Jones Dole Coefficient Research Articles

Viscometric, ultrasonic and FTIR approach of streptomycin sulphate in the aqueous medium of K3Cit and Na3Cit at various temperatures: A Drug-Drug intermolecular interaction study

The effect of electrolyte on antibiotic drug streptomycin sulfate has been investigated at five temperatures (298.15–318.15) K and 0.1 MPa atmospheric pressure. The influence of concentrations and temperatures on the viscometric and ultrasonic properties of K3Cit and Na3Cit with water has been studied. The experimentally obtained data of ultrasonic speed (u) and viscosity (η) of the solutions have been used to evaluate different parameters at the studied temperatures. A, called the Falkenhagen coefficient, and B, is the Jones-Dole coefficient, transfer viscosity B-Coefficient, ΔtrB, at various temperatures (298.15–318.15) K were assessed by viscosity data. The ultrasonic data and the parameter for instance apparent molar isentropic compressibility,Kϕ,S, limiting apparent molar isentropic compressibility,Kϕ,S0, and limiting apparent molar isentropic compressibility of transfer, ΔtrKϕ,S0 have been analysed to study the presence of molecular interactions at different temperatures. The spectroscopic data have been used to know the existence of Hydrogen-bonding and other types of solute and solvent interactions in the solution. All these parameters have been taken to observe the different forces of attraction, association, dissociation, and structure-making/breaking properties of the drug streptomycin sulphate in the K3Cit + Water and Na3Cit + Water solutions at said temperatures.

Viscometric and Thermodynamic Studies of D-Galactose and D-Maltose in Sodium Sulfide Solution (0.25M) at Different Temperatures

Densities ρ and Viscosities ŋ of D-Galactose and D-Maltose (0.05-0.4)M in aqueous solution (0.25) M of Na2S at 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15K have been measured. From these experimental data, apparent molal Volume Limiting Apparent Molal Volume ( ) ,The slope ( ) , Jones-Dole coefficient A and B, The free energy of activation of viscous flow (ΔG*), The enthalpies (ΔH*) and Entropies (ΔS*) were calculated, A values compatible with the ( ) values of weak solute-solute interaction while B came with positive and high,which indicating the strength of the reciprocal interaction type solute-solvent. This serves to strengthen of the structure of solvent. due to hydrophobic hydration and hydrogen bonding between solute and water , sodium sulfide molecules and on the other hand the water molecules rearranges toward formation of a local cage like (clathrates) structure surrounding each solute molecule

Interaction Studies of Chlorpheniramine Maleate in Mono and Dihydric Alcohols by Density, Viscosity, and HPLC Methods

The examination of a drug in water and other aqueous systems gives insight into the chemistry of biological systems. This work aims to study the physico-chemical properties of chlorpheniramine maleate (drug) in water and aq-MeOH/EG (mono/dihydric alcohols) systems at different temperatures by using different techniques. Densities and viscosities of chlorpheniramine maleate in water and also in MeOH/EG aqueous solutions have been measured over a temperature range of 298.15 to 318.15 K. Number of several parameters, i.e., apparent molar volume (ϕv), partial molar volume (ϕvo), Hepler’s constant (∂CΡ/∂Ρ)T, Falkenhagen coefficient (A), and Jones-Dole coefficient (B) have been calculated by using experimentally measured density and viscosity values. The mentioned calculated parameters were found to be valuable in perceiving drug-drug and drug-solvent interactions. Moreover, one of the liquid chromatographic techniques such as RP-HPLC has also been performed, and the outcomes supported the conclusion procured from the volumetric and viscometric studies. Drug interactions help to understand their behavior in different solvent systems during drug development.

