Coordinated Multipoint Joint Transmission Research Articles

A stochastic geometry-based performance analysis of a UAV corridor-assisted IoT network

The exploitation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in enhancing network performance in the context of beyond-fifth-generation (5G) communications has shown a variety of benefits compared to terrestrial counterparts. In addition, they have been largely conceived to play a central role in data dissemination to Internet of Things (IoT) devices. In the proposed work, a novel stochastic geometry unified framework is proposed to study the downlink performance in a UAV-assisted IoT network that integrates both UAV-base stations (UAV-BSs) and terrestrial IoT receiving devices. The framework builds upon the concept of the aerial UAV corridor, which is modeled as a finite line above the IoT network, and the one-dimensional (1D) binomial point process (BPP) is employed for modeling the spatial locations of the UAV-BSs in the aerial corridor. Subsequently, a comprehensive SNR-based performance analysis in terms of coverage probability, average rate, and energy efficiency is conducted under three association strategies, namely, the nth nearest-selection scheme, the random selection scheme, and the joint transmission coordinated multi-point (JT-CoMP) scheme. The numerical results reveal valuable system-level insights and trade-offs and provide a firm foundation for the design of UAV-assisted IoT networks.

Performance Improvement of Next-Generation Network with Cognitive Radio Network and Coordinated Multipoint Joint Transmission

Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) is a favourable technology for the future of wireless networks. It aims to seamlessly exploit spectrum resources by opportunistically using the unused or underused radio spectrum that is licensed. Cognitive Radio Network is a technology that is planned to be used in the 5th Generation of wireless communication. This technology is belied to be the answer to the unused and underused radio spectrum in the Radio environment. Whereas Coordinated Multipoint Joint Transmission (CoMP JT) is a technology that has already been used, first used in 3GPP LTE-Advanced. Coordinated Multipoint Joint Transmission aims to improve the performance of the cellular network. In this report, Cognitive Radio Network is being implemented along with Coordinated Multipoint Joint Transmission techniques. An inclusive and layered architecture of Cognitive Radio Network along with Coordinated multipoint Joint Transmission is being designed in this report, showing different technologies and different steps involved in the concept of this combination. Then the impact of CoMP JT on CRN is being studied. By implementing CoMP JT on CRN, it has been able to show how the performance of CRN is changing when implemented alone and when implemented with CoMP JT and some of the significant results are being depicted to better understand the changes in CRN with CoMP JT. Lastly, a study is performed on the combination of Cognitive Radio Network and Coordinated Multipoint Joint Transmission. As far as the investigation is being performed, two factors have been considered, which is: Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) and Total Average Throughput (TAT). The detailed study is being performed in this report and is being implemented in three different environments. Hence the results are being compared and a conclusion is being drawn based on these results.

Distributed fronthaul-constrained joint transmission design and selection using augmented consensus-based dual decomposition

User-centric coordinated multipoint (CoMP) joint transmission (JT) is a novel technique to manage interference and enhance system performance with single frequency reuse, where user equipment (UE) communicates with their closest transmission points (TPs). Unfortunately, in coherent JT, requirement of strict network synchronization accuracy makes it difficult and expensive to be practically deployed. The noncoherent JT has therefore received growing attention since it requires less strict network synchronization accuracy compared to its coherent counterpart as it does not require the signal to be phase-aligned at the receiver. Moreover, cell-free massive MIMO, which is regarded as combining CoMP with massive MIMO systems, has recently been touted as a solution for avoiding intercell interference and provide uniform coverage over a large area. However, the operational costs of CoMP, such as the associated control signaling and communication overhead and the increase of network complexity, could prevent the practical implementation of CoMP. A distributed joint transmission CoMP (JT-CoMP) scheme is proposed herein that allows distributed design and selection of cooperating transmission nodes. To maximize user capacity, the proposed distributed consensus optimization problem assumes spectrum underlay transmission is used so that the solution can achieve non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) for cell-free user centric JT-CoMP systems. The proposed algorithm is different from others in the literature because it solves a design problem that involves a coupling constraint that no existing algorithm can solve. Analytical results based on spectral graph theory are given to prove its convergence and characterize its rate of convergence. The more practical scenario is further considered, where limited fronthaul capacity is also included in the problem. A successive convex approximation (SCA) method is used to solve the resulting nonconvex problem, which is shown to maximize spectral efficiency. Simulation results are provided to show that the performance of both proposed distributed algorithms (that address problem without and with fronthaul constraint) is comparable to its centralized counterpart.

