Jojoba Research Articles

Chemical Fingerprinting of Polyphenol Content in Jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider] by HPLC

Chemical Fingerprinting of Polyphenol Content in Jojoba [<i>Simmondsia chinensis</i> (Link) Schneider] by HPLC

Physical Characteristics of Tetrahydroxy and Acylated Derivatives of Jojoba Liquid Wax in Lubricant Applications.

Jojoba liquid wax is a mixture of esters of long-chain fatty acids and fatty alcohols mainly C38:2–C46:2. The oil exhibits excellent emolliency on the skin and, therefore, is a component in many personal care cosmetic formulations. The virgin oil is a component of the seed of the jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) plant which occurs naturally in the Sonora Desert in the United States and northwestern Mexico as well as in the northeastern Sahara desert. The seed contains 50–60% oil by dry weight. The plant has been introduced into Australia, Argentina, and Israel for commercial production of the jojoba oil. As a natural lubricant, we are seeking to explore its potential as a renewable industrial lubricant additive. Thus, we have chemically modified the carbon-carbon double bonds in the oil structure in order to improve its already good resistance to air oxidation so as to enhance its utility as well as its shelf life in nonpersonal care applications. To achieve this goal, we have hydroxylated its –C=C– bonds. Acylation of the resulting hydroxyl moieties has generated short-chain vicinal acyl substituents on the oil which keep the wax liquid, improving its cold flow properties and also protecting it from auto-oxidation and rancidity.

IMPORTANCE OF CRAMBE SP. IN MEDICAL AND COSMETIC INDUSTRIES

Crambe sp. are an annual and perennial plants with shrub form and belonging to Brassiceae family. Sterols in seed oil uses at margarine as additive for reduce to blood cholesterol. Likewise; similiar to Simmondsia chinensis oil and whale seminal oil, it uses at production of liquid wax. İnstead of materials, which ones proven carcinogenic effect, Erukamid ,obtained with transform of erucic acid, uses at personal care products ( such as perfume, lotion and dye for cosmetics), dyes (for polissage), medical equipments have importance for healthy generation. Nitryl and isothiocyanate in the Crambe leaves have potential uses against to cancer. It is a natural alternative to harmful mineral oils and silicon with omega-9 content. Otherwise Crambe oil protect stem cell, decelerate skin aging and fight with free radicals by stimulate to collogen production.

Synthesis of value added fatty alcohols and FAMEs by non-catalytic supercritical methanol transesterification of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) wax

Nowadays jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) wax production with an industrial or energetic objective can be focused on a bio-refinery processing perspective where the fatty alcohols are the main products and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) the by-products. To date, jojoba wax methanolysis has been performed using catalytic processes where long reaction times and downstream separation and purification steps are required. However, jojoba wax transesterification using a non-catalytic process such as the supercritical methanolysis has not been reported yet. The yield of jojoba fatty alcohols and FAMEs was determined in the temperature and reaction time ranges of 250–350 °C (12–42 MPa) and 15–90 min, respectively, at a methanol-to-wax molar ratio of 15:1. The maximum experimental yield of fatty alcohols and FAMEs (95.3 and 95.4 mol%, respectively) was reached at 350 °C after 90 min of reaction. Therefore, no thermal decomposition of jojoba alcohols and FAMEs was observed under the most severe experimental reaction conditions studied, which can be explained by the highly monounsaturated nature of the products obtained and the protective antioxidant effect of β-sitosterol present in jojoba wax. The rate constants obtained for this process were: 1 × 10−5, 3 × 10−5, 1.1 × 10−4, 4.1 × 10−4 and 6.5 × 10−4 s−1, at 250, 275, 300, 325 and 350 °C, respectively, with an activation energy of 115.5 kJ/mol. In addition, response surface methodology was used to determine the optimal reaction conditions that maximize the yield of fatty alcohols and FAMEs: 338.9 °C and 90 min to obtain yields of 96.8 mol% and 97.0 mol%, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that jojoba wax methanolysis under non-catalytic supercritical conditions is an alternative way to obtain high-added value compounds and biodiesel.

Pest categorisation of Elsinoë fawcettii and E.australis.

