Joint Exercise Research Articles

China’s Defense Cooperation with Latin America and Caribbean: Trends and Limitations

Introduction. China started to develop military-to-military ties and defense-industrial cooperation with Latin America and Caribbean countries in the early 2000s as an element of its strategy of comprehensive cooperation with the region. Defense cooperation was mentioned in the Chinese documents and statements on the policy in the region from the early 2000s. However, China has always considered this defense cooperation to be just a secondary, subordinate element of its overall strategy in the region. Methods. The article is based on Chinese publications, statements, and documents concerning China’s policies in defense cooperation with the region, as well as on Latin American and other Western publications on specific cooperation projects. The author compares the Chinese approach to defense cooperation with Latin America to similar Chinese cooperation policies in other regions, especially in Africa. Analysis.China views defense cooperation with Latin America as a subordinate element of its general strategy of economic and political presence in the region. Cultivating ties with the local military elites of Latin America is especially emphasized, and the exchange of military delegations started in the early 2000s. To boost defense cooperation, China is sometimes ready to provide significant military assistance to the region. China has established permanent mechanisms of defense dialogue with the regional countries in the form of regular forums and conferences. Other important venues of military cooperation include personnel training, joint exercises, and the region’s visits by Chinese warships. China has managed to establish a presence on the arms market in Latin America in the 2000s but has failed to become a major weapons provider in the region. Currently, Chinese arms sales in Latin America are in decline. However, China has achieved major results in the development of dual-use technology cooperation with the LAC countries, especially in the fields of space and internal security. That may create preconditions for faster development of military and military technical cooperation between China and Latin America in the future. So far, the Chinese approach to defense cooperation in the region remains more cautious and gradual compared to cooperation with Africa. China is reluctant to challenge the US red lines here. That may change in the future as China-US relations continue to deteriorate. Authors contributions. Ekaterina Kosevich was responsible for researching and covering the development of political relations between China and Latin America. Vasily Kashin touched on cooperation in defense, the security industry, and dual-use technology.

Strengthening Naval Diplomacy RI-US in Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance through Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training 2024

This research discusses the joint exercise between the Indonesian Navy, the US Navy, and the US Marines (USMC), namely Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training (CARAT) to carry out Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR), littoral warfare, and coastal defence missions. This research uses descriptive qualitative related to Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training (CARAT). CARAT is implemented bilaterally to enhance the maritime partnership between Indonesia and the US. For Indonesia, building a maritime partnership with the US should focus on bilateral interests as well as regional security. For the US, the CARAT programme in Indonesia can be seen as part of an effort to strengthen its influence in Southeast Asia, including facing China's dominance in the region. Based on the above background, the researcher formulates the problem, namely how to strengthen Indonesia's cooperative relationship with the United States in the face of China's dominance in the Southeast Asian region. Data collection is obtained from literature review by collecting various articles, books, journals, or other sources. The results of this study indicate that to strengthen Indonesia's cooperative relationship with the United States in the face of China's dominance in the Southeast Asian region, is to increase cooperation in the field of security and defence, through Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training 2024. This will help strengthen Indonesia's defence capacity and also send a signal to China that Indonesia is not easily intimidated. It is also important to continue to build relations with China in a critical but constructive manner, by promoting dialogue and diplomacy to seek points of agreement and achieve stability in the Southeast Asian region as a whole. CARAT activities are an effective strategy in enhancing security stability in the region through maritime defence cooperation. The programme benefits partner countries in building relationships of trust, enhancing defence capabilities and combating maritime threats. To increase the effectiveness of CARAT, it is recommended that partner countries continue to be committed to the programme and maintain good cooperation with the US navy and other countries in the region.

The ambivalence of the implementation of the US arctic policy: integrating and disintegration factors of the allies