User Pairing and Power Allocation for NOMA-CoMP Based on Rate Prediction

In this paper, we consider a non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system with coordinated multi-point (CoMP), which is used in 5G cellular networks to guarantee the rate requirements from the different edge users. Based on the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) dataset, we use several learning algorithms to predict users’ rate requirements according to their profiles. We propose a many-to-many two-side subchannel–user matching strategy, which can classify users into cell-center users, high-rate requirement edge users, and low-rate requirement edge users based on their status and learning prediction results, and pair users with different subchannels to form joint transmission CoMP (JT-CoMP) subchannels and dynamic point selection CoMP (DPS-CoMP) subchannels. Furthermore, a discrete power allocation algorithm based on group search is proposed. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithm outperforms the traditional NOMA-CoMP algorithm and maximum throughput (MT) NOMA-CoMP algorithm. It maximizes the rate of high-rate requirement edge users while guaranteeing user fairness.

Interference management in backhaul constrained 5G HetNets through coordinated multipoint

The inter-cell interference (ICI) is a major bottleneck that harshly impairs the cell-edge performance in the cellular networks. In heterogeneous networks (HetNets), time domain enhanced inter-cell interference coordination (TD-eICIC) is a promising and well recognized cell-coordination technique to cope with the inter-tier cell interference. However, this scheme incurs significant loss in the allocated spectrum resources caused by blanked or reduced power subframes. The coordinated multipoint (CoMP) is a spectrally efficient and dynamic coordination approach to improve the performance of cell-edge users. In this article, first we provide a brief overview of conventional interference mitigation techniques in the heterogeneous networks. Next, application of CoMP on top of conventional TD-eICIC is investigated to diminish the pitfalls of TD-eICIC. Primarily, we propose a simplified but efficient multi-tier adaptive cell-coordination approach by combining features of joint transmission CoMP (JT-CoMP) and TD-eICIC to provide a pragmatic solution in the dynamically varying mobile environments. Finally, a hypothetical HetNet-CoMP paradigm is propounded that can effectually alleviate the interference in the backhaul-constrained densed fifth generation (5G) and beyond networks where multiple HetNet co-exist in the neighborhood. The analytical expressions and evaluation results validate the improvements achieved by the proposed methods in the network performance in terms of cell-edge user throughput and spectral efficiency performance metrics.

RIS-Assisted Joint Transmission in a Two-Cell Downlink NOMA Cellular System

This paper investigates the integration of reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) with downlink non-orthogonal-multiple-access (NOMA) in a multi-user two-cell network assisted by the joint-transmission coordinated multipoint (JT-CoMP). Specifically, the RIS is deployed at the edge of two adjacent cells to assist the JT-CoMP from these two cells to multiple far NOMA users located at their edges. Under this setup, we jointly optimize the power allocation (PA) coefficients at the base stations (BSs), the user clustering (UC) policy, and the phase-shift (PS) matrix of the RIS with the objective of maximizing the network sum-rate subject to a target quality-of-service, defined in terms of the minimum required data rate at each cellular user, and the successive interference cancellation (SIC) constraints. The formulated problem ends to be a non-convex mixed-integer non-linear program that is difficult to be solved in a straightforward manner. To alleviate this issue, and with the aid of alternating optimization (AO), the original optimization problem is decomposed into two sub-problems, a joint PA and UC sub-problem and a PS sub-problem, that are solved in an alternating way. For the first sub-problem, we invoke the bi-level optimization approach to decouple the PA sub-problem from the UC sub-problem. For the PA sub-problem, closed-form expressions for the optimal PA coefficients are derived. On the other hand, the UC problem is projected to multiple 2-dimensional assignment problems, each of which is solved using the Hungarian method. Finally, the PS sub-problem is formulated as a difference-of-convex problem and an efficient solution is obtained using the successive convex approximation technique. The numerical results reveal that the network sum-rate of the proposed RIS-assisted CoMP NOMA networks outperforms the conventional CoMP NOMA scheme without the assistance of the RIS, the RIS-assisted CoMP orthogonal multiple access (OMA) scheme, and RIS-assisted NOMA scheme, especially for low transmit power from the BSs.