The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Elsinoë fawcettii and E. australis, the causal agents of citrus scab diseases, for the EU. The identities of the pests are well‐established and reliable methods exist for their detection/identification. The pests are listed in Annex IIAI of Directive 2000/29/EC as Elsinoë spp. and are not known to occur in the EU. Species and hybrids of citrus (Family Rutaceae) are affected by E. fawcettii and E. australis, with the latter having a more restricted host range and geographical distribution compared to the former. The status of Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba) as a host of E. australis is uncertain. The pests could potentially enter the EU on host plants for planting and fruit originating in infested Third countries. The current distribution of the pests, climate matching and the use of irrigation in the EU citrus‐growing areas suggest that the pests could establish and spread in the EU citrus‐growing areas. Uncertainty exists on whether cultural practices and control methods, currently applied in the EU, would prevent the establishment of the pests. In the infested areas, the pests cause scab pustules on host leaves and fruit resulting in yield/quality losses. It is expected that the introduction and spread of the pests in the EU could impact citrus production. Cultural practices and chemical control measures may reduce the inoculum sources and to some extent the disease incidence, but they cannot eliminate the pests. Phytosanitary measures are available to mitigate the risk of introduction and spread of the pests in the EU. E. fawcettii and E. australis meet all the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as potential Union quarantine pests. As those pests are not known to occur in the EU, this criterion to consider them as Union regulated non‐quarantine pests is not met.

EVALUATION OF JOJOBA SEED MEAL (SIMMONDSIA CHINENSIS) AS PARTIAL AND TOTAL REPLACEMENT OF FISHMEAL IN NILE TILAPIA, OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS (L.), FINGERLINGS DIETS

The suitability of treated jojoba seeds meal (Simmondsia chinensis) (JSM) as a partial and total substitute for dietary fish meal protein in the diets of fingerlings Nile tilapia was evaluated. Five experimental diets were formulated with JSM replacing 0.0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % of fish meal protein (diets A, B, C, D and E, respectively). The control diet was prepared with fish meal as the sole source of protein. All the diets were isonitrogenous with 30.3% protein and isocaloric with 4.0 kcal/g of diet. Experimental diets were fed to two replicate groups of Nile tilapia with initial average body weight of 3.3 ± 0.01g. The feeding trial was conducted under laboratory conditions for a period of 16-week. The results of the present study revealed that, the fish fed diet B which contained 25% JSM had significantly (P £ 0.01) the best average body weight, gain in weight (g/fish), gain in weight %, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed consumed (g/fish) compared with those of fish fed control diet A (100% FM) and all other diets. Survival rate % of the fish fed experimental diets B and C were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from those of fish fed the control diet A. Chemical composition of fish flesh crude protein and crude fat (dry basis %) and apparent digestibility coefficient of crude protein and crude fat of the fish fed experimental diets B and C did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) from those of fish fed the control diet A. From the above results and the economic evaluation of the study it can be concluded that, up to 25 % of fish meal protein can be replaced by jojoba seed meal protein in fingerlings Nile tilapia diets without decreasing the growth performance and feed utilization parameters. More scientific research is needed to maximize the commercial benefit from JSM by other fish species.

First Report of a New Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) Witches’-Broom Disease in Saudi Arabia and its Association With Infection by a ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australasiae’-Related Phytoplasma Strain