Limiting apparent molar volumes, limiting apparent molar isentropic compressions, transfer parameters and transition state theory for ternary mixtures of Gly-Gly-Gly in aqueous solutions of ascorbic acid at temperatures between (298.15 and 318.15) K

Density, speed of sound, viscosity parameters were measured for glyclyl-glycyl-glycine in aqueous molal solutions of ascorbic acid were reported at condition of pressure (=0.1 MPa) and temperature (ranging 298.15–318.15) K. The results of thermophysical properties were obtained in the molality range (0.0499 to 0.3998) mol·kg−1 for glycyl-glycyl-glycine and of (0.1942, 0.3773, 0.5504, 0.7142) mol·kg−1 for ascorbic acid. The various thermophysical parameters like apparent molar volume, apparent molar isentropic compression, limiting apparent molar volumes, limiting apparent molar isentropic compression, empirical-interaction coefficients, transfer parameters (from volumetric and acoustic data), Falkenhagen coefficient, Jones-Dole coefficient, and dB/dT (first derivative of B-coefficient were computed with the help of experimental values. Also, the Gibbs free energy of activation of solvent and solute were calculated and explained with the help of transition state theory. The studied thermophysical parameters at different temperatures and molal concentrations were explained from the point of view of solute–solute and solute–solvent interactions and their structural effects.

Study on the physico-chemical properties of binary and ternary mixtures of diclofenac potassium, water and nicotinamide at T = (298.15–313.15) K

A study on the drugs physicochemical properties in aqueous and aqueous hydrotropic agent media in relation to the change in concentration and temperature was performed. To relieve pain and swelling from various painful health conditions, diclofenac potassium is prescribed depending on health condition, response to treatment, and medications other than this if continuing. This article aims to interpret different interactions prevailing in drug solutions for which NSAID, diclofenac potassium is chosen as the drug solute. Water and aqueous 1 M nicotinamide are the solvents chosen for the investigation of the molecular interactions. The experimental density values were obtained using a specific gravity bottle and were used to calculate various volumetric properties including apparent molar volume (Vϕ), partial molar volume (Vϕ0), apparent molar expansibility (Eϕ) and limiting apparent molar expansibility (Eϕ0). The viscosity results were examined using the Jones-Dole relation and from which AF (Falkenhagen coefficient) and BJ(Jones-Dole coefficient) are evaluated and discussed. The variations of these parameters were analyzed with respect to temperature and concentration to shed light on different molecular interactions.

Determination of Solute-Solute and Solute-Solvent Interaction of Pyrimidine-5-Carbonitrile in Aqueous DMSO at 298.15 K

Introduction: In this reported work, we have used 80 % aqueous dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) for density and viscosity measurement of pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile at 298.15 K. The obtained experimental results show that as concentration increases density and viscosity increases. From the results of density and viscosity, we have found apparent molar volume, limiting apparent molar volume, semi-empirical parameters, Falkenhagen coefficients and Jones Dole coefficients. Method: The apparent molar volume and limiting apparent molar volume having negative values indicated electostrictive solvation of ions and weak or absence of ion solvent interactions respectively. Result & Discussion : Falkenhagen coefficients are independent of concentration and possess positive values that shows strong solute-solute interactions. Jones-Dole coefficient with negative value shows weak solute-solvent interactions. The strong solute-solute interactions were present in A-1 as compared to A-2 compound because of the high electronegativity of oxygen atom. These parameters provides information about the type of the molecular interactions such as solute-solute, solute-solvent and solvent-solvent. Conclusion: We have reported density and viscosity study of 4-amino-2-hydroxy-6- phenylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile and 4-amino-2-mercapto-6-phenylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile in 80 % aqueous DMSO solution at 298.15 K. A stronger molecular association is observed in A-2 than A-1 shown by negative values of Øv.

Probing interactions and hydration behaviour of drug sodium salicylate in aqueous solutions of D-xylose/L-arabinose: Volumetric, acoustic and viscometric approaches

The solute–solute and solute–solvent interactions of drug sodium salicylate in aqueous-carbohydrate solutions are investigated using experimentally measured densities, ρ, ultrasonic speeds, u and viscosities, η of the drug sodium salicylate in water and in aqueous−D-xylose/L-arabinose (5% and 10% D-xylose/L-arabinose in water, w/w) solvents at temperatures (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15) K and at atmospheric pressure. The ρ, u and η data were used to calculate the apparent molar volumes, Vϕ, limiting apparent molar volumes, Vϕ°, limiting apparent molar expansibilities, Eϕ°, apparent molar compressibilities, Ks,ϕ, limiting apparent molar compressibilities, Ks,ϕ° along with the transfer volumes, Vϕ,tr° and transfer compressibilities, Ks,ϕ,tr°. Furthermore, Falkenhagen coefficient A, Jones-Dole coefficient B, free energy of activation of viscous flow per mole of solvent, Δμ1°# and per mole of solute, Δμ2°#, enthalpies, ΔH°# and entropies, ΔS°#of activation of viscous flow were obtained from the viscosity data. The observed trends in these properties as function of temperature and composition were analysed in terms of molecular interactions amongst the solute and solvent molecules. The results are discussed in terms of hydrophilic-hydrophilic and hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactions in these systems along with the structure breaking/making ability of the drug.

Interactions of some α-amino acids with antibacterial drug gentamicin sulphate in aqueous medium probed by using physicochemical approaches

The amino acid-drug interactions have been examined by using measurements of physical properties, such as densities, ρ, ultrasonic speeds, u and viscosities, η of glycine, l-alanine, l-valine and l-isoleucine in aqueous-gentamicin sulphate solvents at the temperatures from 293.15 to 318.15 K with intervals of 5 K. The ρ data are used to calculate the apparent molar properties, Vϕ, Vϕ° and the transfer volumes, Vϕ,tr°. From the u data, the apparent molar isentropic compressibilities, Ks,ϕ, Ks,ϕ° and the transfer compressibilities, Ks,ϕ,tr° have been evaluated. The η data were used to evaluate Falkenhagen coefficient, A, Jones-Dole coefficient, B. The enthalpies, ΔH°# and entropies, ΔS°# and activation parameters, Δμ1°# and Δμ2°# of viscous flow were also calculated. The effect of concentration, temperature and solute structure were discussed in terms of solute-solvent and solute-solute interactions prevailing in these systems. The structure making/breaking ability of amino acids has also been examined using temperature derivative of B-coefficient, dB/dT. In addition, the values of Vϕ°, Ks,ϕ°, B and Δμ2°# have also been split into groups’ contributions of the amino acids.

Study of Molecular Interaction for Antibiotic Drug with Sugar Solutions at Different Temperature

The interactions of drug amoxicillin with maltose or galactose solutions with a variation of temperature have been discussed by taking in the volumetric and viscometric procedures. Physical properties [densities (ρ) and viscosities (η)] of amoxicillin (AMOX) aqueous solutions and aqueous solutions of two type saccharides (maltose and galactose 0.05m) have been measured at T = (298.15, 303.15 and 308.15) K under atmospheric pressure. The apparent molar volume (ϕv cm3mole-1) has been evaluated from density data and fitted to a Redlich-Mayer equation. The empirical parameters of the Mayer-Redlich equation and apparent molar volume at infinite dilution Ø°v were explicated in terms of interactions from type solute-solvent and solute–solute interactions. Transfer molar volume ΔtraØ°v for AMOX from water to aqueous maltose and galactose solutions were calculated to comprehend different interactions in the ternary solutions. Limiting apparent molar expansibility (Ø°E) and Hepler’s coefficient was also calculated to indicate the structure making ability of AMOX in the ternary solutions. Jones–Dole coefficient B and A have been calculated from viscosity data by employing the Jones–Dole equation. The free energy of activation of viscous flow per mole of the solute (Δμ°2*) and solvent (Δμ°1*) have been explained on the basis of the Eyring and Feakins equation.

Study to reconnoiter solvation consequences of l-arginine/l-histidine and sodium salicylate in aqueous environment probed by physicochemical approach in the temperature range (293.15–318.15) K

Abstract The densities, ρ, ultrasonic speeds, u and viscosities, η of l-arginine and l-histidine in aqueous-sodium salicylate (1% and 2% sodium salicylate in water, w/w) solvents were measured at temperatures (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15) K and at atmospheric pressure in seven different concentrations. The experimental density data have been used to calculate the apparent molar volume, Vϕ, limiting apparent molar volume, Vϕ° and transfer volume, Vϕ, tr°. Likewise from the ultrasonic speed data, different thermo-acoustical parameters, such as apparent molar compressibility, Ks,ϕ, limiting apparent molar compressibility, Ks, ϕ° and transfer compressibility, Ks, ϕ, tr° have been evaluated. The viscosity data have been used to determine Falkenhagen Coefficient, A, Jones-Dole coefficient, B, free energy of activation of viscous flow per mole of solvent, Δμ1°# and solute, Δμ2°#, entropies, ΔS°# and enthalpies, ΔH°# of activation of viscous flow. These parameters have been discussed in light of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions prevailing in these solutions and their variations are revealed to get the basic picture of the molecular interactions occurring in the systems studied. The negative values of dB/dT favour structure making behavior of amino acids in aqueous solutions of sodium salicylate. The free energy parameters indicate the formation of transition state in the presence of amino acids.

Correlation between physicochemical properties and non-covalent interactions involving l-arginine/l-histidine and semicarbazide hydrochloride at temperatures from 293.15 to 318.15 K

Physicochemical properties and the nature of interaction of drug-amino acid have been investigated from the experimentally measured values of densities, ρ, ultrasonic speed, u and viscosities, η of l-arginine and l-histidine in aqueous-semicarbazide hydrochloride (1 wt% and 2 wt% semicarbazide hydrochloride in water, w/w) solvents over the temperature range of 293.15 K to 318.15 K at an interval of 5 K and at atmospheric pressure. From the experimental densities, the apparent molar volume, Vφ, limiting apparent molar volume, Vϕo and transfer volume, Vϕ,tro were obtained. Further from the ultrasonic data, thermo-acoustical parameters, such as apparent molar compressibility, Ks,ϕ, limiting apparent molar compressibility, Ks,ϕo and transfer compressibility, Ks,ϕ,tr° have been evaluated. The viscosity data have been used to determine Falkenhagen Coefficient, A, Jones-Dole coefficient, B, free energy of activation of viscous flow per mole of solvent, Δμ1o# and solute, Δμ2o#, entropies, ΔSo# and enthalpies, ΔHo# of activation of viscous flow. The results have been interpreted in terms of plausible molecular interactions. The cosphere overlap model has been used to interpret the positive Vϕ,tro values. These amino acids act as structure maker in aqueous-semicarbazide hydrochloride solvents.

Electrochemical characterization of mixed matrix electrodialysis cation exchange membrane incorporated with carbon nanofibers for desalination

A new type of electrodialysis mixed matrix (MM) cation exchange membrane was prepared by incorporating carbon nanofibers (CNFs) into membrane matrix. The microscopy images showed uniform surface for the membrane relatively. The use of CNFs into membrane body enhanced membrane surface hydrophilicity, potential, transport number, permselectivity, and ionic conductivity obviously, while water uptake decreased. The sodium flux was also enhanced by incorporation of CNFs into membrane matrix from 0 to 0.5%wt and 2 to 8%wt, while declined for the samples in the range of 0.5 to 2%wt CNF ratios. Compared to pristine membrane, a smoother surface was observed for PVC-CNF membrane. Electrodialysis showed the (K+/Na+) flux ratio about 2.14. The transport mechanism of K+ and Na+ ions through the membranes discussed by considering ionic and hydrated radius, hydration potential, hydration free energy, entropy of hydration, and the Jones-Dole coefficient. Optimal performance was achieved for PVC-0.5%wt CNF membrane.

Effect of concentration and temperature on apparent molar properties of homologous α-amino acids in aqueous-semicarbazide hydrochloride solutions: A quest on the concept of kosmotropic/chaotropic behaviour of amino acids

Various non-covalent interactions can be scrutinized by the measurement of physical properties. The nature of interactions between drugs and amino acids governs the functionalization process, so a better understanding demands reliable thermophysical data. Keeping this in mind, we report herein the densities, ρ, ultrasonic speed, u and viscosities, η of glycine, l-alanine, l-valine and l-isoleucine in aqueous-semicarbazide hydrochloride (1 wt% and 2 wt% semicarbazide hydrochloride in water) solvents in the temperature range of 293.15–318.15 K at an interval of 5 K and at atmospheric pressure. The density data have been used to calculate the apparent molar properties like Vϕ, Vϕ° and transfer volume, Vϕ,tr°. From the ultrasonic speed data, thermo-acoustical parameters, such as Ks,ϕ, Ks,ϕ° and transfer compressibility, Ks,ϕ,tr° have been evaluated. The viscosity data have been used to calculate Falkenhagen Coefficient, A, Jones-Dole coefficient, B. The hydration numbers, nH has also been evaluated. The entropies, ΔS°# and enthalpies, ΔH°# activation parameters, Δμ1°# and Δμ2°# were also calculated. The co-sphere overlap model was used to interpret the positive Vϕ,tr° values. In addition, the values of Vϕ°, Ks,ϕ°, B and Δμ2°# have been split into groups’ contributions of the amino acids.

Molecular dynamics and related solution chemistry of lovastatin in aqueous solution of arginine: Viscometric analysis

The solubility of lovastatin (LVS; solute) in water (solvent) is enhanced in the presence of arginine (ARG) as the cosolute. Therefore, this current study was conducted to delve further into the solute-cosolute and solute-solvent interactions and their thermodynamics. The viscosity of ARG and LVS-ARG solution systems was determined at various concentrations of aqueous ARG (0.01, 0.03, 0.09, 0.27, 0.5, 0.7 & 0.8 mol·dm−3) with saturated presence of LVS (LVS-ARG) at four different experimental temperatures (298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K). Viscosity data obtained were used to derive viscosity parameters such as Falken-Hagen coefficient (AF), Jones-Dole coefficient (BJ), rate of change of Jones-Dole coefficient (dBJ/dt), contribution per mole of the solute to free energy of activation for viscous solution (Δμ2°), corresponding value for pure solvent (Δμ1°) and the Walden product (η0Λ0). The data were then treated using various equations proposed by Einstein, Vand and Moulik. At the end of the study, the results from the viscometric study have been adequately explained by aforementioned equations with their respective parameters. The result indicates significant solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions.

Physicochemical study of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions of homologous series of α-amino acids in aqueous-isoniazid solutions at temperatures from 293.15 to 318.15 K

Drug-amino acid interactions have been investigated in aqueous media from the experimentally measured data of densities, ρ, ultrasonic speeds, u and viscosities, η of glycine, l-alanine, l-valine and l-isoleucine in water and in aqueous-isoniazid (1% and 2% isoniazid in water, w/w) solvents at temperatures (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15) K and at atmospheric pressure. The ρ and u data have been used to calculate the apparent molar volume, Vφ, limiting apparent molar volume, Vϕ°, apparent molar compressibility, Ks,ϕ, limiting apparent molar compressibility, Ks,ϕ°, transfer volume, Vϕ,tr°, and transfer compressibility, Ks,ϕ,tr° and hydration number, nH. The viscosity data have been used to determine Falkenhagen Coefficient, A, Jones-Dole coefficient, B, free energy of activation of viscous flow per mole of solvent, Δμ1°# and per mole of solute, Δμ2°#. These parameters have been discussed in terms of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions prevailing in these solutions. A detailed insight into the structure making/breaking ability of the amino acids in these solutions has been retrieved through the close perusal of all these parameters. In addition, the values of Vϕ°, Ks, ϕ°, B and Δμ2°# have been split into groups' contributions of the amino acids. Entropies, ΔS°# and enthalpies, ΔH°#of activation of viscous flow for amino acids in aqueous isoniazid solutions have been used to interpret interactions between the ions of amino acids and isoniazid.

Volumetric and Viscometric studies of vitamin (B6) in aqueous and acidic media at different temperatures

Densities and viscosities of pyridoxine(B6) in aqueous and acidic solutions at 298.15-313.15K have been measured. By Masson equation the experimental values of densities were used to estimate some significant parameters, such as apparent molal volume(Φv), limiting apparent molal volume(Φv0) and slop Sv, and the viscosity data have been investigatevia Jones-Dole equation, and the derived parameters, Jones-Dole coefficient B, and Falkenhagen coefficient A. The results were interpreted in term of solute-solute and solute –solvent interaction. The difference of B coefficient with temperature (dB/dT), was also determined the positive values indicate that pyridoxine(B6)in aqueous and acidic solutions is structure making.

Thermodynamic (volume and viscosity) of amino acids in aqueous hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin solutions at different temperatures

Densities, ρ, and viscosities, η for L-serine, L-threonine, and L-histidine in 0.01mol·kg−1 aqueous solutions of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin have been measured at T=(293.15, 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15)K using DMA 5000M densimeter and AMVn viscometer. The ρ and η values have been utilized to evaluate values of the apparent molar volume (Vϕ), limiting apparent molar volume (Vϕ0) and the slope (SV), transfer volume (ΔtrVϕ0), limiting apparent molar expansibilities (ϕE0), hydration number (nH), Falkenhagen coefficient (A) and Jones-Dole coefficient (B) of the systems studied. The results are interpreted in terms of solute-solvent interactions based on a co-sphere overlap model and host-guest interactions.

Hydration and Solvation Effect of Glycine and Glycylglycine Molecules with β-Cyclodextrin in Aqueous Media. A Thermodynamic Characteristic of Interaction

Abstract The densities, ρ and viscosities, η have been measured for DL- glycine (Gly) and glycylglycine (Gly-Gly) in aqueous β cyclodextrin, (β-CD) at temperature 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15 K. Interaction between macrocyclic β-CD and amino acids was studied by two independent technique: density and viscosity. The two different intensive properties are used to obtain various thermodynamic characteristics of the material behavior. Using the measured density data the apparent molar volumes, Vϕ , partial molar volume at infinite dilution, V ϕ ο , $V_\phi ^o,$ experimental slope, SV , isobaric expansibility, ϕ E 0 , $\phi _E^0,$ and the partial molar volume of transfer at infinite dilution, Δ V ϕ ( t r ) ο $\Delta V_{\phi (tr)}^o$ have been obtained. Moreover, the Falkenhagen’s theoretical coefficient, A, Jones-Dole coefficient, B, free energies of activation of viscous flow per mole of solvent, Δ μ 1 ο # $\Delta \mu _1^{o\# }$ and per mole of solute, Δ μ 2 ο # , $\Delta \mu _2^{o\# },$ enthalpy, ΔHo # and entropy, ΔSo # of activation of viscous flow have been evaluated by using viscosity data. The negative value of transfer volume for Gly and Gly-Gly in aqueous β-CD suggests that the hydrophobic-hydrophilic and hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions are predominating over ionic-hydrophilic and hydrophilic-hydrophilic interactions. The results indicate the formation of a stable complexation between the β-CD cavity and structural hydration effect of amino acids on the thermodynamic of their interactions in solutions.

Volumetric, Compressibility, Taste Behavior and Viscometric Studies of Methionine with Some Saccharides in Aqueous Medium at Different Temperatures

The density, speed of sound and viscosity of methionine (0.025–0.200 mol·kg−1) in water and some aqueous saccharides (0.1 mol·dm−3 glucose, 0.1 mol·dm−3 sucrose and 0.1 mol·dm−3 lactose) have been measured at temperatures of (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15) K. Using the experimental values of density and speed of sound, apparent molar volume, limiting apparent molar volume, transfer volume, as well as apparent molar isentropic compressibility, limiting apparent molar isentropic compressibility, transfer compressibility, partial molar expansibility, coefficient of thermal expansion, hydration number and taste behavior have been obtained. Jones–Dole coefficient, viscosity B-coefficients of transfer and variation of B with temperature have also been obtained from viscosity data. The Gibbs energy of activation of viscous flow per mole of solvent as well as per mole of solute, along with other activation parameters, were evaluated employing Feakin’s transition state theory.

Solubility enhancement of simvastatin and atorvastatin by arginine: Molecular dynamics and related solution chemistry using viscometric analysis

The solubility enhancement of model statin based drugs such as simvastatin (SMV) and atorvastatin (ATV) has been achieved in the presence of arginine (ARG). Herein, the drug molecules (SMV, and ATV) are considered as solute, whereas ARG the cosolute. The present study aims to illustrate the solute-solvent interaction, solute-cosolute interaction and the thermodynamic parameters during the solubilization of the above drug candidates in water in the presence of ARG. Viscosity values of ARG, ARG-SMV, and ARG-ATV systems were determined in water containing different concentrations (0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.09, 0.18, 0.36 and 0.73) mol·dm−3 aqueous ARG, with saturated presence of SMV (SMV-ARG) and ATV (ATV-ARG) at four different temperatures (298.25, 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15K). Viscosity values were evaluated in terms of AF (Falken-Hagen coefficient), BJ (Jones-Dole coefficient), dB/dt, Δμ2° (contribution per mole of the solute to free), Δμ1° (corresponding value for pure solvent) and η₀Λ₀ (Walden product). Additionally, the viscometric data were explained on the basis of equations proposed by Einstein, Vand and Moulik.