The Arctic region is gaining increasing strategic importance due to its economic potential, resource richness, and shifting geopolitical landscape. The United States has recognized this significance and has established alliances and partnerships with various countries in the region to enhance its positions and interests. However, concerns exist regarding the limited understanding of the complex dynamics and evolving relationships among the US Arctic allies. The lack of comprehensive analysis and up-to-date information hinders the understanding of their strategic documents, military exercises, and interactions with global players like China and Russia. To address these concerns, our objective was to identify, analyze, and assess the factors that strengthen or weaken the interaction between US allies and partners in the Arctic region. We conducted an analysis of national Arctic strategies, reports, publications, and expert opinions from Western Arctic Council countries such as the USA, Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and Finland. We also examined the reports and structures of the US defense services, interstate organizations like the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), as well as insights from leading experts on Arctic affairs in allied countries. The study revealed several factors that contribute to the strengthening of the US allies in the Arctic. These include active military cooperation within the North Atlantic Alliance, joint exercises, intelligence sharing, and the development of Arctic infrastructure to enhance regional security and defense capabilities. However, we also identified factors that weaken engagement among the US allies. These include differences in strategic goals, competing territorial claims, domestic political considerations, and varying relationships with other Arctic stakeholders like Russia and China. These factors can lead to tensions and challenges, which undermine collective action and impede the achievement of common goals.

The US–Japan alliance and the role of the US Marines on Okinawa in extended deterrence

Abstract The relocation of the controversial Marine base at Futenma on Okinawa to Henoko in the north of the same island has been framed by Japanese politicians, officials, and analysts as crucial to deterrence. Critics respond that deterrence is merely a pretext, and the relocation is a politically convenient solution that perpetuates discrimination against Okinawa by the central government in Tokyo. This article draws on deterrence theory to evaluate the deterrence claims made by relocation proponents. It finds little evidence to support them: the Marines’ capabilities pale against the massive US forward deployment, including the Seventh Fleet and the Fifth Air Force. As for the local balance of forces, the Marines are unlikely to participate immediately in a local conflict, and their geographical location leaves them vulnerable; current US strategy is to down-scale and disperse Marine units. If one were focusing on defence rather than political convenience, the Marines would be relocated off Okinawa. In terms of credibility, the article finds that other US bases in Japan play a much more important ‘tripwire’ role, and ultimately, given inter alia the security treaty, joint exercises, and deep interoperability, US extended deterrence to Japan is as credible as possible under the circumstances.

PENYULUHAN PENCEGAHAN STUNTING DENGAN MEDIA SENAM DI DESA SADANG, KECAMATAN JEKULO, KUDUS

According to data released by UNICEF, the highest number of cases of stunting is in Africa and Asia, including Indonesia. Riskesdas Indonesia data shows that more than a third (30.8%) of the toddler population experiences stunting, which must be addressed immediately. This community service activity aims to increase the knowledge of the people of Desa Sadang, Kecamatan Jekulo, Kabupaten Kudus, where the activities carried out include several stages, namely the delivery of material related to what stunting is and its prevalence in Central Java, the characteristics of stunted toddlers and efforts that can be taken. community to prevent stunting, question and answer and evaluation of material with a post-test, joint exercise led by students to form the "ABCDE" movement to help the community remember efforts to prevent stunting, and ending with the provision of additional food (PMT) to stunted toddlers including formula milk and biscuits. The activity was carried out at Balai Desa Sadang, Kecamatan Jekulo, Kabupaten Kudus, with 70 participants.

Manajemen Perawatan Pasien Hipertensi Kelompok Usia Dewasa-Very Old Berbasis Family Centered Nursing Di Masa Transisi Endemi Covid-19

In the current covid-19 endemic, degenerative diseases still have a high prevalence and morbidity rate, one of which is hypertension. The high prevalence of hypertension can be caused by many factors such as improper lifestyle management that can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle. Adults and elderly with hypertension are encouraged to receive non-pharmacological treatments to minimize risk factors for cardiovascular and other systemic and degenerative diseases. Families have an important role in providing information about hypertension and the risk of complications for patients. Families also have a role in providing appropriate care, especially during the period towards endemic covid-19. Counseling was conducted on patients and their families in Sumberejo Village, Poncokusumo District, Malang Regency. The activity was carried out with an initial examination and counseling consisting of 2 main topics: 1) what is hypertension and 2) hypertension care management by family at home. The results showed an increase in knowledge related to physical activity, high blood control, and the role of the family at home with a score of 70 and joint exercises were routinely carried out every 2 weeks. For the sustainability of the program, coordination was carried out with relevant stakeholders.