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 101, No. 8First Report of a New Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) Witches’-Broom Disease in Saudi Arabia and its Association With Infection by a ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australasiae’-Related Phytoplasma Strain PreviousNext DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of a New Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) Witches’-Broom Disease in Saudi Arabia and its Association With Infection by a ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australasiae’-Related Phytoplasma StrainA. F. Omar, E. Pérez-López, K. M. Al-Jamhan, and T. J. DumonceauxA. F. OmarSearch for more papers by this author, E. Pérez-LópezSearch for more papers by this author, K. M. Al-JamhanSearch for more papers by this author, and T. J. DumonceauxSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations A. F. Omar , Department of Plant Production and Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, 51452, Burydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Pathology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt E. Pérez-López , Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 K. M. Al-Jamhan , Department of Plant Production and Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, 51452, Burydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia T. J. Dumonceaux , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; and Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Published Online:10 May 2017https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-17-0354-PDNAboutSectionsSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is a long-lived perennial evergreen shrub that grows wild in the semiarid region of the Sonora desert in northern Mexico and southwestern U.S.A. Jojoba’s resistance to drought allowed its introduction to Saudi Arabia as a potential desert shrub and a potential source of natural oil used in the cosmetic industry (Al-Soqeer 2014). During a survey conducted in 2016, jojoba plants exhibiting symptoms of witches’-broom and small leaves were observed in the Qassim University experimental farm in Qassim Province, Saudi Arabia. Since the symptoms were indicative of possible infection by phytoplasma, molecular diagnostic assays for phytoplasma detection were employed. Total DNA was extracted from leaf samples of three symptomatic plants and used as template in nested PCR using primer pair P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/R16R2 (Lee et al. 1998 and references therein). A 1.2-kb amplicon was amplified from DNA samples of two symptomatic plants. No amplicons were generated from two asymptomatic plants analyzed. The amplicons generated from symptomatic plants were cloned and the 1.2-kb fragment encompassing the full F2nR2 segment of the 16S rRNA-encoding gene was sequenced. The 16S rRNA-encoding sequences obtained from the two positive samples were mutually identical in common regions and possessed a conserved block (5′-CAAGACGATGATGTGTAGCTGGACT-3′) that is characteristic of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ species (5′-CAAGAYBATKATGTKTAGCYGGDCT-3′), confirming that phytoplasma infection occurred in the Qassim University experimental farm in jojoba plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a phytoplasma jojoba witches’-broom (JoWb) disease worldwide. The phytoplasma was designated as JoWb1. The 16S rRNA-encoding DNA sequences of the two JoWb1 strains were deposited to GenBank (KY581663 and KY581664). RFLP analysis of the F2nR2 sequences using iPhyClassifier (Zhao et al. 2009) revealed that JoWb1 is closely related to the reference strain of ‘Ca. P. australasiae’, with a similarity coefficient (F) of 1.00 compared with the reference RFLP pattern of subgroup 16SrII-D (Y10097). We also determined the sequence of the chaperonin-60 (cpn60) universal target (KY704478 and KY704479) from symptomatic samples (Dumonceaux et al. 2014). The cpn60 universal target sequences were identical to one another and shared 99.5% identity with that of peanut witches-broom phytoplasma NTU2011 (NZ_AMWZ00000000). Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences placed them in a clade with the peanut witches’-broom phytoplasma (16SrII). Prior to this study, ‘Ca. P. australasiae’ had never been associated with jojoba plants worldwide, although ‘Ca. P. australasiae’-related strains have been previously reported in ornamental and vegetable plants in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia (Omar 2017). Results from the present study indicate that the phytoplasma has spread to a new host, highlighting the need for surveillance for this phytoplasma in Qassim region, one of the main agricultural areas in Saudi Arabia.

Evaluation of Some Female Jojoba Genotypes under Sandy Land Conditions

This investigation was carried out on female Jojoba (Simmondsia Chinensis, (Link) Schneider) shrubs in a private orchard at Hackstep, Zone, Cairo Governorate to evaluate 15 female shrubs, about 8 years old during two successive seasons of 2014 and 2015. The shrubs growing in sandy soil in 4 lines at distances 3 × 3 meter apart and irrigated with drip irrigation system. Through the rigorous assessment of female selected jojoba trees through the measurements of vegetative growth, floral measurements, productivity and the percentage of oil in their seeds. The study recommends the following: Firstly: the strongest shrubs were No. (1, 2, 5, 9, 10, 12 and 15), secondly: the shrub number No 4 was the earliest one in the flowering date in both first and second seasons. Thirdly: the highest yield recorded for female shrubs No. (5, 10, 12 and 15) in the first season, while in the second one were No. 9 and 12 per the branch. Fourthly: the female shrubs No. (2, 5, 7 and 13) gave the highest oil content in the first season, while in the second one, the female shrub No. 11 was the best. Fifthly: genetic fingerprint of different species was made using 15 primers and it resulted in 5 positive primer and unaffected 10 then, when using ISSR marker the results showed that there are differences between breeds. It is clear from the foregoing that the shrubs No. 5,4,12, and 11, 13) were the best in the strength of growth, early harvest, production and oil content percentage and can be more vegetative and cultivated. As for a high value of genetic similarity was No. 8 and 6 and also, the highest similarity value (0.875) was found between the strains (T8 and T6) followed by 0.792 between (T5 & T15, T8 & T13 and T11 & T14), respectively. Generally, genetic similarity value was low among the investigated genotypes and the study.

