth-Atmosphere System (William D. Sellers (1968)). 6 The Birth of the General Circulation Climate Model. The Effects of Doubling the CO2Concentration on the Climate of a General Circulation Model (Syukuro Manabe and Richard T. Wetherald (1975)). Climate Sensitivity: Analysis of Feedback Mechanisms (J. Hansen, A. Lacis, D. Rind, G. Russell, P. Stone, I. Fung, R. Ruedy, and J. Lerner (1984)). 7 Aerosols. Climate Response to Increasing Levels of Gases and Sulphate Aerosols (J. F. B. Mitchell, T. C. Johns, J. M. Gregory and S. F. B. Tett (1995)). 8 Ocean Heat Uptake and Committed Warming. Earth's Energy Imbalance: Confirmation and Implications (James Hansen, Larissa Nazarenko, Reto Ruedy, Makiko Sato, Josh Willis, Anthony Del Genio, Dorothy Koch, Andrew Lacis, Ken Lo, Surabi Menon, Tica Novakov, Judith Perlwitz, Gary Russell, Gavin A. Schmidt and Nicholas Tausnev (2005)). 9 Taking Earth's Temperature. Global Temperature Variations Between 1861 and 1984 (P. D. Jones, T. M. L. Wigley and P. B. Wright (1986)). Contribution of Stratospheric Cooling to Satellite-Inferred Troposphoric Temperature Trends (Qiang Fu, Celeste M. Johanson, Stephen G. Warren and Dian J. Seidel (2004)). Northern Hemisphere Temperatures During the Past Millennium: Inferences, Uncertainties, and Limitations (Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (1999)). 10 Ice Sheets and Sea Level. Surface Melt-Induced Acceleration of Greenland Ice-Sheet Flow (H. Jay Zwally, Waleed Abdalati, Tom Herring, Kristine Larson, Jack Saba and Konrad Steffen (2002)). 11 The Public Statement. Man-Made Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect (J. S. Sawyer (1972)). Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Scientific Assessment (Jule G. Charney, Akio Arakawa, D. James Baker, Bert Bolin, Robert E. Dickinson, Richard M. Goody, Cecil E. Leith, Henry M. Stommel and Carl I. Wunsch (1979)). Part II The Carbon Cycle. 12 The Sky is Rising! The Artificial Production of Carbon Dioxide and its Influence on Temperature (G. S. Callendar (1938)). 13 Denial and Acceptance. Carbon Dioxide Exchange Between Atmosphere and Ocean and the Question of an Increase of Atmospheric CO2during the Past Decades (Roger Revelle and Hans E. Suess (1957)). Distribution of Matter in the Sea and Atmosphere: Changes in the Carbon Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere and Sea due to Fossil Fuel Combustion (Bert Bolin and Erik Eriksson (1958)). 14 Bookends. The Concentration and Isotopic Abundances of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere (Charles D. Keeling (1960)). Is Carbon Dioxide from Fossil Fuel Changing Man's Environment? (Charles D. Keeling (1970)). 15 One If by Land. Changes of Land Biota and Their Importance for the Carbon Cycle (Bert Bolin (1977)). Observational Constraints on the Global Atmospheric CO2 Budget (Pieter P. Tans, Inez Y. Fung and Taro Takahashi (1990)). Acceleration of Global Warming Due to Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks in a Coupled Climate Model (Peter M. Cox, Richard A. Betts, Chris D. Jones, Steven A. Spall and Ian J. Totterdell (2000)). 16 Two If by Sea. Neutralization of Fossil Fuel CO2 by Marine Calcium Carbonate (W. S. Broecker and T. Takahashi (1977)). Effects of Fuel and Forest Conservation on Future Levels of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (James C. G. Walker and James F. Kasting (1992)). Abrupt Deep-Sea Warming, Palaeoceanographic Changes and Benthic Extinctions at the End of the Palaeocene (J. P. Kennett and L. D. Stott (1991)). 17 On Ocean pH. Anthropogenic Carbon and Ocean pH (Ken Caldeira and Michael E. Wickett (2003)). Reduced Calcification of Marine Plankton in Response to Increased Atmospheric CO2 (Ulf Riebesell, Ingrid Zondervan, Bjorn Rost, Philippe D. Tortell, Richard E. Zeebe and Francois M. M. Morel (2000)). 18 Tiny Bubbles. Evidence From Polar Ice Cores for the Increase in Atmospheric CO2 in the Past Two Centuries (A. Neftel, E. Moor, H. Oeschger and B. Stauffer (1985)). Vostok Ice Core Provides 160,000-Year Record of Atmospheric CO2(J. M. Barnola, D. Raynaud, Y. S. Korotkevich and C. Lorius (1987)). Index.