Tread with caution: Vietnam’s retaliatory and deference measures vis-à-vis assertiveness at sea

ABSTRACT As a claimant state to the South China Sea, Vietnam is known to be decisive in safeguarding its maritime territorial claims. In order to be consistent with its echoed rules-based order in the South China Sea and its defense policy of non-alignment, this study argues that Vietnam's responses vis-à-vis China's assertiveness at sea have been through the employment of divergent maritime diplomatic strategies of retaliation and deference vis-à-vis China. This study concludes; Vietnam primarily employs civilian maritime hard power assets to showcase its active presence at sea to secure recognition of its contemporary maritime capabilities; Vietnam engages in limited-coercive maritime diplomacy through its maritime constabulary forces to indicate Vietnam's decisiveness in its maritime claims; and Vietnam's co-operative maritime diplomacy is through the conduct of joint exercises and training, and goodwill visits, with its strategic partners in Southeast Asia and broader Indo-Pacific region. It concludes that Vietnam is treading with caution with the US to deter producing signals of engaging closer with the US, which can cause elevated tensions at sea. This explanatory empirical research utilizes data from AMTI and relevant secondary sources between 2010-2022 and adopts the theoretical framework of Le Miere's tripartite typology of maritime diplomacy.

Technological advances in lower-limb tele-rehabilitation: A review of literature.

Tele-rehabilitation is a healthcare practice that leverages technology to provide rehabilitation services remotely to individuals in their own homes or other locations. With advancements in remote monitoring and Artificial Intelligence, automatic tele-rehabilitation systems that can measure joint angles, recognize exercises, and provide feedback based on movement analysis are being developed. Such platforms can offer valuable information to clinicians for improved care planning. However, with various methods and sensors being used, understanding their pros, cons, and performance is important. This paper reviews and compares the performance of recent vision-based, wearable, and pressure-sensing technologies used in lower limb tele-rehabilitation systems over the past 10years (from 2014 to 2023). We selected studies that were published in English and focused on joint angle estimation, activity recognition, and exercise assessment. Vision-based approaches were the most common, accounting for 42% of studies. Wearable technology followed at approximately 37%, and pressure-sensing technology appeared in 21% of studies. Identified gaps include a lack of uniformity in reported performance metrics and evaluation methods, a need for cross-subject validation, inadequate testing with patients and older adults, restricted sets of exercises evaluated, and a scarcity of comprehensive datasets on lower limb exercises, especially those involving movements while lying down.

Kinematic Assessment of Upper Limb Movements Using the ArmeoPower Robotic Exoskeleton.

After a neurological injury, neurorehabilitation aims to restore sensorimotor function of patients. Technological assessments can provide high-quality data on a patient's performance and support clinical decision making towards the most appropriate therapy. In this study, the ArmeoPower, a robotic exoskeleton for the upper extremities, was used to assess 12 neurological patients and 31 non-disabled participants performing various standardized single joint and frontal plane game-like exercises. From the collected data, kinematic metrics (End-Point Error, Hand-Path Ratio, reaction time, stability, Number of Velocity Peaks, peak, and mean Velocity) and the game score, were calculated and analyzed according to three criteria: the reliability (a), the difference between patients and non-disabled participants (b), as well as the influence of robotic movement assistance (c). In total, 39 metrics were analyzed and the following five most promising assessment variables for different exercises could be identified based on the three above-mentioned criteria: smoothness (RainMug (wrist)), mean speed (RainMug (wrist)), reaction time (Goalkeeper), maximum speed (HighFlyer (elbow)) and accuracy (Connect the dots), with the former showing good validity (rho=0.82, p=0.02) when comparing to the patient's severity level. The results demonstrate feasibility to extract and analyze various kinematic metrics from the ArmeoPower, which can provide quantitative information about human performance during training and therapy. The generated data increases the understanding of the patient's movement and can be used in the future in clinical research for better performance evaluation and providing more feedback options, leading towards a more personalized and patient-centric therapy.

The Geostrategic Significance of China's Engagement in Pakistan: A Regional Outlook

China's strategic engagement with Pakistan has become a focal point in global geopolitics, reflecting a profound shift in regional power dynamics. This article examines the geostrategic significance of China's involvement in Pakistan within a regional context, aiming to unravel the multifaceted dimensions of this strategic partnership and its implications for South Asia's geopolitical landscape. The historical backdrop of China-Pakistan relations, dating back to the 1950s, sets the stage for a robust partnership characterized by economic cooperation, military collaboration, and shared geopolitical objectives. Economic cooperation, exemplified by the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), aims to reshape Pakistan's economic landscape through infrastructure development and industrial collaboration. Moreover, military and defense cooperation underscores the shared security concerns between China and Pakistan, with joint exercises and arms sales reflecting their strategic alignment. This partnership has implications for regional security dynamics, particularly in relation to India and Afghanistan, shaping the broader geostrategic landscape of South Asia. Beyond bilateral relations, China's engagement in Pakistan influences regional responses and reactions, with neighboring countries like India, Afghanistan, and Iran navigating the evolving geopolitical dynamics. The study contributes valuable insights into the interplay between global powers and regional actors, shedding light on the evolving strategic landscape of South Asia and its implications for regional stability and security.