Comparative proteomic analysis of male and female plants in Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) leaves revealed changes in proteins involved in photosynthesis, metabolism, energy, and biotic and abiotic stresses

Jojoba is a dioecious shrub with female and male flowers in separated individuals. The plant native to North and Central American deserts, it’s cultivated in many other places worldwide for its valuable liquid wax. The male-biased ratio in cultivated jojoba affects the yield. To develop protein molecular markers for early gender differentiation, comparative proteomic study been conducted on male and female leaves. Using gel-based proteomic, 45 proteins were identified representing 19 different proteins with 18 known functions. The identified proteins were involved in photosynthesis, energy, metabolism and the respond to biotic and abiotic stress. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) and ATP synthase were the most abundant proteins in both male and female of jojoba leaves, both were upregulated in male compared to female. Both proteins have the potential to serve as protein biomarkers for early differentiation between male and female in jojoba plant. These results could help in better understanding the molecular mechanism of gender differentiation in jojoba.

Effect of detoxification methods on the quality and safety of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) meal

This study was conducted to compare the effect of different detoxification methods on the composition and safety of defatted jojoba meal (DJM). Solvents, microwave, and microbiological (lactic acid bacteria, and bifidobacteria) treatments were used to detoxify and reduce the antinutrition factors in DJM. The results indicated that there were differences between treatments applied to detoxify DJM. Treatment of DJM with isopropanol and Lactobacillus acidophilus was able to reduce antinutrition factors and simmondsin. Detoxified-DJM that contained lower levels of antinutrition factors and simmondsin were further evaluated by feeding studies using experimental animals. After 8 weeks of feeding studies, there were no statistically significant differences between animal groups fed on basal diet, isopropanol-treated DJM, and Lactobacillus acidophilus-treated DJM in terms of body weight gain and relative organ weights. The group fed on untreated DJM showed a decrease in total albumin, globulin, protein, and lipid profile. The activities of liver enzymes were increased indicating incidence of liver dysfunction. Groups fed isopropanol-treated DJM and L. acidophilus-treated DJM exhibited improvement in serum parameters (i.e., total lipids, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides, and liver function enzymes with no potential adverse health/toxic effects. Histopathological examinations of liver, kidney, and spleen tissues of rats fed on detoxified DJM showed the same histological features as the control rats. In conclusion, isopropanol and L. acidophilus could be applied for detoxification of DJM. Isopropanol and L. acidophilus detoxified-DJM could be recommended as a safe food or feed ingredient, since it had no potential adverse health/toxic effects. Practical applications This work described the effect of different methods for detoxification and degradation of antinutrition factors in DJM. The results indicated that the methods used, LAB and bifidobacteria, and isopropanol had high ability for detoxification of DJM. Lactobacillus acidophilus strain had the highest ability to reduce antinutrition factors and simmondsin. The incorporation of isopropanol-treated and L. acidophilus-treated DJM to basal diet had no potential adverse health/toxic effects. Therefore, isopropanol-treated and L. acidophilus-treated DJM could be recommended as safe food grade ingredients.

Zeatin and Thidiazuron Induced Embryogenic Calli From In Vitro Leaf and Stem of Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis).

Jojoba is a promising industrial plant, which recommended with pharmaceutical benefits. The present study was conducted to stimulate embryogenic calli formation from jojoba using zeatin and thidiazuron (TDZ), as well as determination of the antioxidant activity of proliferated calli. For callus induction, leaf and stem explants derived from in vitro grown shootlets, were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with different combinations of 0.5 mg L-1 benzyl adenine (BA) or kinetin with 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and picloram at 0.5 or 1mg L-1. To stimulate embryogenic calli, friable callus were transferred to woody plant medium (WPM) supplemented with different concentrations of zeatin or TDZ. Antioxidant activity of different treatments was determined using hexane or petroleum ether extraction. Data was analyzed as mean±standard deviation (SD). The MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1 BA+0.5 or 1 mg L-1 picloram was the best treatment to obtain friable calli from both explants types. WPM medium supplemented with 2 mg L-1 zeatin gave the highest percentage of embryogenic calli derived from leaf explants. While the highest percentage of embryogenic calli derived from stem explants was registered using 1 or 4 mg L-1 TDZ containing medium. Embryogenic calli originated from leaves explants on 1.5 mg L-1 zeatin showed promising activity of antioxidant with hexane extraction. However, embryogenic calli originated from stem explants on 1 mg L-1 TDZ showed the highest antioxidant activity with petroleum ether extraction. TDZ has promising effect on embryogenic callus induction from stem explants. While, zeatin has promising effect on embryogenic callus induction from leaf explants.