The continuing debate over the structure of cellulose: historical perspective and outlook

The crystalline structure of native cellulose, with its unique microfibrillar morphology resulting from a complex biogenesis mechanism, has not only been the most studied subject in polymer science, but is still generating great interest along with lively debates and controversies. This issue of Cellulose features such a debate in the form of two articles dealing with the conformational analysis of the glucosidic bond in the cellulose chains. This debate is but the latest incident in a long string of events, which represent the foundation of our current understanding of this important material. This makes this an opportune moment to reflect on some of the major milestones in the history of cellulose structure evaluation, which also often involved debates and controversies. It was in 1913, i.e. close to one century ago, that Nishikawa and Ono showed the first diffraction patterns of two cellulose-based plant materials, namely bamboo and hemp, taking advantage of the discovery of the interference phenomena of X-rays reported 1 year earlier by Laue, Friedrich and Knipping. Following this early report, diffraction diagrams of a large number of cellulose materials were duly recorded and subjected to analysis, as it was felt that the knowledge of the crystalline structure of cellulose was of great importance for the development and improvement of cellulose-based products. While recording diffraction patterns of these specimens, it was soon realized that even the X-ray data sets of the most crystalline samples remained limited and it was therefore hard to deduce from them alone the required structural details. It is only when the diffraction data could be complemented by the occurrence of new techniques that substantial advances toward the structural description of cellulose could be made. The sequential emergence of such techniques explains the succession of steps leading to the present understanding. In the progress toward the molecular description of the crystal structure of cellulose from X-ray diffraction data, a first landmark was the incorporation of the stereochemistry of the glucosyl moieties in the molecular models built by, among others, Meyer and Mark (1928), later revised by Meyer and Misch (1937), who presented a model where the crystal of cellulose consisted of two antiparallel chains. This last model, which remained the established standard for at least two decades, was confronted with a series of conflicting data, resulting from new techniques. In 1958, the recording of electron diffraction diagrams of frozen Valonia cell wall fragments allowed Honjo and Watanabe to obtain diffraction data sets far better H. Chanzy—affiliated with the Universite Joseph Fourier and member of the Institut de Chimie Moleculaire de Grenoble.

Reading the mind's eye: online detection of visual imagery in the inferior temporal lobe, physiology and BCI applications

