Joint Rupture Research Articles

Buttered Knuckles of the Martial Arts World – A Comprehensive Review on Boxer’s Knuckle

Introduction:
 Boxer's knuckle is a common injury that occurs due to repetitive trauma to the hand, often seen in those who engage in boxing or other similar combat sports. It is a painful condition that can cause swelling, tenderness, and limited movement in the affected area. In some cases, boxer's knuckle can be severe enough to require medical attention and even surgery. This injury can have a significant impact on an athlete's training and overall performance, and it is important to take preventative measures to avoid its occurrence. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for boxer's knuckle is essential for any athlete who regularly engages in combat sports or any activity that involves repeated hand trauma.
 Objective of the study:The objective of this review study is to analyze and summarize the literature related to boxer's knuckle, including its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management. The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the condition, its causes, risk factors, and treatments, and to identify the gaps and limitations in the existing literature. Furthermore, this review intends to provide evidence-based recommendations and guidelines for the prevention, assessment, and treatment of boxer's knuckle in athletes and other individuals who are at risk of developing the condition. Ultimately, the study seeks to contribute to the development of a more precise and effective approach to managing this common hand injury.
 Material and methods:
 Review of PubMed articles using the following keywords: “mcp joint rupture boxing”, “boxer's knuckle”, “metacarpophalangeal joint boxing”, “extensor hood injuries”. Additionally, related articles proposed by the PubMed website were checked. Single citations that were not in the PubMed database but, in the opinion of the authors, contained valuable knowledge worthy of inclusion in the article were also reviewed.

Fractal Statistical Study on the Strength of Jointed Rock Mass

The failure probability and strength of jointed and fractured rock mass under water pressure action place important constraints on the safety and stability of rock mass engineering. In this study, two strength calculation models for rock mass joint rupture failure and shear slip failure are established according to different relative sizes and working conditions, and the effects of fractal dimension, water pressure, and number of cracks on the strength and failure probability of rock mass are analyzed. The most unfavorable dip angle under shear-slip conditions is calculated. The proposed models accurately reflect the failure probability and strength of jointed rock mass, and different strength calculation methods should be selected according to the specific working conditions. The effect of water pressure on the strength of jointed rock mass is sensitive to the failure mode. Reasonable drainage should be carried out according to the different failure modes when constructing tunnels with abundant groundwater, and certain drainage or water plugging construction schemes are not necessarily applicable to all cases. The dip angle at which joint fissures are most prone to shear slip is given as π/4 + φ/2, where φ is the jointed rock mass strength parameter. An increase in the fractal dimensions, external stress, and number of fractures will enhance the rock mass failure probability regardless of failure mode. Controlled blasting and advanced grouting reinforcement measures are recommended when a tunnel traverses through a joint fissure zone to reduce the number of cracks generated in the surrounding rock and thus improve its strength and stability.

A 3700 yr paleoseismic record from the northern San Jacinto fault and implications for joint rupture of the San Jacinto and San Andreas faults

The San Andreas and San Jacinto faults are the primary plate-boundary structures in southern California and present a large earthquake hazard for the region. They approach each other in the Cajon Pass area between the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains, where the northern end of the San Jacinto fault forms a 2-km-wide releasing step with the San Andreas fault. In this study, we used paleoseismic data from sites on the San Jacinto and San Andreas faults near their juncture to evaluate spatial and temporal patterns of surface rupture between these major structures of the North American–Pacific transform plate boundary. We present a new 3700 yr paleoseismic record from the northern San Jacinto fault at Mystic Lake, where trench excavations exposed evidence for at least 16 surface ruptures. A sedimentary gap in our trench exposures separates three ruptures in the oldest part of the record from 13 ruptures during the past 2000 yr. For the past 2000 yr, the mean recurrence times varied from 86 to 312 yr, with a mean recurrence interval of 160 yr. This rate of surface rupture is roughly equal to that of the southern San Andreas fault south of the Cajon Pass juncture, but it is half that of the San Andreas fault north of the juncture, indicating that coseismic strain on the San Andreas fault is split between the southern San Andreas and San Jacinto faults south of Cajon Pass. Comparison of the past 2000 yr of the Mystic Lake record to similar paleoseismic records from nearby sections of the San Andreas fault suggests that: (1) the current open interval on these two faults in the study area is longer than their average recurrence intervals, but that similar intervals of quiescence have occurred in the past 2000 yr; (2) the San Andreas and San Jacinto faults have probably ruptured together multiple times in the past 2000 yr; and (3) a joint rupture of the San Jacinto fault with the Mojave section of the San Andreas fault may be a more likely source of a major earthquake in southern California than a rupture on the San Andreas fault from the Mojave segment to the southern end of the fault.

Numerical and experimental vibration analysis of olive tree for optimal mechanized harvesting efficiency and productivity

A 3D model of a middle-size olive tree has been analyzed considering various shaking conditions by using an attached trunk shaker to improve the harvesting rate as regards the critical nodal acceleration and displacement. The effects of shaking frequency, loading type as well as temperature and loading height were simulated and investigated on olive-stem-twig joint rupture. Comparing the results of finite element modal analysis in ABAQUS 6.10 with those of field experiments, utilizing a hydraulic eccentric-mass trunk shaker, exhibits less than 5% deviation at frequencies between 10 and 25Hz at the first four vibration modes with damping ratio of 16–30%. The experiments and simulations show the maximum harvested quantity of sample middle-size olive trees is 92% and 96%, respectively. It is acquired at f=20Hz, T=28°C for 45% moisture content of wood in late November 2012, without chemicals. The optimized mechanical harvesting yielded the lower number of workers, time saving (∼12tree/h), and to improve the obtained productivity (293kg/h). The results imply that accurate 3D analysis of mechanized olive harvesting can be an efficacious solution to obtain desired parameters and optimal efficiency, which is comparable to manual method.

A case for historic joint rupture of the San Andreas and San Jacinto faults.

The San Andreas fault is considered to be the primary plate boundary fault in southern California and the most likely fault to produce a major earthquake. I use dynamic rupture modeling to show that the San Jacinto fault is capable of rupturing along with the San Andreas in a single earthquake, and interpret these results along with existing paleoseismic data and historic damage reports to suggest that this has likely occurred in the historic past. In particular, I find that paleoseismic data and historic observations for the ~M7.5 earthquake of 8 December 1812 are best explained by a rupture that begins on the San Jacinto fault and propagates onto the San Andreas fault. This precedent carries the implications that similar joint ruptures are possible in the future and that the San Jacinto fault plays a more significant role in seismic hazard in southern California than previously considered. My work also shows how physics-based modeling can be used for interpreting paleoseismic data sets and understanding prehistoric fault behavior.

Bearing and Cleavage Failure Simulation of Single Lap Bolted Joint Using Finite Element Method

This paper deals with the distortion and failure behavior of the single lap bolted joints with similar and dissimilar substrates experimentally and numerically. Nonlinear finite element (FE) model has been used to simulate excessive distortions and failure modes of the assemblies. FE results show that elasto-plastic model has sufficient accuracy in predicting the distortion behavior of the models with only bearing failure. However, this model has less accuracy compared to other models with Mixed-Mode (Bearing + Cleavage) failure. Therefore, in this paper, an energy based failure criteria has been used to simulate the joint distortions and rupture. Results show that the joint behavior can be accurately simulated using the above mentioned failure criterion.

Interseismic coupling and refined earthquake potential on the Hayward‐Calaveras fault zone

AbstractInterseismic strain accumulation and fault creep is usually estimated from GPS and alignment arrays data, which provide precise but spatially sparse measurements. Here we use interferometric synthetic aperture radar to resolve the interseismic deformation associated with the Hayward and Calaveras Faults (HF and CF) in the East San Francisco Bay Area. The large 1992–2011 SAR data set permits evaluation of short‐ and long‐wavelength deformation larger than 2 mm/yr without alignment of the velocity field to a GPS‐based model. Our time series approach in which the interferogram selection is based on the spatial coherence enables deformation mapping in vegetated areas and leads to refined estimates of along‐fault surface creep rates. Creep rates vary from 0 ± 2 mm/yr on the northern CF to 14 ± 2 mm/yr on the central CF south of the HF surface junction. We estimate the long‐term slip rates by inverting the long‐wavelength deformation and the distribution of shallow slip due to creep by inverting the remaining velocity field. This distribution of slip reveals the locations of locked and slowly creeping patches with potential for a M6.8 ± 0.3 on the HF near San Leandro, a M6.6 ± 0.2 on the northern CF near Dublin, a M6.5 ± 0.1 on the HF south of Fremont, and a M6.2 ± 0.2 on the central CF near Morgan Hill. With cascading multisegment ruptures the HF rupturing from Berkeley to the CF junction could produce a M6.9 ± 0.1, the northern CF a M6.6 ± 0.1, the central CF a M6.9 ± 0.2 from the junction to Gilroy, and a joint rupture of the HF and central CF could produce a M7.1 ± 0.1.

Metallurgical investigations and corrosion behavior of failed weld joint in AISI 1518 low carbon steel pipeline

In this paper, failure analysis was carried out based on the available documents, metallographic studies and corrosion behavior of the welded joint pipe sample made of AISI 1518 low carbon steel. Nondestructive evaluations including penetration test (PT) and radiographic test (RT) were performed on the as-received pipeline and results indicated the presence of micro- and macro-cracks. Optical microscopic images and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs revealed various microstructures in the base metal (BM), heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal (WM). The microstructural variations may result in galvanic feature and lead to failure and rupture of the weld joint during the service. Microhardness measurements showed that hardness value was about 260 HV in the WM, while it declined in the HAZ and BM. Qualitative chemical analyses such as X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) and SEM equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the presence of corrosive media during weld joint rupture. Additionally, SEM and optical investigations indicated that micro-cracks were formed in HAZ due to residual stress as a consequence of improper welding condition. Surface fracture studies showed that the crack initiation, crack growth and finally crack propagation took place in the WM/HAZ interface. Electrochemical studies were conducted on the BM, HAZ and WM to investigate corrosion behavior of the failed joint sample. Finally, a proper corrosion mechanism is proposed based on the failure analyses and electrochemical studies.

Bipolar hemiarthroplasty for unstable intertrochanteric fractures in the elderly patients

Objective To explore the application and clinical effect of bipolar hemiarthroplasty with bipolar prosthesis on unstable intertrochanteric fracture in the elderly patients.Methods The study involved 53 patients aged over 75 years with intertrochanteric fracture treated with bipolar hemiarthroplasty in our hospital from April 2003 to January 2010.According to Evans-Jensen classification,there were 24 patients with type Ⅲ fractures,eight with type Ⅳ and 11 with type Ⅴ.Osteoporosis degree was at Singh degree Ⅰ in 13 patients,degreeⅡ in 18,degree Ⅲ in 12 and degree Ⅳ in 10.Most patients underwent operation within three days after injury.Results The operation duration was(75 ±10)min,with intraoperative blood loss of(350 ± 68)ml.Three patients were lost to follow-up after discharge and one patient was died of respiratory failure caused by chronic bronchitis five months after operation.Forty-nine patients were followed up for 12-93 months(mean 38 months),which showed no joint dislocation,or loosening,subsidence or rupture of the prosthesis.According to the Harris score of hip joint,the result at final follow-up was excellent in 29 patients,good in 13 and fair in seven,with excellence rate of 86％.Conclusions Bipolar hemiarthroplasty is an effective treatment for osteoporotic and unstable intertrochanteric fractures in the elderly patients.However,as the complemented therapeutic method of proximal femoral nail antirotation(PFNA),bipolar hemiarthroplasty has severe secondary trauma and its indications must be strictly mastered. Key words: Femoral fractures, aged; Arthroplasty, replacement; Hip intertrochanteric fractures

Finite element analysis on residual stresses in brazed joint of CBN superabrasive and 0.45%C steel

For avoiding the grain microcrack and the joint rupture in the cooling stage during high temperature brazing, the residual stresses in the brazed joint of cubic boron nitride (CBN) superabrasive grain and 0.45%C steel with Ag-Cu-Ti alloy as filler metal is simulated by finite element method (FEM) according to the elastic-plastic theory. The results show that, several special zones, such as the center axis, the radius of the middle plane, and the radius of the section plane between the grain and the filler alloy, are the ones that have the most re- markable diversification of the residual stresses in the inner part of the brazed grain. Moreover, the margin of the section plane always endures the maximum tensile stresses. The correspond- ing experimental result indicates that the measured stresses are in accordance with the predicted ones. Based on the maximum tensile stress in the brazed grain, in order to ensure the grain strength and the storage space for chips, the embedding depth of the grains in the filler alloy is feasible to be controlled at 30%~ 40% of the whole grain crystal.

Application of acoustic emission to study creep behaviour of composite bonded lap shear joints

The objective of this work is to define criteria to distinguish different types of rupture of composite bonded lap shear joints by using non-destructive acoustic emission method. Bonded joints of carbon-epoxy, glass-epoxy and mixed, were considered. The method is efficient to carry out the progressive damage induced by creep. The influence of some aspects related with crack initiation and growth, included in the damage propagation mechanism, are also discussed. A damage acoustic coefficient, C d, allowing to characterize the bonded joint rupture from acoustic emission signal, is defined at the secondary stage of creep. The effects of temperature and moisture on the creep behaviour and on the corresponding AE signal were studied by comparison of cumulative counts. The obtained results showed that the acoustic signal increases in function of each of these effects.

Adherence evaluation of paint coatings using a three‐point flexure test and acoustic emission

The adherence of paint coatings on aluminum substrates was tested using a three-point flexure test (TPFT) combined with acoustic emission (AE) evaluation. The mechanical test was defined according to the French Standard. During bending of the paint-coated specimen, acoustic emission signals were recorded and analyzed. Substrate pretreatments were chosen to show a set of visual interfacial ruptures and a set of visual cohesive ruptures in the paint. The formulation of the paint was fixed by industrial regulations. The varying nature of systems showed different AE patterns, particularly for two types of specimens: those that corresponded to solvent degreasings and the others to aqueous chemical pretreatments. The behavior of the paint coating differed, with significant AE, damage, and crack propagation in the first case and instantaneous phenomena in the other case. It is then possible to establish a relationship between the analysis of the recorded AE signal and the type of joint rupture. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1848–1857, 2001

Adherence evaluation of paint coatings using a three‐point flexure test and acoustic emission

AbstractThe adherence of paint coatings on aluminum substrates was tested using a three‐point flexure test (TPFT) combined with acoustic emission (AE) evaluation. The mechanical test was defined according to the French Standard. During bending of the paint‐coated specimen, acoustic emission signals were recorded and analyzed. Substrate pretreatments were chosen to show a set of visual interfacial ruptures and a set of visual cohesive ruptures in the paint. The formulation of the paint was fixed by industrial regulations. The varying nature of systems showed different AE patterns, particularly for two types of specimens: those that corresponded to solvent degreasings and the others to aqueous chemical pretreatments. The behavior of the paint coating differed, with significant AE, damage, and crack propagation in the first case and instantaneous phenomena in the other case. It is then possible to establish a relationship between the analysis of the recorded AE signal and the type of joint rupture. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1848–1857, 2001

A crook plate for treatment of acromioclavicular joint separation: indication, technique, and results after one year.

From 1987 through 1991 thirty-five patients underwent surgical repairs with Wolter's crook plates for acromioclavicular joint rupture. Sixteen of the patients had Post type IV lesions: another 19 patients had the same procedure for Tossy type III lesions. Active shoulder motion up to 90 degrees of abduction and forward flexion was allowed 48 hours postoperatively. All but one patient regained full range of motion at 8 weeks. Precise bending of the plate before insertion and an accurate drill hole for the crook in the acromion were essential to prevent impingement and also precluded ventral or cranial subluxation in the joint. Using the shoulder evaluation method proposed by Constant and Murley, after 1 year 94.28% (33 of 35) of the patients had excellent results.

Tank damage during the may 1983 coalinga earthquake

AbstractThe magnitude M = 6‐5 Coalinga earthquake of 2 May 1983 caused intense ground shaking throughout the epicentral region. Unanchored cylindrical ground supported tanks located at six sites within this oil producing area were damaged; damages included elephant's foot buckling at the base of three moderate sized tanks, joint rupture and top shell buckling in one large old rivetted tank, bottom plate rupture of a relatively new welded tank and damage to the floating roofs of 11 tanks. Also oil spilled over the top of many tanks and secondary damages occurred in pipe connections, ladders, etc.In this paper an estimate is made of the intensity of ground motion at each of the tank sites, based on strong motion records made during the main shock and the strongest aftershock. Then response parameters specified by current codes are correlated with the damages observed at each tank site. Based on this comparison, it is concluded that current U.S. practice under‐estimates the sloshing response of tanks with floating roofs and does not adequately address the uplifting mechanism of unanchored ground supported tanks.

Acute knee joint rupture after yttrium 90 injection.

Two cases of acute rupture of the knee joint are reported after the intra-articular injection of radioactive yttrium 90. It is suggested that this may be a complication of intra-articular radioactive injections.

Synovial cysts and juxta-articular bone cysts (geodes)

D EFINITIONS: Synovial cysts are cavities filled with products of synovial fluid and lined either (1) by true secretory synovial membrane (as in distended bursae and tendon sheaths or in herniations of the joint capsule) or (2) by reactive fibrous tissue or (3) by preexisting anatomical structures such as bone, muscle, or tendon; (2) and (3) imply that these cavities are pseudocysts, since they lack a true epithelial lining. The term Baker’s cyst is today synonymous with type 1 synovial cyst. It describes popliteal cysts’ and cysts related to other joints2 The eponym is not justified, Baker’s descriptions having been antedated by those of Adams,3 Foucher,4 and others (e.g., Billroth5), but it seems unlikely that it will be discarded. Synovial bursae are spaces containing small amounts of synovial fluid and lined by a form of synovial membrane. They are either primary, developing during fetal life, or adventitious, developing after birth in response to local pressure or repeated friction. Juxta-articular bone cysts are pathological cavities in the bone connected to the joint, filled with fibrin or other debris from the synovial fluid. The terms geode and microgeode are preferable to bone cyst because of the lack of a defined epithelial lining and because these differ from solitary bone cysts. Geode derives from the Greek words ge (earth) and eidos (form, i.e., spherical) and is used as a geological term for small gas-filled cavities in rocks. Acute synovial rupture is the bursting of a distended joint capsule or communicating cyst or bursa allowing leakage of joint fluid directly into the surrounding tissue. It may be followed by healing of the site of rupture and either absorption or encapsulation of the extravasated fluid. Chronic joint rupture is the persistent leakage of joint fluid from the joint capsule or communicating bursa directly to the surrounding tissue spaces and is thought to cause some instances of persistent periarticular edema.

Acute joint rupture.

Acute joint rupture.