Joint Volume Research Articles

How much does inferior capsular shift reduce shoulder volume?

The purpose of this study was to quantitate the effect of inferior capsular shift on shoulder volume. Four fresh frozen cadaveric shoulders were analyzed. Volume before and after shift was determined using 3 techniques: (1) Magnetic resonance imaging sequences were digitized to computer and analyzed for volume via a 35-mm camera using Cue 2 software. The capsule was delineated by contrast between light and dark regions. Volume was calculated by summing the total area of respective slices. (2) Ultrasound images, obtained after surgical exposure of the capsule, were digitized. Volume was calculated using the formula for a prolate ellipsoid. (3) An 18-gauge needle was used to inject and evacuate saline via an anterior approach. Quantity of aspirated fluid provided a direct measure of volume. Inferior capsular shift was performed. After the operation, measurements were repeated. Inferior capsular shift reduced volume in all shoulders with each technique. On average, inferior capsular shift reduced joint volume by 57 %). A measurable reduction in shoulder joint volume is an effect of capsular shift. This measurement may have clinical application if volume is an indicator of instability or laxity.

A Thermal Fatigue Failure Mechanism of 58Bi-42Sn Solder Joints

Surface mount components soldered with 58Bi–42Sn on printed circuit boards fell off after about 500 cycles of−45°C ↔ 100°C in a thermal chamber. Failure analysis revealed that the failure was caused by dissolving of Pb from either HAL (hot air leveled) board surfaces or component lead coatings into the Bi-Sn solder joints, forming 52Bi–32Pb–16Sn eutectic phase that melts at 95°C. The dissolving of Pb occurred primarily at reflow, when the Bi-Sn was molten. During the thermal cycling, the small amount (<7 volume % of a Bi-Sn solder joint) of the low melting eutectic phase provided liquid channels for fast atom transportation, causing exceptionally significant grain growth and phase agglomeration in the whole volume of the solder joint, which in turn caused dramatic reduction in mechanical strength of the solder joints. Solutions to the failure may be either using Pb-free coating on both board surfaces and component leads, or limiting the product service temperature to below 95°C.

Girls of the fifties. Diaries as a mirror of internationalism

(S 7.4.1954) Guess what! Well, you'll never guess, will you?, so I'll have to say it instead: "WE'VE GOT A RADIO!" Isn't it ghastly! We've had it since Saturday. It's wonderful and you can hear terribly well. It's a portable radio, a Fazer. On Saturday evening I was here on my own and I listened to "Saturday Sauna" on the radio and I had a lovely evening all alone.(S 10.2.1955) Desiree's been made into a film! Or at least it was filmed a short while ago. It'll be on in America and every other country of course before it comes to Finland, for ages I expect. Just have to be patient. There's Jean Simmons as Desiree and Stewart Granger as Jean Baptiste! Wonderful!(K 22.5.1956) The journey (school outing to Turku) took three hours and we sang and ate and watched the scenery. The train went through Porkkala,1 and you can now ride through without pulling the blinds down. The area looked grim. There were bright blue and green hovels sticking up all untended in the middle of the fields, the trees had been chopped ...

The effect of Ho:YAG laser energy on joint volume, pressure, and capsular tissues: An animal experimental model

The effect of Ho:YAG laser energy on joint volume, pressure, and capsular tissues: An animal experimental model

Analysis and design of adhesively bonded modified double containment corner joints -II

This study comprises the stress and stiffness analyses of a second type of modified double containment corner joint which is presented as an alternative to two previous designs in order to reduce the effect of bending moment on the adhesive stresses. Plates are bonded at a right angle into slots of a corner support and the vertical slot depth is kept as large as possible in order to produce a joint which is stiffer and sustainable to high loads, provided that high stress concentration regions are under compression, and to obtain savings of the corner joint volume. The analyses were carried out using the finite element method and assuming that the adhesive, plates, and corner support had linear-elastic properties. Since the geometry of the adhesive free end has an important effect on the high adhesive stresses, the adhesive spew fillet arising from the applied pressure to provide the physical contact between the adhesive and plates was taken into account. In order to show the effect of boundary and loading...

Shift of the posteroinferior aspect of the capsule for recurrent posterior glenohumeral instability.

Thirty-five shoulders in thirty-four patients were treated with a superior shift of the posteroinferior aspect of the capsule because of recurrent posterior glenohumeral subluxation and dislocation. The physical examination revealed three types of posterior instability in these patients preoperatively: unidirectional (six shoulders), bidirectional (posterior and inferior) (seven shoulders), and multidirectional (posterior and inferior dislocation with anterior subluxation) (twenty-two shoulders). Eleven shoulders had had previous operative procedures. At the time of the index operation, the most common abnormal findings in these shoulders were capsular redundancy and excessive volume of the glenohumeral joint. Complete detachment of the posterior aspect of the labrum was found in only four shoulders. There was no excessive glenoid retroversion in these patients. All thirty-four patients were available for follow-up at an average of five years (range, two to twelve and a half years) postoperatively. Over-all, the result for seventeen of the thirty-five shoulders was rated as excellent; eleven, as good; one, as fair; and six, as poor. Four shoulders became unstable again. Six of the seven unsatisfactory results were in shoulders that had had previous attempts at stabilization. A successful result was achieved in twenty-three of the twenty-four shoulders in which the superior shift of the posteroinferior aspect of the capsule was the initial repair.

肩甲骨関節か，関節唇の形態（アルトロＣＴによる計測）

The stability of the glenohumeral joint is composed of joint conformity, finite joint volume, adhesion/cohesion, ligamentous and capsular restraints, glenoid labrum and shoulder girdle musles. In this study, we report the depth of articular cartilige and glenoid labrum using CT arthrogram to clarify the conformity of the glenohumeral joint.Eight normal subjects were examined. Air, or air with radioopaque fluid, were injected into the glenohumeral joint. The width and depth of cartilage and the labrum were then examined by computed tomography.The average maximum transverse diameters of the humeral head and glenoid were 40.3 and 25.6mm respectively. The transverse distance from the anterior to posterior labrum was 30.7mm. The average thickness of the anterior and posterior labrum wer 5.2 and 5.9mm respectively. The glenoid cartilage was divided into five parts from anterior to posterior and their respective thicknesses were 3.0, 1.6, 1.3, 1.5 and 2.9mm.These results show that the stability of the glenohumeral joint is increased by 120% due to the articular cartilage and glenoid labrum compared to the bony portion of the glenoid in normal subjects.

The intraarticular joint volume in acute and chronic shoulder instability

The intraarticular joint volume in acute and chronic shoulder instability

Capsular elasticity and joint volume in recurrent anterior shoulder instability

It is commonly claimed that unstable shoulders have an altered capsular elasticity and increased joint volume. To find out if there is a correlation between anterior instability and increased joint volume, 20 patients were examined while undergoing arthroscopic surgery of the shoulder. There were four anterior subluxators, 11 anterior dislocators, and five bilateral dislocators, and in all patients the contralateral shoulder was also examined. During continuous saline infusion, a pressure/volume curve was recorded within the range of 0-180 mm Hg. Joint volume was correlated with body surface area. Among the 15 patients with unilateral instability, there was no correlation between joint volume and body surface area. There were no differences in joint volume or capsular elasticity between the healthy and the unstable shoulder in any patient. It is concluded that capsular elasticity and joint volume contribute little to anterior shoulder instability and that instability probably depends more on damage to other stabilising structures in the joint.

Historical Failure Distribution and Significant Factors Affecting Surface Mount Solder Joint Fatigue Life

Solder joint failure history has generally been assumed to follow a straight line when plotted as a lognormal or 2‐parameter Weibull distribution. Test results presented here show that a deviation from straight‐line behaviour occurs at low percentage failure probabilities. This indicates that solder joint failure history is more correctly characterised as a 3‐parameter Weibull distribution with a failure‐free period of life for true wearout failures. The solder joint failure distribution characteristic is also affected by applied strain. Lower strain, in addition to increasing median life, also improves the distribution such that the number of cycles‐to‐first‐failure is increased compared with the median cycles‐to‐failure. The ratio of cycles‐to‐first‐failure/median cycles‐to‐failure and apparent Weibull slope increases as strain decreases in a predictable manner. The effects of part elevation, part size, solder joint volume and shape, conformal coating, temperature differential, and alternative board materials are also presented with test data showing the effect of variation of these parameters.

Myths of electoral change and the survival of traditional parties

European Journal of Political ResearchVolume 24, Issue 2 p. 121-133 Myths of electoral change and the survival of traditional parties The 1992 Stein Rokkan Lecture PETER MAIR, Corresponding Author PETER MAIR Department of Political Science, University of Leiden, The NetherlandsAddress for correspondence: Prof. Peter Mair, Department of Political Science, University of Leiden, P. O. Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands. Phone: (71) 273 936; Fax: (71) 273 815.Search for more papers by this author PETER MAIR, Corresponding Author PETER MAIR Department of Political Science, University of Leiden, The NetherlandsAddress for correspondence: Prof. Peter Mair, Department of Political Science, University of Leiden, P. O. Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands. Phone: (71) 273 936; Fax: (71) 273 815.Search for more papers by this author First published: August 1993 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1993.tb00372.xCitations: 36 This is the largely unrevised text of the 1992 Stein Rokkan Lecture, delivered to the Joint Sessions of the European Consortium for Political Research at the University of Limerick, Ireland. The invitation to deliver this lecture followed from the award of the Stein Rokkan Prize to a work co-authored with Stefano Bartolini (Bartolini & Mair 1990). I would like to express my thanks to Stefano for his comments on the original lecture, and for his permission to cite the data from our joint volume. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume24, Issue2August 1993Pages 121-133 RelatedInformation

Temporomandibular joint synovial fluid analysis

A method for the estimation of the synovial fluid volume of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is described. Patients are administered 1.2 g of aspirin and the concentration of salicylate in plasma and in saline aspirates of the TMJ is measured by a sensitive high performance liquid chromatography assay. The ratio of the concentration of salicylate in the saline aspirate to that in the plasma allows the volume of the synovial fluid to be calculated. The method would also allow the determination of the concentration and the absolute amount of putative mediators of pathology in the upper joint.

Statistics of solder joint alignment for optoelectronic components

The use of an area array of solder joints allows the self-alignment of a large number of components in microelectronic packages. The sensitivity to statistical variations in solder joint volumes is investigated. The analysis shows that sufficiently large arrays of randomly distributed volumes lead to very narrow distributions in the height and tilt of one component relative to another.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Calculation of Solder Joint Volume for TAB and MCR Components

This paper describes ways of simplifying the equations characterising the equilibrium shape of reflowed solder in the interconnection of TAB (Tape Automated Bonding) and MCR (Moulded Carrier Ring) components with negligible loss in accuracy. A drastic reduction of the numerical effort necessary to calculate the solder volume for fine pitch devices is achieved. The equations are applied to TAB and MCR packages which are hotbar‐soldered to a substrate. The results of these calculations are in good agreement with experimental data.

Mechanics of Glenohumeral Instability

The glenohumeral joint is designed for mobility and is normally lax. It is stabilized in its midrange by its limited joint volume and concavity-compression. It is stabilized at the extremes of motion by its ligaments. An enhanced understanding of these stabilizing mechanisms helps us in the diagnosis and management of glenohumeral instability.

Sound production in air‐jet driven wind instruments

Models of sound production in air jet‐driven wind instruments are constructed in which the air‐jet flow need not be small relative to the flow through the mouth of the organ flue pipe (or embouchure hole of the flute). This case is important for initial transients in wind instruments. The transverse flute differs from the organ in that the air jet interacts with two resonators rather than one, and this interaction is modeled using mass and momentum conservation to the mixing region of the air jet with the acoustical field. The linear system difference is most important. Separate reflection functions, defined in terms of pressure, are needed for the main body of the flute and the flute head joint volume. The dynamical system is expressed in terms of three first‐order differential equations involving the air‐jet flow, and the displacement and volume flow through the mouth. Transverse instabilities propagating along the jet are controlled by the current and time‐delayed mouth displacement, the latter reflecting the wave speed of the instability across the mouth [N.H. Fletcher, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 60, 926–936 (1976)], but our calculations are limited insofar as the frequency dependencies of the delay time and amplification factor of the transverse instability are neglected. Time domain simulations are well suited for investigating the relative importance of nonlinear flow and momentum injection mechanisms, and preliminary results will be discussed.

Arthritis induced by interleukin-1 is dependent on the site and frequency of intraarticular injection

Intraarticular injection of recombinant human interleukin-1 (IL-1) in rats resulted in varying degrees of inflammatory changes depending on the site and frequency of injections. (i) Much lower amounts of IL-1 were required to elicit an inflammatory response in the ankle joints (15–3000 ng) than the knee joints (90–150 μg). (ii) The inflammatory response was much greater if IL-1 was administered in multiple doses as compared to a single dose injection. One day after a single injection of IL-1 (90–150 μg), knee joints exhibited a mild increase in volume as a consequence of edema, but at the end of 1 week, no discernible change in volume was observed. However, when the same total amount of IL-1 was injected in three doses, there was a dramatic increase in joint volume at the end of 1 week that persisted for at least 3 weeks. The increase was dose dependent. (iii) The inflammatory response was dependent on the age/weight of the rats: the older the animals the greater the response. (iv) Under conditions where IL-1 induced inflammatory changes in knee joints, recombinant tumor necrosis factor failed to induce any significant response. (v) Histological examination of the knee joints revealed distinct differences in the pathological response to the two different protocols of IL-1 administration in the knee joints. The animals injected with a single dose of IL-1 showed a mild and transient inflammation that was resolved by 2 weeks postinjection, but exhibited degenerative changes associated with focal loss of chondrocytes and proteoglycan of the knee joint cartilage, which became progressively severe. The knee joints of animals given three injections of IL-1 showed evidence of marked acute synovitis, fibroplasia, loss of proteoglycan and chondrocytes, resorption of subchondral bone, and transition of hematopoeitic marrow cells into cells of mesenchymal morphology. (vi) Examination of proteoglycan synthesis by cartilage of IL-1-injected rats revealed that within 1 day after injection, a dramatic reduction in synthesis occurred which persisted for at least 2 weeks. These studies suggest that intraarticular injection of IL-1 provides auseful rodent model for the investigation of pathological changes occurring within a localized joint as a result of acute and chronic inflammatory stimuli. Relevant aspects of the pathology of joint erosion can be demonstrated depending on the frequency of IL-1 injection.

Predicting redesigned solid rocket motor joint volume pressurization, temperature transients, and ablation

Covers advancements in spacecraft and tactical and strategic missile systems, including subsystem design and application, mission design and analysis, materials and structures, developments in space sciences, space processing and manufacturing, space operations, and applications of space technologies to other fields.

Heterotopic microvascular growth plate transplantation of the proximal fibula: an experimental canine model.

The reconstructive potential of microvascular transplantation of skeletal growth plates was investigated through heterotopic transfers. The distal radius was resected in two series of puppies of a known large breed and substituted with a microsurgically revascularized transplant from the proximal fibula. Evaluation was conducted through serial roentgenograms, goniometric registration of joint mobility, volume measurements, histology, and fluorescent bone labeling. In the first series, development of neuropathic-like destruction of the weight-bearing graft ensued in the majority of the animals. In the second series, prolonged protection from weight bearing inhibited this destruction and resulted in hypertrophy of the revascularized epiphyseal end of the transplant but clearly reduced longitudinal growth, with only one transplant exhibiting longitudinal growth that exceeded 50 percent of the value for the control. This experiment demonstrates that skeletal growth plates possess a capacity for hypertrophy under the influence of increased loads. Whether this adaptability is sufficient to allow microvascular transplantation of growth plates to become a clinically useful procedure in children remains unclear. Further laboratory investigations are mandatory prior to clinical application of microvascular transfers of epiphyseal growth plates.

Arthroscopic volume of the knee joint in young male adults.

'Arthroscopic volume' and resorption of normal saline was measured in 35 young males during routine arthroscopic examination. The average mean volume of the knee joint cavity was 103.4 ml and this volume was observed to correlate with the midpatellar circumference of the knee and the height of the patients. Mean resorption of normal saline was 4.1 ml/min, this resorption correlating with the volume of the joint cavity. No correlation with the underlying disease of the knee was observed.