Physicochemical Composition of Seed Oil of Wild Jojoba Populations in Northwestern Mexico

This research analyzed physicochemical parameters of lipids, as well as the fatty acid profile and diversity of three jojoba ecotypes of northwestern Mexico. Oil content was from 43 to 49% in the three ecotypes; iodine value ranged from 82.08 to 83.11 g / 100 g; acidity value was 0.33 to 0.39 mg KOH/g. The four most abundant fatty acids in the three ecotypes were eicosanoic (52-62.43%), oleic (13.80-27.36%), 13-docosanoic (5.25-9.45%), and palmitic (6.43-9.70%) acids. The Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) analysis showed that polymorphic accessions were 83%. The ecotypes analyzed in this study represent an alternative for selection and conservation of wild germplasm; furthermore, they also represent a potential for their use in cosmetics and biodiesel manufacturing industries.

Toxicological and Biochemical Effects of Jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis Extract on Cotton Leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.)

This study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity and biological effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Simmondsia chinensis on 2nd and 4th instar larvae of cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis, as well as the effect on total protein content and the activity some enzymes of S. littoralis larvae after 48 and 72 hr of treatment. The obtained results indicated that the extract was more effective on the second instar larvae than the fourth one. The LC50 of the jojoba extract on the 2nd instar larvae was less than that on the 4th instar larvae , as well as it was decreased by increasing the period after treatment indicated that the larval mortality was higher on 2nd instars than 4th ones. Larval duration was shortened at all treatments of the 2nd instars compared with control. Pupae mortality was high on the 2nd instar treatments comparing with that of the 4th instars, also, the pupae duration was shortened at all treatments of the 2nd and 4th instars compared with control. The percentages of emerged moths were decreased by increasing the extract concentrations.There were significant differences in the egg laid per female between treatments and control. Total protein after 48 hr. of treating was decreased from 32 mg/ g b wt. in control to 31.8 mg/ g b wt. at treated larvae with – 0.36 % change, while it was 19.5 mg/g b wt. at control compared to 14 mg/ g b wt. after 72 hr. with –28.21 % change. As for the enzymes activity it was observed that nearly all enzyme activities were decreased in comparison with control except α-esterase activity which was decreased to 15.3µg-a-naphthal/min/mg protein after 48 hr. from treatment compared with control 27.7 µg-a-naphthal/min/mg protein and increased to 23.2 µg-a-naphthal/min/mg proteinafter72 hr. from treatment compared with control 19.5 µg-a-naphthal/min/mg protein. Also, AkP activity which increased to 20.5 U x 103/mg protein after 48hr. of treatment, compared with control7.9 U x 103/mg protein and decreased to 3.7U x 103/mg protein compared with control 5.8 U x 103/mg protein after72 hr. of treatment. Jojoba is suggested as a safe product with a potential for use as a bioinsecticide in integrated pest management especially in urban localities where use of chemical insecticides are discouraged.

Thermal Properties of Jojoba Oil Between $$20\,{^{\circ }}\hbox {C}$$ 20 ∘ C and $$45\,{^{\circ }}\hbox {C}$$ 45 ∘ C