Event Abstract Back to Event Reading the mind's eye: online detection of visual imagery in the inferior temporal lobe, physiology and BCI applications Carlos M. Hamame1*, Juan R. Vidal1, Tomas Ossandon1, Karim Jerbi1, Sarang S. Dalal1, Lorella Minnotti2, Olivier Bertrand1, Philippe Kahane2 and Jean-Philippe Lachaux1 1 Brain Dynamics and Cognition, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, France 2 Neurology Department, Grenoble University Hospital, INSERM U836, Grenoble Neuroscience Institute, University Joseph Fourier, Spain Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology can offer patients with severe motor impairments an opportunity to improve the communication and interaction with their environment. The voluntary control of attention to stabilize a given mental process is the most effective cognitive strategy for operating BCIs. Here we tested the potential of visual imagery as a way to move forward novel BCI systems that could convert 'visual thoughts into actions'. We analyzed intracerebral EEG recordings from the left inferior temporal lobe of an epileptic patient during working memory tasks and mental imagery. We found that high frequency gamma-band activity [50 Hz-150 Hz] in the inferior temporal gyrus increased with memory load only during visuo-spatial, but not verbal, working memory. Using a real-time set-up to measure and visualize gamma-band activity online- BrainTV- we found a systematic activity increase in that site when the patient was thinking about a letter (visual imagery), but no when she was perceiving letters (visual stimulation). In contrast, only 7 mm more medially, neurons located in the fusiform gyrus exhibited a complete opposite pattern, responding to visually presented letters, but no during imagery or visuo-spatial working memory maintenance. We conclude that neural networks supporting imagination of a visual element are not necessarily the same underlying perception of that element. Additionally, we present evidences that gamma-band activity in the inferior temporal lobe can be used for novel BCIs controlled by visual thoughts and also as a direct measure of the efficiency of top-down attention control over visual areas. Keywords: EEG, Intra-cranial Electrophysiology Conference: XI International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON XI), Palma, Mallorca, Spain, 25 Sep - 29 Sep, 2011. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Abstracts Citation: Hamame CM, Vidal JR, Ossandon T, Jerbi K, Dalal SS, Minnotti L, Bertrand O, Kahane P and Lachaux J (2011). Reading the mind's eye: online detection of visual imagery in the inferior temporal lobe, physiology and BCI applications. Conference Abstract: XI International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON XI). doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2011.207.00057 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 15 Nov 2011; Published Online: 25 Nov 2011. * Correspondence: Dr. Carlos M Hamame, Brain Dynamics and Cognition, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, Lyon, France, carlos.hamame@inserm.fr Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Carlos M Hamame Juan R Vidal Tomas Ossandon Karim Jerbi Sarang S Dalal Lorella Minnotti Olivier Bertrand Philippe Kahane Jean-Philippe Lachaux Google Carlos M Hamame Juan R Vidal Tomas Ossandon Karim Jerbi Sarang S Dalal Lorella Minnotti Olivier Bertrand Philippe Kahane Jean-Philippe Lachaux Google Scholar Carlos M Hamame Juan R Vidal Tomas Ossandon Karim Jerbi Sarang S Dalal Lorella Minnotti Olivier Bertrand Philippe Kahane Jean-Philippe Lachaux PubMed Carlos M Hamame Juan R Vidal Tomas Ossandon Karim Jerbi Sarang S Dalal Lorella Minnotti Olivier Bertrand Philippe Kahane Jean-Philippe Lachaux Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Sampling in ecology and evolution – bridging the gap between theory and practice

Sampling is a key issue for answering most ecological and evolutionary questions. The importance of developing a rigorous sampling design tailored to specific questions has already been discussed in the ecological and sampling literature and has provided useful tools and recommendations to sample and analyse ecological data. However, sampling issues are often difficult to overcome in ecological studies due to apparent inconsistencies between theory and practice, often leading to the implementation of simplified sampling designs that suffer from unknown biases. Moreover, we believe that classical sampling principles which are based on estimation of means and variances are insufficient to fully address many ecological questions that rely on estimating relationships between a response and a set of predictor variables over time and space. Our objective is thus to highlight the importance of selecting an appropriate sampling space and an appropriate sampling design. We also emphasize the importance of using prior knowledge of the study system to estimate models or complex parameters and thus better understand ecological patterns and processes generating these patterns. Using a semi‐virtual simulation study as an illustration we reveal how the selection of the space (e.g. geographic, climatic), in which the sampling is designed, influences the patterns that can be ultimately detected. We also demonstrate the inefficiency of common sampling designs to reveal response curves between ecological variables and climatic gradients. Further, we show that response‐surface methodology, which has rarely been used in ecology, is much more efficient than more traditional methods. Finally, we discuss the use of prior knowledge, simulation studies and model‐based designs in defining appropriate sampling designs. We conclude by a call for development of methods to unbiasedly estimate nonlinear ecologically relevant parameters, in order to make inferences while fulfilling requirements of both sampling theory and field work logistics.