Hungary’s Policy and Practice on Illegally Staying Migrants

This study explores Hungary’s policies and practices regarding persons illegally present in the country. It introduces Hungary’s unique legal and practical framework resulting from legal amendments aimed at regaining control of the external borders of the EU and the various judicial fora where these provisions have been tested. The study indicates that the policy framework was incompatible with EU and international human rights law, simultaneously discussing the Hungarian Constitutional Court’s decision regarding the state’s obligation in the case of the incomplete effectiveness of the joint exercise of competences in the field of fighting illegal migration. Moreover, it describes the framework of escorting illegally staying migrants through the Serbian border instead of conducting regular return procedures. In addition to analysing the individual cases and regulatory elements, the study indicates that the results of Hungarian measures in practice and whether it is worthwhile to consider these experiences during the EU migration reform processes should not be overlooked.

THE EVOLUTION AND INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF THE NAVAL PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN INDONESIA AND ASEAN

This essay explores the evolution and institutionalization of the naval partnership between Indonesia and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The background reveals the maritime challenges faced by these entities in the dynamic Asia-Pacific region, necessitating collaborative security efforts. The purpose of the study is to analyze how this naval relationship has developed over time and its impact on regional maritime stability. The design/methodology/approach encompasses historical analysis, policy examination, and case studies of joint naval exercises. The results demonstrate that Indonesia and ASEAN's naval partnership has evolved from historical precedents to structured cooperation, incorporating joint exercises, information sharing, and capacity building. This collaboration contributes to regional maritime security and exemplifies the collective approach to addressing common challenges. In conclusion, this essay underscores the significance of such partnerships in shaping maritime security dynamics and promoting stability in an increasingly interconnected world.

The Problem of Nagorno-Karabakh and Iran’s Policy in the South Caucasus

It has already finally become obvious that Nikol Pashinyan has reached the finish line in the implementation of the program that was entrusted to him by the Anglo-Saxon forces in 2018. Skillfully manipulating the feelings of the people and society, using the existing Artsakh problem for his own purposes, using funds received from the West, and also, not possessing the knowledge and skills of state building, he destroyed the institutions of governance of Armenia, the economy, defense capability and foreign policy structure of the country. A continuation of the actions of the Prime Minister of Armenia regarding Artsakh was the closure of the only vital artery for Artsakh, the Lachin corridor, from December 12, 2022. In this difficult economic and military-political situation, the Armenian leadership, instead of strengthening ties with its strategic partner Russia and creating a Moscow-Yerevan-Tehran defense bloc, set a course for changing allies and defected to the Western camp. As a result, in 2022, the Armenian Ministry of Defense canceled joint exercises with the CSTO. They abandoned the CSTO observers on the Armenian-Azerbaijani border. On April 18, 2023, Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan stated that Armenia must forever renounce territorial claims to other countries, referring to Nagorno-Karabakh. And President Ilham Aliyev suggested that the Armenians of Karabakh either accept Azerbaijani citizenship or leave. By distancing himself from solving the Karabakh problem, N. Pashinyan thereby questioned the prospect of Russian peacekeepers being in the region. Washington and Brussels, taking advantage of the weakness and incompetence in the foreign policy activities of the Armenian leadership, are carrying out an onslaught in order to quarrel between Armenia and Iran. And thereby ensure NATO’s presence in the South Caucasus. They need this for the final confrontation with both Russia and Iran.

Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation and endoscopic neurotomy for lumbar facet joint syndrome: are they good enough?

Lumbar facet joint (LFJ) syndrome is one of the common causes of low back pain (LBP). There are different views on percutaneous and endoscopic radiofrequency. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to explore the therapeutic effect of radiofrequency ablation on LBP originating from LFJ and compare the therapeutic effect of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation and endoscopic neurotomy. We included randomized controlled trials which compared the efficiency of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation and conservative treatment (sham procedures, facet joint injection, physiotherapy, exercise, or oral medication) or compared the efficiency of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation and endoscopic neurotomy for LFJ syndrome. We searched in PubMed and Web of Science from inception to March 27, 2023. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 software. A total of 11 randomized controlled trials were included. Among them, nine studies were used for evaluating efficiency of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation, and two studies were used for evaluating efficiency of endoscopic neurotomy. Pooled data from two studies reporting outcomes at 1year did not show a benefit from facet joint denervation by comparing the percutaneous radiofrequency ablation and conservative treatment (standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) [-2.10, 0.37], P = 0.17). There was no significant difference between percutaneous radiofrequency ablation and endoscopic neurotomy at 1-month follow-up (mean difference (MD) = -0.13, 95%CI [-0.18, -0.44], P = 0.41). At 12-month follow-up the pain relief in the endoscopic neurotomy was significantly better than that in the percutaneous radiofrequency ablation group (MD = 1.98, 95%CI [1.60, 2.36], P < 0 .0001). The LBP was significantly relieved shortly after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. Compared with percutaneous radiofrequency ablation, endoscopic neurotomy seems to have a longer effect. A longer follow-up period is needed to confirm its effectiveness.

Joint and Bone Exercises to Prevent Osteoporosis in the Elderly at the Tresna Werdha I Budi Mulya Social Home

Osteoporosis is a major non-communicable disease and the most common bone disease, affecting one in three women and one in five men over the age of 50 worldwide. The clinical consequence of osteoporosis is fragility fractures. With the rapid ageing of the population worldwide and the changes in lifestyle habits, the incidence of osteoporosis and related fractures has significantly increased and will continue to increase markedly in the future. Exercises such as walking, dancing, low-impact aerobics work directly on bones in the legs, hips and lower spine to slow bone loss. We provide osteoporosis prevention education to the elderly in nursing homes as an effort to prevent osteoporosis. We also provide training on joint and bone exercises to prevent osteoporosis.

NATO's Engagement in the Indo-Pacific: Tokyo's Perceptions and Expectations*

The war in Ukraine has raised concerns in the Indo-Pacific region, particularly in Japan. Tokyo's December 2022 National Security Strategy states that Russia's aggression has “breached the very foundation of the rules that shape the international order” and warns that a similar situation could happen in the Indo-Pacific. The level of connectivity between the European and Asian security theaters seems to be rising, bringing NATO and Japan closer in strategic terms. NATO has increased its engagement in the Indo-Pacific and is becoming more concerned about China's assertive activities in the region and beyond. Yet, there does not seem to be a consensus within the Alliance on what it should do in the Indo-Pacific region. In the meantime, Japan is focusing more on practical cooperation with individual European countries, first and foremost the United Kingdom, for joint training and exercises and defense equipment cooperation.

Advancing Readiness Through Military Programs: An Evidence-Based Practice Perspective.

Military nurses comprise the largest percentage of military health care providers. In the current military health care system, they have two roles: (1) Patient care in military treatment facilities (MTFs) and (2) patient care during combat operations. Although in MTFs, the military nurse's roles are similar to those of their civilian counterpart, their roles are unique and varied in the combat operational environment. These combined roles lead to questions regarding readiness training to ensure that nurses are proficient in both MTFs and combat operational settings where treatment requirements may differ. The purpose of this paper is to (1) present the current state of educational readiness programs to maintain a ready medical force that entail formal teaching programs, military-civilian partnerships, and joint exercises of combat simulations, and (2) identify gaps as presented in an evidence-based practice educational panel. On March 11, 2022, TriService Nursing Research Program hosted the virtual First Military Evidence-Based Practice Summit from the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in Bethesda, MD. As part of the summit, an evidence-based practice education panel discussed the availability of current evidence-driven military medical readiness programs and identified gaps in the integration of military readiness for nursing personnel into the Defense Health Agency and Armed Services. The panel participants discussed the separate requirements for training within the MTFs and in combat operational settings. The available training programs identified by the panel were primarily those developed in local MTF settings to meet local needs. Although these programs support the MTFs' peacetime mission, competing roles, limited time, and limited funds contributed to limited preparation of nursing personnel in skills associated with combat-related injuries and illnesses. Prolonged casualty care has become an important focus for the Department of Defense as greater considerations are directed to wartime operations in austere expeditionary environments. Although there is some training available that is specific for prolonged casualty care, the focus has been the adaptation of combat casualty care during contingency operations. A keynote here was the concept that combat casualty care training must include both development of individual skills and integration of the team since maximal care can be achieved only when the individual and the team operate as a unit. A key point was the utility of central repositories for storing information related to training a ready medical force at individual and unit levels and that these repositories could also be used to collect and facilitate the accession of current evidence-based information. Optimal patient care at all levels of the military health system requires training that maximizes individual and unit skills specific to the environment at an MTF or in a combat operational setting. Training must be designed to incorporate evidence-driven knowledge in all military settings with guidance that is specific to the environment. Enhanced communication of evidence-based training and knowledge is an important component of maintaining a ready medical force for broader medical support of combat contingency operations.

Rheumatic Exercise for Menopausal Women in the Perumnas II Pontianak Health Center Area

Purpose: Menopause is a phase experienced by women due to the declining function of the ovaries, resulting in the cessation of the menstrual cycle. Various complaints arise in women entering menopause, especially joint and muscle pain, as well as psychological complaints. This condition can affect the quality of life of menopausal women. Therefore, it is necessary to educate women on how to reduce these complaints. This educational activity aims to increase women's knowledge about menopause and the appropriate self-management of menopausal complaints.&#x0D; Method: This activity is conducted in the community served by the Perumnas II Pontianak Health Center. Participants are members of the Pre-Elderly Prolanis Kejora Manis group. The activity methods include explanations, observational techniques, demonstrations, and practical exercises.&#x0D; Practical Applications: The outreach activity is divided into two sessions. The first session focuses on educating about menopausal symptoms and how to address them, followed by the second session, which involves demonstrations and joint exercises for rheumatism.&#x0D; Conclusion: Rheumatism exercises should be taught to pre-menopausal women for daily practice to improve comfort and adaptation to the menopausal condition.

Arctic cooperation between Norway and Russia in healthcare delivery and emergency preparedness on Svalbard: barriers and facilitators

ABSTRACT This interdisciplinary study explores whether increased cooperation in healthcare delivery and emergency preparedness between Norway and Russia on the Arctic archipelago Svalbard may increase the quality of these services and whether cooperation is desired. Ten semi-structured interviews were conducted and the respondents were asked to describe the current cooperation. Further, they were questioned about what they considered the main facilitators and the main barriers to cooperation. By analyzing the results, the study explores these facilitators and barriers and identifies how healthcare delivery and emergency preparedness are organized on Svalbard. Moreover, the study detects potential areas of cooperation within the given field, and the desire for such cooperation. The findings show that there are both facilitators and barriers regarding cooperation in healthcare delivery and emergency preparedness. Main facilitators include mutual trust, shared challenges, and existing administrative structures, equipment, and infrastructure. The main barriers involve differences in language and culture, high personnel turnover, and divergent systems for emergency preparedness on the Norwegian and Russian mainland. Mine rescue, emergency preparedness, and joint exercises focusing on health challenges are areas where Norway and Russia may cooperate in the future.

US “Outposts” in Latin America: Military-Technical Cooperation, Military Bases and Joint Exercises

The authors analyze the forms of interaction between the United States and Latin America in the military sphere. The relevance of studying this issue is due to the aggravation of relations between the collective West and Russia, as well as between the United States and China, within the framework of which Latin America acts as a zone of competition between the world powers. In this regard, the analysis of Latin American vector of US policy in the military aspect from the point of view of Russia’s strategic interests is particularly important. The lack of domestic scientific research on this problem greatly adds to its relevance. As for the novelty, based on the review of the world market of arms and military equipment (AME), this article determines the dynamics and the share of the American producer in the total volume of arms trade. In the context of military-technical cooperation (MTC), the authors also consider the peculiarities of the American military power projection on Latin America, which is a zone of exclusive interests of the United States. Among the key formats of interaction and projection of influence, the authors include the following: arms and military-technical supplies to the armies and security services of the states of the region; training of military personnel in Latin American countries; financing of armies and military units; cooperation programs to optimize the managerial and organizational functions of the Latin American armed forces, establishment and maintenance of various types of military bases, conducting joint military exercises. Using new factual material, we examine each of the listed forms and show the systematic and geostrategic nature of the US influence on the Latin American region in the military aspect. As for military trade, the authors identify the main partners of the United States in South America.