Vegetable oils have been widely studied as biofuel candidates. Among these oils, jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) oil has attracted interest because it is composed almost entirely of wax esters that are liquid at room temperature. Consequently, it is widely used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. To date, research on S. chinensis oil has focused on to its use as a fuel and its thermal stability, and information about its thermal properties is scarce. In the present study, the thermal effusivity and conductivity of jojoba oil between $$20\,{^{\circ }}\hbox {C}$$ and $$45\,{^{\circ }}\hbox {C}$$ were obtained using the inverse photopyroelectric and hot-ball techniques. The feasibility of an inverse photopyroelectric method and a hot-ball technique to monitor the thermal conductivity, and the thermal effusivity of the S. chinensis is demonstrated. The thermal effusivity decreased from 538 $$\hbox {W}\cdot \,\hbox {s}^{1/2}\cdot \,\hbox {m}^{-2}\cdot \,\hbox {K}^{-1}$$ to 378 $$\hbox {W}\cdot \,\hbox {s}^{1/2}\cdot \,\hbox {m}^{-2}\cdot \,\hbox {K}^{-1}$$ as the temperature increased, whereas the thermal conductivity remained the same over the temperature range investigated in this study. The obtained results provide insight into the thermal properties of S. chinensis oil between $$20\,{^{\circ }}\hbox {C}$$ and $$45\,{^{\circ }}\hbox {C}$$ .

Evaluation of ten jojoba clones (Simmondsia chinensis) grown under Middle Sinai conditions

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is a potential alternative crop in Egyptian desert because its seed contains a liquid wax which, in addition to several miscellaneous uses. Short term selection programs that identify higher productive jojoba clones of higher wax quality are desirable to supply commercial plantations with superior jojoba clones. Ten promising jojoba clones i.e. S-700, S-1700, S-1300, S-610, S-118, S-B, S-G, S-L, S-MT and S-Z were subjected to short term selection program. These clones were grown at Middle Sinai Experimental Station, Desert Research Center, North Sinai Governorate, Egypt. Evaluated clones showed variations in the studied vegetative growth traits i.e. tree height, tree canopy volume, and branching and node traits. Also, the evaluated clones showed differences in the studied fruiting traits i.e. fruit set, seed yield, seed weight and seed wax content. Seed waxes were analyzed for acidity, iodine and saponification values. There are low significant differences between clones in their liquid wax chemical properties. The results showed that plant height and fruit set percentage had significant positive correlation with seed yield. The best clones regarding seed yield were S-700, S-B and S-610. Moreover, S-G, S-700 and S-L showed superiority in seed wax content, which give these clones competently to establish commercial plantations in Egypt.

Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link). Schindler

The ethanol and methanol extracts of Jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis (Link). Schnider) leaves and seeds were screened for antioxidant activity. The antioxidative potential of ethanol and methanol extracts of Jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis ) were investigated for the first time using DPPH 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhdrazyl, total phenolic contents, antioxidant activity. Total phenolic substance amounts were calculated according to Folin-Ciocalteu method, substance concentrations in mg/GAE g, equivalent to gallic acid based on mg/ml gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The phenolic substance amounts in the leaves extracts (jojoba leaves: 313 mg/g GAE). Free radical clearance activities of the extracts were determined by using DPPH free radical. The Phenolic substances were calculated in highest jojoba leaves and lowest jojoba seeds. When DPPH radical clearance activity results were analyzed, it was seen that the highest activity was exhibited by jojoba leaf extract (% 43.20, 0.5 mg/ml concentration). The antioxidant activities of extracts were calculated in (nmol/g) via ascorbic acid system. When the activity scores are analyzed, higher scores were found in the ethanol extracts of jojoba leaves. The antioxidant activity was lower in the extracts with methanol.

Response of growth and wax production of Jojoba (Simmondsia Chinensis (LINK) Schneider) to the site of cultivation at Egypt.

Jojoba plant (Simmondsia Chinensis (link) Schneider), or Ho-Ho-ba or goat nut is a shrub belonging to the Simmondsiaceae family. It is well known as a useful medicinal plant and as a new crop of interest for many industrial purposes. The present study was carried out duringhe two successive seasons of 2012/ 2013 and 2013/ 2014 in private jojoba farms located as following: El-Kassasin city, El-Ismailia, Marsa Matroh, El-Sharkia, Asuite and El-Khanka governorates(Egypt). The study focused on studying the effect of the different local growing site of Egypt on the growth and wax production, and aiming to detect the best location for the suitable growing site to produce the best growth and wax yield. Nine jojoba female shrubs were selected in each farm from the growing shrubs depending on its obvious morphological growth characters and the different seeds shape and then they were marked by labels for data measurements. The monthly temperature and relative humidity average during the study seasons of culture were taken and recorded. The physical and chemical properties of the experimental soil were also determined and presented. Growth and flowering characters of jojoba shrubs e.g. plant height and volume [S1] as well as flowering period and fruiting set were greatly altered in relation with the growing location. Indeed, plants grown in upper Egypt Asiut site tended to produce the best growth rate and the extended flowering. Moreover, plants cultivated in El Sharkia and Assiut sites gave the biggest yield of wax, compared to the other cultivation sites, while the lowest yield of wax was from plants cultivated in Marsa Matroh area. The best level of most of the fatty acid content (Palmitic, Oleic, Nervonic, Gadoleic and Erucic acids) was found in the wax extracted from seeds of shrubs grown in Ismailia growing site. [S1] What do you mean? unclear