Thermal conductivity through the 19th century

From 1807 to 1811, Joseph Fourier conducted experiments and devised mathematical techniques that together yielded the first estimate of a material’s thermal conductivity. His methodology has influenced all subsequent work.

Cellulose Nanocrystals: Chemistry, Self-Assembly, and Applications

Cellulose constitutes the most abundant renewable polymer resource available today. As a chemical raw material, it is generally well-known that it has been used in the form of fibers or derivatives for nearly 150 years for a wide spectrum of products and materials in daily life. What has not been known until relatively recently is that when cellulose fibers are subjected to acid hydrolysis, the fibers yield defect-free, rod-like crystalline residues. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNs) have garnered in the materials community a tremendous level of attention that does not appear to be relenting. These biopolymeric assemblies warrant such attention not only because of their unsurpassed quintessential physical and chemical properties (as will become evident in the review) but also because of their inherent renewability and sustainability in addition to their abundance. They have been the subject of a wide array of research efforts as reinforcing agents in nanocomposites due to their low cost, availability, renewability, light weight, nanoscale dimension, and unique morphology. Indeed, CNs are the fundamental constitutive polymeric motifs of macroscopic cellulosic-based fibers whose sheer volume dwarfs any known natural or synthetic biomaterial. Biopolymers such as cellulose and lignin and † North Carolina State University. ‡ Helsinki University of Technology. Dr. Youssef Habibi is a research assistant professor at the Department of Forest Biomaterials at North Carolina State University. He received his Ph.D. in 2004 in organic chemistry from Joseph Fourier University (Grenoble, France) jointly with CERMAV (Centre de Recherche sur les Macromolecules Vegetales) and Cadi Ayyad University (Marrakesh, Morocco). During his Ph.D., he worked on the structural characterization of cell wall polysaccharides and also performed surface chemical modification, mainly TEMPO-mediated oxidation, of crystalline polysaccharides, as well as their nanocrystals. Prior to joining NCSU, he worked as assistant professor at the French Engineering School of Paper, Printing and Biomaterials (PAGORA, Grenoble Institute of Technology, France) on the development of biodegradable nanocomposites based on nanocrystalline polysaccharides. He also spent two years as postdoctoral fellow at the French Institute for Agricultural Research, INRA, where he developed new nanostructured thin films based on cellulose nanowiskers. Dr. Habibi’s research interests include the sustainable production of materials from biomass, development of high performance nanocomposites from lignocellulosic materials, biomass conversion technologies, and the application of novel analytical tools in biomass research. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 3479–3500 3479

Fourier synthesis.

When two or more simple sound waves that differ in frequency and amplitude are added together, a complex wave is generated. This is called Fourier synthesis, named after a French mathematician Joseph Fourier. Many sounds we hear every day are complex waves. For example, the sound wave produced by the vowel “ah” is a complex wave. By combining simple waves with appropriate values, we can generate speech with a computer. In this experiment, you will synthesize a complex sound wave by adding two or more pure tones using a computer program. The ultimate goal here is to create a complex tone that sounds like the vowel ah. You will learn important acoustic components used in speech sounds.

On the origin of ‘the greenhouse effect’: John Tyndall's 1859 interrogation of nature

150 years ago this month, on Wednesday, 18th May 1859, after a full day’s work in the basement laboratory at the Royal Institution in central London, the 38-year-old Irish scientist John Tyndall wrote in his journal: Experimented all day; the subject is completely in my hands! Tyndall had been experimenting with the absorptive properties of gases and vapours with a view to testing the idea that different gases, commonly found in the Earth’s atmosphere, absorbed differing amounts of radiant heat (i.e. longwave infrared radiation). This was the idea that the physicist Joseph Fourier had articulated more than 30 years earlier and on which Claude Pouillet had more recently elaborated. But no one had demonstrated experimentally such a phenomenon existed. If true, the idea could help explain how the temperature of this, and other planets, was regulated. Tyndall’s experiments in May 1859, which he further refined for several years afterwards, established for the first time that molecules of gases, such as water vapour, carbon dioxide and methane, do indeed absorb more energy than oxygen and nitrogen when radiant heat is passed through them. Less than four weeks after declaring success in his journal, on Friday, 10th June, at an evening meeting of the Royal Institution with Prince Albert, the Prince Consort, in the chair, John Tyndall offered the first public, experimentally based account of what has become known as the greenhouse effect. This physical basis for anthropogenic global warming was established six months before Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species which laid the biological basis for life’s evolutionary diversity. This short article offers an account of Tyndall’s ground-breaking experiments 150 years ago and remarks on their significance for later discussions about climate change.

Linear and nonlinear waves

The study of waves can be traced back to antiquity where philosophers, such as Pythagoras (c.560-480 BC), studied the relation of pitch and length of string in musical instruments. However, it was not until the work of Giovani Benedetti (1530-90), Isaac Beeckman (1588-1637) and Galileo (1564-1642) that the relationship between pitch and frequency was discovered. This started the science of acoustics, a term coined by Joseph Sauveur (1653-1716) who showed that strings can vibrate simultaneously at a fundamental frequency and at integral multiples that he called harmonics. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) was the first to calculate the speed of sound in his Principia. However, he assumed isothermal conditions so his value was too low compared with measured values. This discrepancy was resolved by Laplace (1749-1827) when he included adiabatic heating and cooling effects. The first analytical solution for a vibrating string was given by Brook Taylor (1685-1731). After this, advances were made by Daniel Bernoulli (1700-82), Leonard Euler (1707-83) and Jean d’Alembert (1717-83) who found the first solution to the linear wave equation, see section (3.2). Whilst others had shown that a wave can be represented as a sum of simple harmonic oscillations, it was Joseph Fourier (1768-1830) who conjectured that arbitrary functions can be represented by the superposition of an infinite sum of sines and cosines now known as the Fourier series. However, whilst his conjecture was controversial and not widely accepted at the time, Dirichlet subsequently provided a proof, in 1828, that all functions satisfying Dirichlet’s conditions (i.e. non-pathological piecewise continuous) could be represented by a convergent Fourier series. Finally, the subject of classical acoustics was laid down and presented as a coherent whole by John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh, 1832-1901) in his treatise Theory of Sound. The science of modern acoustics has now moved into such diverse areas as sonar, auditoria, electronic amplifiers, etc.

Ynol Ethers from Dichloroenol Ethers: Mechanistic Elucidation Through 35Cl Labeling

The mechanism of ynol ether formation from dichloroenol ethers, a decades-old transformation, has been studied by experimental and theoretical techniques to determine the relative importance of the Fritsch-Buttenberg-Wichell rearrangement (alpha-elimination) and beta-elimination in the evolution of the intermediate carbenoid.

Derepression in the Desert: The Third Workshop on Clinical Translation of Epigenetics in Cancer Therapeutics

In the past decade, the scientific and medical community has witnessed dramatic progress in epigenetics and has begun to understand some of the epigenetic mechanisms that contribute to human disease, particularly cancer. In January 2007, the third biannual workshop on Clinical Translation of

Probing Exciton Diffusion in Semiconductors Using Semiconductor‐Nanorod Quantum Structures

SmallVolume 4, Issue 4 p. 467-470 Communication Probing Exciton Diffusion in Semiconductors Using Semiconductor-Nanorod Quantum Structures† Jinkyoung Yoo, Jinkyoung Yoo National CRI Center for Semiconductor Nanorods and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, POSTECH San 31, Hyojadong, Pohang 790784, (Korea)Search for more papers by this authorGyu-Chul Yi, Corresponding Author Gyu-Chul Yi [email protected] National CRI Center for Semiconductor Nanorods and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, POSTECH San 31, Hyojadong, Pohang 790784, (Korea) Gyu-Chul Yi, National CRI Center for Semiconductor Nanorods and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, POSTECH San 31, Hyojadong, Pohang 790784, (Korea). Le Si Dang, Institut Néel, CNRS and Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 38042, (France).Search for more papers by this authorLe Si Dang, Corresponding Author Le Si Dang [email protected] Institut Néel, CNRS and Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 38042, (France) Gyu-Chul Yi, National CRI Center for Semiconductor Nanorods and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, POSTECH San 31, Hyojadong, Pohang 790784, (Korea). Le Si Dang, Institut Néel, CNRS and Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 38042, (France).Search for more papers by this author Jinkyoung Yoo, Jinkyoung Yoo National CRI Center for Semiconductor Nanorods and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, POSTECH San 31, Hyojadong, Pohang 790784, (Korea)Search for more papers by this authorGyu-Chul Yi, Corresponding Author Gyu-Chul Yi [email protected] National CRI Center for Semiconductor Nanorods and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, POSTECH San 31, Hyojadong, Pohang 790784, (Korea) Gyu-Chul Yi, National CRI Center for Semiconductor Nanorods and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, POSTECH San 31, Hyojadong, Pohang 790784, (Korea). Le Si Dang, Institut Néel, CNRS and Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 38042, (France).Search for more papers by this authorLe Si Dang, Corresponding Author Le Si Dang [email protected] Institut Néel, CNRS and Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 38042, (France) Gyu-Chul Yi, National CRI Center for Semiconductor Nanorods and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, POSTECH San 31, Hyojadong, Pohang 790784, (Korea). Le Si Dang, Institut Néel, CNRS and Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 38042, (France).Search for more papers by this author First published: 23 April 2008 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200701293Citations: 24 † We thank Dr. J.-D. Ganière at Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne for fruitful discussions. This study was financially supported by the National Creative Research Initiative Project (R16-2004-004-01001-0) of the Korea Science and Engineering Foundations (KOSEF), and partly supported by the Korea Foundation for International Co-operation of Science and Technology (KICOS) through a grant provided by the Korean Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) in 2007 (No. M60605000007-06A500-00710). We acknowledge support by the Université Joseph Fourier and by the LIA CNRS-KIST Center for Photonics and Nanostructures. Université Joseph Fourier supported the 3-month stay of Prof. G.-C. Yi in Grenoble. We also thank POSTECH NANOFORUM for many discussions. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume4, Issue4April 2008Pages 467-470 RelatedInformation

2007 Annual Meeting of the National Lung Cancer Partnership: A Summary of Meeting Highlights

This report presents highlights from The National Lung Cancer Partnership's Annual Meeting, held in June 2007 in Chicago. It discusses recent refinements in the histologic, genetic, and epigenetic subtyping of lung cancers and suggests reasons why certain therapies benefit only a subset of lung cancer patients. It also describes new molecular data about the subtype-specific differences in drug resistance among bronchioloalveolar-associated non-small cell lung cancers and discusses strategies to avoid or tackle specific drug-resistant tumors. Finally, it describes new findings about epigenetic differences-specifically in DNA hypermethylation-among lung tumors, including some male/female differences, which may prove useful as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of response to treatments.

The acoustic origins of harmonic analysis

In music, harmony refers to a pleasant combination of sounds. In mathematics, a harmonic function is a sine function obtained by projecting a circular motion on a diameter, and harmonic analysis is the theory of the development of periodic functions into harmonic components, or the theory of similar developments. The occurrence of the same word in musical and mathematical contexts is neither a coincidence nor a purely metaphorical effect. As is well known, in the mid-nineteenth century Hermann Helmholtz connected the two meanings through the idea that the ear functions as a harmonic analyzer in a physico-mathematical sense.1 This formulation of Helmholtz’s achievement suggests that harmonic analysis preceded its acoustic and musical application. So does too the fact that Joseph Fourier’s foundation of this kind of analysis had to do with heat rather

第12回国際伝熱会議 (Grenoble, 2002) におけるSung Tack Ro教授の特別講義: “Joseph Fourier: The Man and His Achievements”

第12回国際伝熱会議 (Grenoble, 2002) におけるSung Tack Ro教授の特別講義: “Joseph Fourier: The Man and His Achievements”

Fourier

This article reviews profile of Joseph Fourier, a French mathematician, who was a true father of modern engineering. Concepts that engineers use every day—as fundamental as the homogeneity of equations and the heat transfer coefficient—were pioneered by Fourier. Fourier’s contributions to engineering science, many of which were presented in his 1822 book, The Analytical Theory of Heat, include the original view of dimensional homogeneity. The heat transfer science it presented has been handed down to us virtually unchanged, and has served as a model for other branches of engineering. Fourier’s contemporaries forestalled the general publication of his work for 15 years while they claimed to find fault with it. They ultimately accepted his revolutionary view of homogeneity, solely because he was able to solve many practical and theoretical problems that had never been solved. He attributed his success to the homogeneity in his equations.

The evolution of applied harmonic analysis: models of the real world

Foreword (R. Bracewell) Preface Joseph Fourier: The Man and the Mathematician Introduction to Harmonic Analysis Telecommunications and Space Exploration Fourier Optics and the Synchrotron Light Sound, Music and Computers Crystallography: Proteins and DNA Structure Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: Imaging and Spectroscopy Computerized Tomography and the Radon Transform Radioastronomy and Modern Cosmology Bibliography Index

Is the greenhouse theory a fallacy? A paleontological paradox

Over a hundred years ago, Svante Arrhenius (1896), building on earlier work of the French physicist Joseph Fourier, Tyndall (1861), Langley (1884), and others, was the first to model quantitatively the effects of changes in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide on climate (Uppenbrink, 1996; Fleming, 1998). A “greenhouse theory”, or “hothouse theory” as it was then called (Arrhenius, 1908), thus was born and has stood the test of time pretty well since its 19th-century origins, despite falling out of favor for a brief period between 1900 and 1940 (Fleming, 1998). Quaternary ice-core records, now spanning four complete glacial-interglacial cycles (Petit et al., 1997), have provided the strongest support, to date, for the role of greenhouse gasses as primary drivers of global climate change rather than as mere feedback effects (Shackleton, 2000). A number of recent publications based on paleontological and geochemical proxy data sets, however, have challenged the notion that climate and atmospheric CO2 have been coupled throughout pre-Quaternary time (Pagani et al., 1999; Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Viezer et al., 2000; Royer et al., 2001). Intervals of extreme global warmth, such as the late Paleocene and early Eocene, appear to be associated with relatively low ambient CO2 concentrations (Royer et al., 2001), invoking alternative or additional mechanisms, such as altered ocean circulation, for high-latitude warmth during this interval. Similarly, the mid-Miocene climatic optimum (∼ 17 to ∼15 Ma), according to some proxy CO2 records, was not associated with high concentrations of greenhouse gasses (Pagani et al., 1999; Pearson and Palmer, 2000), but rather with concentrations lower than today. An apparent paradox has emerged—the pre-Quaternary history of CO2 and climate interaction, which once appeared to be relatively well coupled based on temporal correlation of …

No Antioxidant Effect of Combined HRT on LDL Oxidizability and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Treated Post-Menopausal Women

Objective: To compare oxidative stress and LDL oxidizability in postmenopausal women with and without HRT.Methods: In a cross sectional study, two groups of women, with or without combined per os HRT (1.5–2 mg estrogen associated with 10 mg dydrogesteron), were age and duration of menopause matched. Women were recruited after medical examination at LBSO (Oxidative Stress Laboratory), Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, and Department of Gynecology, Grenoble University Hospital, France. Main outcome measures included determination of lipid profile and oxidative stress biomarkers (TBARS, LDL oxidizability, auto-antibodies against oxidized-LDL). Measurement of circulating levels of vitamin C, E, β-carotene, lycopene and total antioxidant plasma capacity.Results: HRT led to decreased plasma total and LDL cholesterol (p < 0.05), but did not affect oxidizability and oxidation of LDL. Circulating levels of antioxidant vitamins (β-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E/triglycerides) and total antioxidant capacity of plasma and lipid peroxidation, assessed by plasma TBARs, were not different from controls in postmenopausal women receiving HRT.Conclusion: This study suggests that even if combined HRT modifies the blood lipid profile, it does not appear to influence oxidative status.