Joint User-Centric Clustering and Multi-cell Radio Resource Management in Coordinated Multipoint Joint Transmission

Coordinated multipoint joint transmission (JT-CoMP) is a promising solution to address inter-cell interference in dense future wireless networks due its strength in converting interfering signals into useful signals, thereby enhancing capacity especially at the cell edge. However, allowing all user equipments (UEs) to operate using the JT-CoMP mode reduces the availability of radio resources. This paper develops an efficient algorithm that can identify which UEs will benefit from operating in a JT-CoMP mode and how to efficiently allocate radio resources from multiple base stations. Joint user-centric JT-CoMP clustering and multi-cell resource management is used in two steps where user-centric clusters are constructed as a first step and according to the clustering results obtained, resources are assigned. This paper also provides a new user-centric clustering approach that allows a user to utilize the JT-CoMP technique only if JT-CoMP boosts its rate above a certain threshold level. A multi-cell resource allocation scheme that can address the resource mismatching problem between cooperative BSs that happens due to load imbalance is proposed. Simulation results show that the proposed user-centric clustering algorithm outperforms the traditional power level difference scheme in terms of the system’s overall throughput as well as the throughput of cell-edge users. Also, results show that the performance of JT-CoMP is mainly affected by the user-centric approach and the amount of physical radio resources assigned to CoMP UEs.

Performance Evaluation of Downlink Coordinated Multipoint Joint Transmission under Heavy IoT Traffic Load

Emerging 5G network cellular promotes key empowering techniques for pervasive IoT. Evolving 5G-IoT scenarios and basic services like reality augmented, high dense streaming of videos, unmanned vehicles, e-health, and intelligent environments services have a pervasive existence now. These services generate heavy loads and need high capacity, bandwidth, data rate, throughput, and low latency. Taking all these requirements into consideration, internet of things (IoT) networks have provided global transformation in the context of big data innovation and bring many problematic issues in terms of uplink and downlink (DL) connectivity and traffic load. These comprise coordinated multipoint processing (CoMP), carriers’ aggregation (CA), joint transmissions (JTs), massive multi-inputs multi-outputs (MIMO), machine-type communications, centralized radios access networks (CRAN), and many others. CoMP is one of the most significant technical enhancements added to release 11 that can be implemented in heterogonous networks implementation approaches and the homogenous networks’ topologies. However, in a massive 5G-IoT device scenario with heavy traffic load, most cell edge IoT users are severely suffering from intercell interference (ICI), where the users have poor signal, lower data rates, and limited QoS. This work is aimed at addressing this problematic issue by proposing two types of DL-JT-CoMP techniques in 5G-IoT that are compliant with release 18. Downlink JT-CoMP with two homogeneous network CoMP deployment scenarios is considered and evaluated. The scenarios used are IoT intrasite and intersite CoMP, which performance evaluated using downlink system-level simulator for long-term evolution-advanced (LTE-A) and 5G. Numerical simulation scenarios were results under high dense scenario—with IoT heavy traffic load which shows that intersite CoMP has better empirical cumulative distribution function (ECDF) of average UE throughput than intrasite CoMP approximately 4%, inter-site CoMP has better ECDF of average user entity (UE) spectral efficiency than intrasite CoMP almost 10%, and intersite CoMP has approximately same ECDF of average signal interference noise ratio (SINR) as intrasite CoMP and intersite CoMP has better fairness index than intrasite CoMP by 5%. The fairness index decreases when the users’ number increase since the competition among users is higher.

CoMP-JT Scheme for D2D Communication in Industrial LiFi Networks

This paper focuses on the combined technique of device-to-device (D2D) and coordinated multipoint joint transmission (CoMP-JT) to bridge the indoor industrial wireless gap with LiFi-based networks. It also considers the mobility challange of industrial internet-of-things (IIoT) within a realistic scenario. Using the semiangle at half illuminance of the LiFi access point and D2D transmitting IIoT, we derive a coverage model for the communication range. Using stochastic geometry, the analytical expressions for CoMP-JT probability and coverage performance are derived in terms of different parameters, such as transmitter densities and bias factor. The analytical approximations match quite well with the Monte Carlo method-based simulation results.

Energy-Efficient CoMP Joint Transmission in Hybrid-Powered mmWave Networks

In the downlink of millimeter wave (mmWave) cellular networks, coordinated multi-point transmission (CoMP) with the joint transmission (JT) strategy can achieve a higher data rate at cell edge by multiple desired signals. However, since cooperative transmissions among multiple cells lead to increased energy consumption for these cells, an energy efficient CoMP-JT strategy is required. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient CoMP-JT (EE-CoMP) scheme with hybrid power, where a small cell base station (SC) can use both renewable power and grid power. In EE-CoMP, when the multiple neighboring SCs conduct a cooperative transmission, these SCs determine whether or not to conduct CoMP-JT in a distributed manner. To minimize the grid energy consumption of SCs while maintaining the outage probability, we consider a stochastic game model with constrains for an EE-CoMP based system. In this way, the policy for conducting CoMP-JT can be obtained by applying a best response algorithm. Evaluation results show that EE-CoMP can reduce the grid energy consumption by 80% compared with a probability-based scheme while providing a sufficiently target outage probability (e.g., 0.1).

Analytical Framework of CP-Free Multiuser OFDM System for Coordinated Multi-Point at mmWave

In this paper, a coordinated multipoint joint transmission (CoMP-JT) framework at mmWave for a cyclic prefix (CP)-free multiuser OFDM wireless communication system is developed and analyzed. The aim is to provide high-quality service to cell-edge users; otherwise, the cell-users would suffer from significant signal degradation due to undesired interference. The impact of complex Hadamard transform with block diagonalization channel precoding for multiuser interference reduction and designed subcarrier mapping for out-of-band (OOB) reduction are investigated. In addition, the paper studied the input back-off-aided high-power amplifier for peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction and forward error correction channel coding for improved bit error rate (BER) for cell-edge users at mmWave frequencies. Moreover, signal-to-interference-noise ratio and ergodic achievable rate are estimated both in the presence and absence of CoMP-JT-based transmission technique to verify their significance in terms of transmitted power. Numerical investigations showed an OOB reduction of 312 dB, PAPR reduction from 17.50 dB to 7.66 dB, and improved BER of 1×10−3 in 16-QAM for a signal-to-noise ratio of −6 dB. Hence, the simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of the developed system.

MSE minimized joint transmission in coordinated multipoint systems with sparse feedback and constrained backhaul requirements

In a joint transmission coordinated multipoint (JT-CoMP) system, a shared spectrum is utilized by all neighbor cells. In the downlink, a group of base stations (BSs) coordinately transmit the users’ data to avoid serious interference at the users in the boundary of the cells, thus substantially improving area fairness. However, this comes at the cost of high feedback and backhaul load; In a frequency division duplex system, all users at the cell boundaries have to collect and send feedback of the downlink channel state information (CSI). In centralized JT-CoMP, although with capabilities for perfect coordination, a central coordination node have to send the computed precoding weights and corresponding data to all cells which can overwhelm the backhaul resources. In this paper, we design a JT-CoMP scheme, by which the sum of the mean square error (MSE) at the boundary users is minimized, while feedback and backhaul loads are constrained and the load is balanced between BSs. Our design is based on the singular value decomposition of CSI matrix and optimization of a binary link selection matrix to provide sparse feedback—constrained backhaul link. For comparison, we adopt the previously presented schemes for feedback and backhaul reduction in the physical layer. Extensive numerical evaluations show that the proposed scheme can reduce the MSE with at least 25%, compared to the adopted and existing schemes.

Resource allocation for downlink non-orthogonal multiple access in joint transmission coordinated multi-point networks

Joint transmission coordinated multi-point (JT-CoMP) and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) are key enabling technologies of 5G ubiquitous broadband infrastructures. These technologies are jointly expected to exploit multi-cell and non-orthogonal resource transmissions; thus, conventional resource allocation schemes that only consider either one of them fail to efficiently exploit resources of 5G networks. In this paper, we bridge this gap by proposing a practical and comprehensive joint sub-carrier assignment and power allocation scheme for network sum-rate maximization in JT-CoMP-enabled NOMA networks. We formulate the problem as a mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problem, which is NP-hard. The problem is decoupled into two sub-problems, where the sub-carrier assignment is modeled as a two-sided many-to-many matching game and the power allocation is formulated as a difference of convex (DC) programming problem. The matching algorithm is proved to converge to a two-sided exchange stable matching. Furthermore, the solution computed by the proposed scheme is verified against a baseline solution computed by a commercial optimization package, and has been shown to achieve 91.38% of the baseline solution for JT-CoMP-NOMA networks. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed scheme enhances cell-edge users’ achievable rates by 0.1−27.7% in JT-CoMP-NOMA over conventional NOMA.

Radio & BH Load-Aware Multi-Objective Clustering in Multi-Cell MIMO Cooperative Networks

Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) is one of the key technologies identified for future wireless networks to mitigate inter-cell interference, especially in a dense deployment scenario. However, CoMP can’t be realized for the whole network due to its computational complexity, synchronization between coordinating base stations (BSs) and high backhaul (BH) capacity requirement. BSs need to be clustered into smaller groups and CoMP can be activated within these smaller clusters. In this paper, we develop a multi-objective, dynamic clustering model for multi-user, joint-transmission CoMP to jointly optimize spectral efficiency (SE), radio access network (RAN) load and BH load. We formulate our load-aware model as two coalitional sub-games for small cell and user equipment clustering, respectively. Merge/split/transfer actions for each sub-game are defined and a complexity and stability analysis is provided. Extensive simulation results show that our model provides as good SE in low load when compared to a greedy model, and significantly better load balancing with a reduced number of unsatisfied users and increased throughput in high load scenario. On average 49% increase in the overall system throughput is observed in our simulations when compared to the greedy model.

Resource Allocation in Virtualized CoMP-NOMA HetNets: Multi-Connectivity for Joint Transmission

In this work, we design a generalized joint transmission coordinated multi-point (JT-CoMP)-non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) model for a virtualized multi-infrastructure network. In this model, all users benefit from multiple joint transmissions of CoMP thanks to the multi-connectivity opportunity provided by wireless network virtualization (WNV) in multi-infrastructure networks. The NOMA protocol in CoMP results in an unlimited NOMA clustering (UNC) scheme, where the order of each NOMA cluster is the maximum possible value. We show that UNC results in maximum successful interference cancellation (SIC) complexity at users. In this regard, we propose a limited NOMA clustering (LNC) scheme, where the SIC is performed to only a subset of users. We formulate the problem of joint power allocation and user association for the UNC and LNC schemes. Then, one globally and one locally optimal solution are proposed for each problem based on mixed-integer monotonic optimization and sequential programming, respectively. Numerical assessments reveal that WNV and LNC improves users sum-rate and reduces users SIC complexity by up to 35% and 46% compared to the non-virtualized CoMP-NOMA system and UNC model, respectively. Therefore, the proposed algorithms are suitable candidates for the implementation on open and intelligent radio access networks.

Coalition Formation Games for Improved Cell-Edge User Service in Downlink NOMA and MU-MIMO Small Cell Systems

In today’s wireless communication systems, the exponentially growing needs of mobile users require the combination of new and existing techniques to meet the demands for reliable and high-quality service provision. This may not always be possible, as the resources in wireless telecommunication systems are limited and a significant number of users, usually located at the cell edges, can suffer from severe interference. For this purpose, a new Joint Transmission Coordinated Multipoint (JT-CoMP) scheme, in which the transmission points’ clustering is based on a coalition formation game, is deployed alongside with Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) in a Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) consisting of small cells. To further enhance the network’s performance, Multiuser Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MU-MIMO) with Zero-Forcing (ZF) beamforming is applied. The proposed scheme’s performance, in terms of user throughput, is then compared to that of a scheme where JT-CoMP with static clustering is selected, a JT-CoMP scheme with clustering based on a greedy algorithm and a scenario where JT-CoMP is not deployed. Simulation results confirm that the proposed scheme reliably improves the throughput of users with poor wireless channels while guaranteeing that the performance of the rest is not severely undermined.

Power Allocation in CoMP-Empowered C-NOMA Networks

In this letter, the dynamic power allocation problem of a cellular network consisting of two adjacent and coordinating cells is investigated. The joint transmission coordinated multipoint (JT-CoMP) between the two-cell is introduced to assist users experiencing high inter-cell interference, where each cell invokes cooperative non orthogonal multiple access (C-NOMA) to serve its associated devices. Both effects of imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC) and imperfect channel estimation are considered within the proposed scheme. A power allocation framework is formulated as an optimization problem with the objective of maximizing the network sum-rate while guaranteeing a certain quality-of-service (QoS) for each user. The formulated optimization problem is neither concave nor quasi-concave, which is difficult to be solved directly unless using heuristic methods, which comes with the expense of high computational complexity. To overcome this issue, a near-optimal closed-form expressions for the power allocation are derived. The simulation results show that our purposed scheme achieves an average sum-rate that is 3% less than the one of the optimal power control but it can save up to 99% in the computational time. In addition, the superiority of the proposed CoMP C-NOMA scheme is demonstrated when compared to the well known C-NOMA scheme.

Fluid-Based Energy Efficiency Analysis of JT-CoMP Scheme in Femto Cellular Networks

As the progress towards 5G wireless networks, energy efficiency (EE) has become one of the critical design criteria for future wireless communications. In this regard, the joint transmission coordinated multipoint (JT-CoMP) technique is considered as a promising technology to save energy by mitigating intercell interference and improving spectral efficiency. However, additional power for data sharing and resource information is consumed by this technology. To evaluate the EE in dense femtocell networks with joint transmission CoMP approach and capture the significant factors involved in the energy consumption process, representative and accurate models are needed. In this article, while applying a realistic power consumption model, we develop a tractable model in a JT-CoMP downlink transmission network based on spatial fluid modeling, which reduces the analysis complexity. Moreover, the proposed model’s effectiveness and accuracy are shown by comparing the obtained results to those of Monte Carlo simulations. Afterward, our simulation outcomes point out that EE is mainly highest in free space than urban areas, and can be improved with the increase of cooperative BSs number for a constant backhauling power cost. Moreover, in the case of a variable backhauling power cost, JT-CoMP becomes beneficial when the SINR threshold is 3dB.

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Assisted Coordinated Multipoint in Downlink NOMA Networks

In this letter, we investigate the amalgamation between the reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology and the joint transmission coordinated multipoint (JT-CoMP) in order to enhance the performance of a cell-edge user equipment (UE) in a two-user non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) group without deteriorating the performance of the NOMA cell-center UE. The RIS is adopted to construct a strong combined channel gain at the cell-edge UE, while JT-CoMP is used to mitigate the effects of inter-cell interference (ICI). In this proposed framework, we derive first a closed-form expression for the ergodic rate of the cell-edge UE, and then we evaluate the network spectral efficiency. We validate the derived expression through Monte-Carlo simulations, where we demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed framework compared to other multiple access techniques proposed in the literature.

Virtual user pairing based non‐orthogonal multiple access in downlink coordinated multipoint transmissions

In this study, joint transmission coordinated multi-point (JT-CoMP) is integrated with virtual user pairing based non-orthogonal multiple access (VP-NOMA), termed as JT-CoMP VP-NOMA. JT-CoMP is a multi-cell coordination scheme, where base stations of neighbouring cells coordinate with each other to improve the performance of their common cell edge users (CEUs). On the other hand, VP-NOMA is a one-to-many user pairing scheme in non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), where one cell centre user (CCU) within a cell can be paired/multiplexed with multiple CEUs for better spectrum utilisation. The proposed scheme combines both VP-NOMA for enhancing ergodic sum capacity (ESC) within a cell and JT-CoMP for mitigating inter-cell interference (ICI) between neighbouring cells. To demonstrate the achieved performance gains, ESC of a three-cell scenario is analysed as a key performance metric, where each cell contains two users; a CCU and a CEU. Closed-form expressions for ESC of the considered system are derived, and validated through simulations. Furthermore, the analytical and simulation results of JT-CoMP VP-NOMA are compared with orthogonal multiple access, NOMA, and VP-NOMA to show the achieved performance gains. It is shown that the proposed JT-CoMP VP-NOMA outperforms the other schemes in the viewpoint of ESC.