Metabolic engineering of fatty alcohol production in transgenic hairy roots of Crambe abyssinica.

Biotechnological production of fatty alcohols, important raw materials in the chemical industry, has been receiving considerable attention in recent years. Fatty alcohols are formed by the reduction of fatty acyl-CoAs or fatty acyl-ACPs catalyzed by a fatty acyl reductase (FAR). In this study, we introduced genes encoding FARs from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtFAR5) and Simmondsia chinensis (ScFAR) into Crambe abyssinica hairy roots via Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation. The efficiency of the transformation ranged between 30 and 45%. The fatty alcohols were only detected in the transgenic hairy root lines expressing ScFAR gene. In all tested lines stearyl alcohol (18:0-OH), arachidyl alcohol (20:0-OH), and behenyl alcohol (22:0-OH) were produced. The content of 18:0-OH varied from 1 to 3% of total fatty acids and fatty alcohols, while the amount of either 20:0-OH and 22:0-OH did not exceed 2%. The transgenic hairy root lines produced from 0.98 to 2.59 nmol of fatty alcohols per mg of dry weight. Very low activity of ScFAR was detected in the microsomal fractions isolated from the selected hairy root lines. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the fatty alcohol production in the hairy root cultures. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1275-1282. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Isolation and Characterization of Endophytic Bacteria Associated with Roots of Jojoba (&lt;i&gt;Simmondsia chinensis&lt;/i&gt; (Link) Schneid)

In this communication, the diversity and beneficial characteristics of endophytic bacteria have been studied in Simmondsia chinensis that has industrial importance because of the quality of its seed oil. Endophytes were isolated (N = 101) from roots of the jojoba plants collected, of which eight were identified by partial sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene. The isolated bacteria were Bacillus sp., Methylobacterium aminovorans, Oceanobacillus kimchi, Rhodococcus pyridinivorans and Streptomyces sp. All isolates had at least one positive feature, characterizing them as potential plant growth promoting bacteria. In this study, R. pyridinivorans and O. kimchi are reported as plant growth promoters.

English

The present study aimed to identify some metabolites products obtained from different jojoba callus tissue extracts using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS). It is known that Jojoba, a medicinal and oil-yielding, has multi-purpose uses. In addition, it produces toxins, fatty acids, phenolic compounds and other secondary metabolites from callus identified using GC-MS. Despite the direct effect of 2,4-D on directing the explant towards callus induction, it has interaction effect with Kin and achieves hormonal balance inside the explant. There is a significant interaction effect between Kin and 2,4-D. The increased concentration of both Kin and 2,4-D raises the extent of nodal segments response towards proliferation, development, and callus induction. Our results showed that the interaction effect between Kin and 2,4-D is the best results for phytochemical active constituents formation achieved from callus cultured. Qualitative results revealed that increasing cytokinins Kin concentration leads to slightly double increase in active constituents from the explants &nbsp;for Triodecanoic and Methoxyacetic acids. While, the gradual increase of 2,4-D to 2.0 mg l-1 caused a single increase in active constituents &nbsp;for Triodecanoic, Methoxyacetic and Octadecanoic acid, respectively. On the other hand, Decanoic acid has no effect by adding both hormones (Kin and 2,4-D) and also Octadecanoic acid when kin is added. Also, there is a direct relation between the development of callus and reproduction of active phytochemical constituents, which increase qualitatively by increasing callus development and 2,4-D hormone concentration at 2 mg l-1 for 1-Hexadecanol, Nonadecatriene, Aristolene and Tricosene, respectively compared to free hormone treatment. Key words: Active constituents, callus, fatty acids, jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis.